Professional Documents
Culture Documents
&
Apexification
Moderator:
Dr. Bandana Koirala, Additional Professor Ujwal Gautam
Dr. Abhishek Kumar, Assistant Professor Roll no. 431
Dept. of Pedodontics, BDS 4th year (2009 batch)
CODS, BPKIHS BPKIHS
APEXOGENESIS
Physiologic process
Formation of apex in vital, young, permanent teeth with
appropriate vital pulp therapy
APEXOGENESIS
Rationale
• Poor long-term prognosis of endodontically treated immature
teeth
Relatively thin dentine in obturated canal of incompletely
formed roots and open apices are at risk of fracture
• pulp revascularization and repair will more readily occur in
teeth with a wide apical foramen
• pulp of immature teeth has a significant repair potential
APEXOGENESIS
Indication
traumatic luxation
fractured tooth with pulpal exposure
carious exposures
APEXOGENESIS
goals
• Sustaining a viable Hertwig’s sheath to allow continued
development of root length for favourable crown:root ratio
• Treatment strategies of traumatized, immature permanent
teeth should aim at preserving pulp vitality to secure further
root development and tooth maturation.
• Promoting a root end closure
• Generating dentinal bridge at the site of pulpotomy
Keep the Pulp
ALIVE!!
APEXOGENESIS
Involves
Materials
Ca(OH)2 (calcium hydroxide)
or
MTA (mineral trioxide aggregate).
Contraindications
• Severe crown-root fracture that requires intraradicular
retention for restoration
• Tooth with an unfavorable horizontal root fracture (i.e., close
to the gingival margin)
• Carious tooth that is unrestorable
• Necrotic pulp
A vital pulp therapy performed to encourage continued physiological development
and formation of the root end
APEXIFICATION
The process of inducing the development of the root and
apical closure in an immature pulpless tooth with an open
apex
APEXIFICATION
Open apex
Blunderbuss canals
thin and fragile canal walls
absolute dryness of canals difficult to achieve
APEXIFICATION
Indication
Young permanent, nonvital teeth
APEXIFICATION
Objective
Induce root end closure to form a complete calcific barrier at the
apex with no apparent pathoses
APEXIFICATION
Contraindications
Materials
Calcium hydroxide
Collagen calcium phosphate gel
Mineral Trioxide Aggregate
Osteogenic Protein I and II
APEXIFICATION
Technique
i. Anaesthesize the tooth and isolate it with rubber dam
ii. Gain staight line access to canal orifice
iii. Extirpate the pulp tissue remnants from the canal and irrigate it with
sodium hypochlorite
iv. Establish the working length of canal
v. Place appropriate material for apexification procedure in the canal
vi. Effective temporary seal between visits is critical. Fortified zinc oxide-
eugenol cement (IRM) is preferred.
vii. Second visit at 3 months for monitoring the tooth. If symptomatic; canal
is cleaned and again filled with calcium hydroxide
viii. Patient is again recalled and examined for radiographic evidence of root
formation
ix. Confirm the Progress of apexification by passing an instrument through
the apex after removal of calcium hydroxide
x. Repeat the process if no satisfactory result found
Treatment time from 6 wks to 18 months
APEXIFICATION
6 mo 11 mo 12 mo
APEXIFICATION
o The rationale is to establish an apical stop that would enable the root
canal to be filled immediately.
o No attempt at root end closure. Rather an artificial apical stop is created.