Women Spies of World War Onefinal 1

Aneree Parekh cvw923 (002149-049)
To what degreeHow did the image of the femme fatale

adversely affect the historian prepective about the role
of women spies during World War One?
1
Table of Contents:
Title Page No.

Introduction 1
Women Spies: History and Assistance 3
Women Spies: World War One 5
Mata Hari: The Spy Who Knew How to 7
Die
Lady Doctor: “C’est Une Creature 10
Terrible”
Conclusion: An analysis of the reasons 13
why…
WORKS CONSULTED 14
Appendix: a) (i)/(ii) Statistics for a) (i): 16
women in La Dame Blanche. (ii): 17
b) (i)/(ii) Experts from Mata Hari’s b) (i): 18-21
Diary (ii): 22-31
2
Abstract:
While speaking of women during the Second World War, we began a heated debate about the
actual role and the perception of women spies one day in my History class. While the debate
raged on, I could not dispel the thought that we did not have a conversation of the likes while
dealing with the women spies in the First World War. The more I thought about it, the more
distressed I became. Why do we not know about spies other than Mata Hari? Why do we know
only the romanticized version of Mata Hari’s story, at that? Don’t these women have the right to
have their stories known? Thus, when the time came around to pick an Extended Essay topic,
there was no doubt in my mind that I would be dealing with women spies and World War One.
While researching on Mata Hari and Lady Doctor, I came across a plethora of problems: there
was not enough viable, historical evidence on these women; their stories, more often than not
were just that-stories and not historical facts; the accounts of their lives were romanticized and
varied conjectures, and a magnitude of other problems ranging from difficulty finding books
pertaining to my topic to segregating fact from fiction. These difficulties only reinforced my
prior notion that the women of World War One were deprived of their right to be recognized and
that the perception of the women by society had deterred their roles as spies. Thus, in the
following Paper I prepare to analyze and examine how the perception of the femme fatale
affected the role of women spies during the First World War.
3
Introduction
During the years of the First World War, women have played an imperative role in the
information gathering and communication aspect of war. As spies, nurses or housewives who
helped the escape of POWs, women have always played an important role.
Right before the outbreak of the First World War, feminist all around vowed for peace and for
transnational women’s solidarity. With the outburst of the war, their views quickly changed to
those of patriotism and nationalism. The feminists suddenly became campaigners for women’s
active role in the war and organizers of women’s support in World War I. These feelings of
patriotism and love for one’s country eventually led to the involvement of women in the realms
of espionage.
Women worked at desk jobs, as “Hello Girls”, nurses and field agents. It is without a question
that women’s work in World War One set a precedent for their future work in the intelligence
agency. Without the exploitation of cheap women labor, the world of counterespionage and
secrecy would not have been what we see in modern day world.
The war, along with introducing the entry of women into formal espionage and intelligence
work, brought about the historic cultural image of the female “vamp” spies, with popular images
of sexy seductresses such as Mata Hari ( who is one of the spies who will be discussed in great
detail in this paper) in the forefront. The explicitly gendered vision of intelligence that
materialized during the First World War has erased the crucial role of women in shaping and
staffing the emerging intelligence agency. Their real roles as intelligence officers, field agents,
supervisors and clerical workers have been lost to the popular, mostly mythical, visage of the
“vamp”1.
This mythical image of the female spies not only adversely affected the women living in the
occupied territories, bringing them into the suspicious eyes of the government, but also affected
the spies themselves. More often than not these women were never treated seriously. They were
appointed by their governments and then were accused by them for actually doing the jobs they
were appointed to do in the first place. Thus in this paper, I prepare to examine the response and
1
Proctor, Tammy. M. FEMALE INTELLIGENCE: Women and Espionage in the First World War;
4
reaction of the society towards women spies and their repercussions by discussing two spies in
great detail namely Mata Hari and Lady Doctor through my research topic How did the image of
the femme fatale affect the position of women spies during World War One?
5
Women Spies: History and Assistance

Women have always been an integral part of the espionage society, but their roles have either
always been silenced, romanticized or degraded .The origins of spies and espionage have their
roots imbedded in Biblical history; the earliest story being that of Moses sending twelve spies to
search for the Promised Land. Stories of spies and espionage continue throughout the Bible, but
the first recorded story of women spies in history was that of Delilah in the Old Testament.
Delilah was hired by the Philistine King to seduce and extricate information from the strong
Israelite, Samson. Playing on his weakness of his affection for her, Delilah managed to coerce
the information of his strength from Samson, and passed it on to the Philistines. The Philistines
then came, shaved the hair of Samson which was the source of his strength, hence leading to his
ultimate capture and death.
Female spies also have their place in the Chinese history. To get his revenge for his lost
kingdom, Gou Jian trained two beautiful women, Zheng Dan and Xi Shi, in skills of seduction
and manipulation and sends them to the court of his enemy, Fu Chai. King Fu Chai, besotted by
the beauty of these two women, courts them and eventually, through the poisoning of the King’s
mind by these spies, goes into a futile war and Gou Jian finally gets his kingdom and revenge2.
It is easy to see from where the cultural image of the “vamp” originates from. Women were
always seen as manipulators of sexuality and were never taken seriously as an asset to the
government (by the populace at least).
As Margaret Darrow postulates while speaking of the women in World War I, women were
mainly seen in one of two roles: as the quintessential domestic mothers/ sisters or the public
vamp unsuitably embracing the war as spies, traitors and prostitutes. Either women were
incompetent but respectable or effective but vamps3. The reality of the woman spy quickly, but
efficiently, dissipated into the abyss to accommodate for the glorified, while also being
perversely tarnished, image of the vamp-spy. The brave icons of females such as Maria
Botchkareva, who served in the czarist army and fought hand in hand with men in battles, and
Englishwoman Flora Sandes who fought with the Serbian army on the same terms as the men,
2
Crowdy, Terry, The Enemy Within: A history of Spies, Spymasters and Espionage, Osprey Publishing Ltd, 2006
3
Proctor, Tammy. M. FEMALE INTELLIGENCE: Women and Espionage in the First World War.
6
have been all but lost. Women who took interest in the war were regarded a bit peculiar if not
downright immoral by most.
While the populace entertained myths of female spy-vamps as reality and did not take much heed
in the concept of a serious female spy, the governments, on the other hand, made no such folly.
Employed by the British, French and Belgian intelligence offices, women were given dangerous
jobs and their need for being taken seriously was commemorated by the organization of agencies
such as La Dame Blanche. It was an intricate network of intelligence specifically set up by the
British in Belgium to bring down the Hohenzollern Empire in 1916. Regardless of age, social
class or sex, Belgians could sign up by taking an oath of loyalty and thus being able to actively
participate in resisting German invasion. La Dame Blanche bestowed its female recruits the
opportunity to perform roles which were “masculine”, such as spy, courier, saboteur, etc. Rather
than being treated secondary to males, the females were given the same status as that of men.
The three creators of this organization (who were men), wanted a service that could run entirely
by women if need be. The chances of women being arrested or deported seemed slim, hence the
leaders set up a shadow executive body which comprised solely of women who were capable of
overtaking the tasks if the men were arrested.
Of the three battalions which consisted of La Dame Blanche, Battalion III was considered the
most important because of its surveillance of strategically important places such as Brussels,
Mons, Charleroi and Malines. This battalion was headed by Laure Tandel along with her sister
and assistant Louise. Of the 190 people in this particular battalion, one-third, about fifty-nine,
were women. Of these, 60% were unmarried, 7% widowed and rest were married. Nuns were
also heavily recruited, mostly as prison visitors and informants 4. These women without uniforms
are forgotten in the pages of history while more prominent icons such as Mata Hari have become
synonymous with the words “female espionage”.
4
Proctor, Tammy. M., FEMALE INTELLIGENCE: Women and Espionage in the First World War;
7
Women Spies: World War 1

Even though women served their country just as patriotically as could be expected from men,
they were still considered somewhat of, for lack of a better word, a flight risk. This fact was
highlighted by the verity that, though Russia, France and Germany all employed women, there is
no record of women were employed by the British crown 5. A British naval officer gives a rather
interesting justification for this discrimination by stating that women are mostly “lacking in
patience, method and persistence” and, worst of all, “their hearts are often stronger than their
heads.”6 He cited examples of women spies who were employed by their governments to
extricate certain information from the enemies by using their ‘charms’ but then refused to give
them further information and repaid the government for their costs as they fell in love with the
men they were ordered to watch over and refused to betray their loved ones. Though this, in my
opinion, is a gross generalization, as there were women aplenty such as Princess Noor during the
Second World War who worked diligently for their governments, and a sexist comment on the
status, the intellect, and the ability of women during the Great War period it also severs as an
insight into the perception of women spies at that time as well.
Many historians went by this assumption that women, when it came to the realms of espionage,
had only one asset to offer. In his 1977 study of espionage, Jack Haswell quite notoriously writes
that “espionage was largely a man’s world in which woman usually played the part of the
seductress, employed by a combination of spymaster and pander, to extract information either in
unguarded moments or as the price of pleasure”7 Julie Wheelwright had quite an interesting
view on the perception of women spies during the Great War period. After studying Mata Hari
and spy fiction, she came to the conclusion that the myth of the “spy-courtesan” reflects the male
fantasies and fears of betrayal more than they reflect any reality in the world of spies8.
Either ways, the pervasive image of the horizontale or the woman spy-prostitutes created
inestimable difficulties for the women living in occupied zones. The addition of media reports of
5
Ludecke, Winfried, “The Secrete of Espionage: Tales of Service”
6
Ibid.
7
Haswell, Jack, Spies and Spymasters: A Concise History of Intelligence, London, Thames and Hudson 1977. P. 126
8
Wheelwright, Julie, “Poisoned Honey: The Myth of Women in Espionage." Queen's Quarterly 100, no. 2 (Summer
1993). p. 308-309
8
virtuous martyrs and insatiable prostitutes led these women to be under constant scrutiny of the
government; their actions always suspect and their patriotism always questioned.
9
Mata Hari: The Spy Who Knew How to Die
Perhaps one of the most famous, documented and spoken about women of World War One
would be Mata Hari. Her name is effectively works as a synonym for women spies. Many know
Mata Hari as an erotic dancer with an exotic background who was executed for her crimes, but
little do they know of the reason for her execution, the country which persecuted and executed
her or about her life she actually led and not the fictitious story fed by the media. Julie
Wheelwright quite rightly laments in her preface to her book “Why had I remembered her name
yet nothing of her story?”9 Most accounts on Mata Hari have either been pieces of fiction
masquerading around as facts or have been grossly exaggerated or romanticized. Perhaps, in my
opinion, this is what adds to the mystery and eroticism which Mata Hari’s story presents and thus
explaining the public’s obsessions with her life.
Margaret Darrow elucidates Mata Hari as “Embodying the most monstrous incarnation of the
Emancipated Woman, [she] showed feminine independence and sexuality leading straight to the
death of thousands of men and threatening the survival of the nation.” 10 Her contributions- or the
lack thereof- will be further explored during the length of this essay. Tammy Proctor describes
her as “the perfect evil foil for the good women who were represented by the patriotic heroine
Edith Cavell and the virtuous mothers and wives of soldiers.”11
Mata Hari was the name given to and by Margaretha Geertruida Zelle. Margaretha was born in
1876 Leeuwarden, Netherlands and was married to Colonel Rudolph MacLeod in 1895, at the
age of eighteen after answering a matrimony advertisement in the newspaper. Married and
spending part of her life in Dutch East Indies with her two kids, Margaretha lived in an abusive
relationship. After the mysterious death of one of her children in 1899 and their return to
Netherlands, Rudolph left with his daughter in 1902, and thus began the birth of the mysterious
enigma we know as Mata Hari. By 1906, the MacLeod’s marriage was formally over, but by
then Margaretha had already made a name of herself in Paris as an erotic dancer who went by the
name of “Mata Hari”, meaning “eye of the dawn”. Wheelwright describes Mata Hari’s success as
an erotic dancer due to the fact that “… [she] had touched a raw, erotic nerve, that fed
9
Wheelwright, Julie, The Fatal Lover, C&B publishing, 1992.P vi
10
Darrow, Margaret, French Women and the First World War: War Stories of the Home Front, Oxford: Berg 2000. P
294
11
Proctor, Tammy. M., FEMALE INTELLIGENCE: Women and Espionage in the First World War. P 126
10
seamlessly into powerful myths about the sexuality and licentiousness of Asian women. As her
fame increased, her past was transformed into a chapter more befitting a sacred Oriental temple
dancer; Java and India were merely interchangeable backdrops.”12
Along with half of the members of upper class Paris, Margaretha herself seemed to be enthralled
by the image of “Mata Hari”. By the way she began her diary, as if she was actually raised in a
Javanese temple and the way she continues to write till her execution, not once slipping away
from the persona of Mata Hari, it is clear that Mata Hari served as a medium for escapism for
Margaretha to the point where herself does not seem to separate fact from fiction13.
As a product of being one of Paris’ most famous exotic dancers, Mata Hari was presumed to
have affairs with many high ranking individuals of the French Government. It was this affiliation
with individuals high up in the echelons of French administration which firstly got her noticed
and then more suspect in the eyes of said government. Since 1916, she caught the interests of the
French government and was pitted as a possible suspect by the British in December 1915.
As mentioned earlier, sources gravely vary on accounts of her contributions and aspects as
rudimentary as which government first appointed her. None the less there are accounts for her
appointment by both the governments. Leon Schirmann discovered evidence in German archives
which stated that Mata Hari had been recruited by the Germans in the autumn of 1915, but she
seemed to have passed virtually no substantial evidence. There were documents which also
stated that she was referred to as “H-21” by the German government.
She was discovered when one of her liaisons, German Military attaché, Arnold von Kalle,
betrayed her. He forwarded telegrams pertaining to her double life through insecure lines to
Berlin, thus exposing her to both the governments. The irony was that, even though it was France
who primarily benefitted from her work, it was France who executed her in the end.
She persisted throughout her term of imprisonment that she remained faithful to France. She was
reported saying, in one of her interrogation sessions, “I lose-I win-I defend myself when someone
12
Wheelwright, Julie, The Fatal Lover, C&B publishing, 1992. P 15.
13
See Appendix b) (i).
11
attacks me-I take when someone has taken from me. But I beg you to believe that I have never
worked as a spy against France. Never. Never.”14
She was tried in court mercilessly by the French government. The words “spy” and “Germany”
seem to have sealed her fate even before she was able to defend herself. The French people and
by extension the French government had their minds made up before the trial even began. The
fact that she received money from her Dutch lover and Kalle served, as Proctor puts it “… [the]
additional nails in her coffin”15. The prosecution brought out all the guns, even accusing that the
information she provided the French sent fifty thousand men to their deaths. She was tried in a
closed court and then sentenced to an execution due to a “confession” she gave when she was
imprisoned. Her pleas for appeals were denied and she received her death on the hands of a
French firing squad on October 15, 1917.
In view of her speedy and questionable verdict, many conjectures have arisen from Hirschfeld
speculating that her death served as a “beneficial moral”16 to Proctor suggesting that it served as
a “powerful warning to women regarding the dangers of espionage and eroticism”17. Whatever
might be the reason, it is evident that her life and death fueled the media fire of spy-seductresses
and opened the gates for future “Mata-Haridans”.
14
Mata Hari to Cpt. Bouchardon 5 June 1917, Margaret Higonnet, ed. Lines of Fire: Women Writers of World War I;
Plume Books, New York, 1999. P 275-276
15
Proctor, Tammy. M., FEMALE INTELLIGENCE: Women and Espionage in the First World War; P 130
16
Hirschfeld, Magnus, The Sexual History of the World War, Panurge Press, New York, 1934. P 248.
17
Ibid. p 131
12
Lady Doctor: “C’est Une Creature Terrible”18
While Mata Hari’s doppelgangers stared in various forms of literature ranging from books to
television shows to movies a figure appeared after, at least eighty-five years of the war, rivaling
for the public’s interest with Mata Hari- she was ominously known as “Lady Doctor”.
As Tammy Proctor puts it “Mata Hari was the danger destroyed, while the ‘Lady Doctor’
represents the greater threat that remained after the war 19.” As opposed to the life and death of
Mata Hari which received a plethora of infamy and publicity, the whereabouts of the ‘Lady
Doctor’ remains enticingly alluring. Even after 90 years of the war, there is little to no
information on the life and contributions of the ‘Lady Doctor’. Many official reports point
towards her existence in the world of German Espionage, but only a handful can give any
substantial information of her identity or her part in German espionage. Referred to as ‘Fraulein
Doktor’, ‘Mademoiselle Docteur’, ‘Red Tiger’, ‘Tiger Eyes’, ‘the Black Cat’, etc., in countless
books, her story and character evolves from “prostitute to sadist to professional to drug-addicted
to mental patient.”20
Historians argue on various points pertaining to the ‘Lady Doctor’s’ life and identity, but a few
points are agreed upon: she was a German spy responsible for the training of agents whose
objective was to penetrate into French and British lines and she was stationed at Antwerp bureau
of German espionage, but disappeared after the war21.
The identity of the ‘Lady Doctor’ has been associated with the personalities of Anne Marie
Lesser and Dr. Elsbeth Schragmuller. Schragmuller was believed to be a scholar who received a
doctorate from the University of Freiburg in 1914 who had begun her work at Antwerp by 1917
while Lesser was believed to be a young woman led into the realms of espionage by her lover.
Both the women were known to have superior intellect and ability and were pitted as beautiful
and masters at the art of seduction. In 1919, the London Times wrote “The Frau Doktor…spoke
French without a trace of a foreign accent, and showed by her manner and dress that she had
18
Proctor, Tammy. M, FEMALE INTELLIGENCE: Women and Espionage in the First World War; P 133
19
Ibid.
20
Ibid. p 134
21
Ibid.
13
lived for a long time in France, probably Paris. She used to address her tools [agents] with a
French cigarette between her lips, leaning back seductively in a large armchair.”22
Trying to figure out the ‘Lady Doctor’s’ identity and dispel the myth surrounding her, many
newspapers and authors dedicated their time and writing space for this quest. For example, the
newspaper Le Soir depicted the ‘Lady Doctor’ an obituary of Lesser claiming that she was the
actual ‘Lady Doctor’ while Paris-Midi wrote about the endeavors of the ‘Lady Doctor’ by
Schragmuller. Nonetheless, aside from her mastery in the art of seduction, there are many
accounts which stress on her professionalism, efficiency and adept administration skills. MI5
Chief Sir Vernon Kell praises her saying “She must have been a woman of some ability from the
many accounts received, for she inspired respect, and her identity was concealed for a
considerable amount of time in spite of the many attempts to discover it.”23
Additionally, another characteristic associated with the ‘Lady Doctor’ is intimidation and
persuasion. She was often depicted as sadistic and various rumors spread about her antics in the
interrogation room, using torture and coercion to achieve the goal. In fact, a British intelligence
officer was reported stating that the ‘Lady Doctor’ had shot agents who had failed to achieve
their mission and revealed the ones who she thought were week. One interesting depiction of the
‘Lady Doctor’ is that “she respected human life about as deeply as she respected the
conventions.”24
Aside from her professionalism and efficiency, perhaps one of the most important characteristics
associated with the ‘Lady Doctor’ is that of the seductress. She was repeatedly described as
“buxom” and “good-looking” and as a blond beauty 25. This trait in particular was graphically
detailed in many accounts, more than the rest. Sometimes she plays the role of a former
prostitute, deathly addicted to cocaine (proof) while the other times she plays the role of the
superior agent who used “her seductive charm, and her way of smiling from under drooping
eyelashes…”26 to seduce officers and ultimately lead them to their degradation.
22
The Blond Lady. Keeping watch on a German Spy, London Times 18, December 1919: 11e
23
Proctor, Tammy. M. FEMALE INTELLIGENCE: Women and Espionage in the First World War;. P. 135
24
Ibid.
25
Ibid.
26
Ibid.
14
In view of the various accounts detailing her life, which were basically derived from and evolved
around the notion of the femme fatale, which may or may not be true, the truth of the life of the
‘Lady Doctor’ did not seem to be of much importance. She served to be the epitome of all
fantasies of the public’s mind and symbolized the power which women hold over men. Like
Delilah, she knew her strengths as a seductress and used it for her benefit. As Proctor puts it
while accounting and analyzing the life and character of the ‘Lady Doctor’ “As with Mata Hari,
she is the secrete female evil of the war; unlike Mata Hari, she gets away with her treachery”.27
27
Proctor, Tammy. M., FEMALE INTELLIGENCE: Women and Espionage in the First World War; P 135
15
Conclusion: An analysis of the reasons why…

While elucidating the reasons for the French Revolution, Karl Marx quite appropriately wrote “A
nation and a woman are not forgiven the unguarded hour in which the first adventurer that came
along could violate them”28. Therein lays the key to the understanding of the perception of spy-
seductresses. In a time when the virtue of a woman was her greatest asset and meant her status in
society, how can “fallen women”29 be trusted? The image of the femme fatale became a
convenient scapegoat for the governments. They embodied all that was wrong and immoral with
the war and served as a “focus for male anxieties at home: unfaithful wives, women war workers
who had taken over men’s jobs, and female prostitutes who carried venereal diseases”30.
This perception of women deterred them from actively completing the jobs assigned to them and
also affected the status of women in occupied territories such as Belgium. It not only hampered
the contributions and the status of women spies during the First World War but was also the
baseline by which future women spies were judged by. In my opinion, it was the government and
societal norms which stereotyped these women, leading to the degradation and the belittling of
their roles as spies. After the achievements of white angel martyrs such as Edith Cavell and
Gabrielle Petit the introduction of such notorious females such as Mata Hari and the “Lady
Doctor’ served as a medium of escapism to many socially suppressed women and fueled the
fantasies of many men, thus nullifying all of the contributions they may have made to the war.
Because there were no other reference points of female spies for these women to go by, they
began to believe what society and the government thought of them; their modus operandus-
seduction; and greatest asset-sexuality. They began to act likewise, reinforcing the public’s
schema of the femme fatales, worsening their image and creating a vicious circle.
Due to this the role of actual women heroes during as well as after the war was difficult for the
public to fit into their schemas. Just as the brave fighter of La Dame Blanche dissipated into the
abyss, the future achievements of women spies remain hidden except for the few, such as the
Lady Doctor and Mata Hari who fit the public’s preconceived notions of female spies.
28
Marx, Carl The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, in The Marx-Engels Reader, 2nd Edition W. W. Norton,
New York, 1978
29
Proctor, Tammy. M FEMALE INTELLIGENCE: Women and Espionage in the First World War. P 144
30
Ibid.
16
WORKS CONSULTED
 Crowdy, Terry, The Enemy Within: A history of Spies, Spymasters and Espionage,
Osprey Publishing Ltd, 2006.
 Darrow, Margaret, French Women and the First World War: War Stories of the Home
Front, Oxford: Berg 2000.
 Haswell, Jack, Spies and Spymasters: A Concise History of Intelligence, London, Thames
and Hudson 1977.
 Hirschfeld, Magnus, The Sexual History of the World War, Panurge Press, New York,
1934.
 Ludecke, Winfried, “The Secrete of Espionage: Tales of Service”, Kessinger Publishing
Co., 2005
 Marx, Carl The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, in The Marx-Engels Reader, 2nd
Edition W. W. Norton, New York, 1978.
 Mata Hari’s Diary, Olympia Press, 2008.
 Mata Hari to Cpt. Bouchardon 5 June 1917, Margaret Higonnet, ed. Lines of Fire:
Women Writers of World War I; Plume Books, New York, 1999.
 Proctor, Tammy. M., FEMALE INTELLIGENCE: Women and Espionage in the First
World War.
 Wheelwright, Julie, The Fatal Lover, C&B publishing, 1992.
 Wheelwright, Julie, “Poisoned Honey: The Myth of Women in Espionage." Queen's
Quarterly 100, no. 2 (Summer 1993).
 The Blond Lady. Keeping watch on a German Spy, London Times 18, December 1919:
11e
17
Appendices
Title Page Number

Appendix a) (i)/(ii) Statistical a) (i): 16
representation of women of La Dame (ii): 17
Blanche
Appendix b) (i)/(ii) Experts from Mata b) (i): 18-21
Hari’s Diary (ii): 22-31
18
Appendix a (i)
The following is a statistical representation of the information given about women in Battalion
III of La Dame Blanche for an easier and graphical understanding of their role. The information
and subsequent graphs have been taken from Tammy. M. Proctor’s FEMALE INTELLIGENCE:
Women and Espionage in the First World War.
19
a) (ii)
20
Appendix b) (i)
The following are excerpts from Mata Hari’s diary. These particular set of extracts show how
Mata Hari deluded and believed the lies she quite convincingly told herself:
21
22
23
24
Appendix b) (ii)
In this set of extracts we see how Mata Hari dealt with and perceived her fame in Paris, as well
as all around Europe, as well as the last entry in her famed diary:
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34

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Aneree Parekh cvw923 (002149-049)

To what degreeHow did the image of the femme fatale

Title Page No.

Women Spies: History and Assistance

Women Spies: World War 1

Mata Hari: The Spy Who Knew How to Die

Lady Doctor: “C’est Une Creature Terrible”18

Conclusion: An analysis of the reasons why…

Title Page Number

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