Jan Michael Eli SM.

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PARASITOLOGY LECTURE

a. Obligate Parasite: they cannot survive outside others (e.g. someone recovering from
INTRODUCTION TO their respective host (i.e. Wuchereria bancrofti)
 Blood/tissue nematode
Amoebiasis)
 Vector: responsible for transmitting parasites

PARASITOLOGY b. Facultative Parasite: these are free-living or

commensals (i.e. Hookworm)
from host  host (it may be biological or
mechanical)
 Skin penetrator
DEFINITION OF TERMS  Rhabditiform larva: free-living MODES OF TRANSMISSION
 Filariform: commensalistic (infective stage)
Para (beside) + situs (body) = Parasitology 1. Ingestion: fecal/oral route
 HABITAT: where the adult form of a parasite
2. Skin Penetration: schistosoma (schistosomaiasis)
Infestation  ECTOparasites (e.g. Infested with Lice) is formed or develops
3. Vector Bourne: malaria (Plasmodium), Filarial worms
Infection  ENDOparasites (e.g. Infected with C. c. Wandering Parasites: can migrate to other parts
4. Inhalation of Eggs: Enterobious vermicularis
botulinum) of the body of its host (i.e. Ascaris lumbricoides)
5. Sexual Intercourse: Trichomonas vaginalis
 Small intestine  Pulmonary Circulation 
6. Blood Transfusion: malaria, filarial worms
Infective Stage: stage where in infection occurs Trachea  Back to Small Intestine
Diagnostic Stage: stage where in diagnosis is possible d. Accidental/incidental: parasite is not in the
IMPORTANT GROUPS OF ANIMAL
original host (i.e. Fasciola hepatica)
PARASITES
GENERAL LIFECYCLE OF PARASITES NOTE: To know when a parasite is passed on accidentally, if you know
where its INFECTIVE STAGE, then THAT MUST BE IT!  Sarcomastigophora: sarcodina + mastigophora
 Ampicomplexa: sporozoa
TYPES OF HOST  Ciliophora: Palantidium coli
 Platyhelminthes: class trematoda and cestoda
Adult Egg  FINAL/DEFINITIVE host: harbors the SEXUALLY
MATURE/ADULT form of a parasite
 Nematoda: round worms, blood and tissue
nematodes
 Ex. Man
 INTERMEDIATE host: not compulsory to the lifecycle MEDICALLY IMPORTANT ECTOPARASITES
of a parasite; harbors ASEXUAL, IMMATURE, or
LARVAL stage INSECTS
Larva  1st Intermediate Host: Early Larval Stage
 2nd Intermediate Host  Lice: Pediculus humanus & Phthirus pubis
 A parasite may have up to more than 2  Flies: Dermatobia hominis
intermediate hosts  Bed Bugs: Cimex lectularius
 Egg + Larva: Infective Stage + Diagnostic Stage  I.e. Malaria: mosquito is FINAL host, man is
(Symptoms present) INTERMEDIATE host ARACHNIDS
 RESERVOIR: animal/human that maintains pathogen
 Mites: Sarcoptus scabia
without showing signs/symptoms
 Ticks: Dermacentor species
 Ex. Strongoloides
TYPES OF PARASITE  Carrier: Low-key shows symptoms, recoevered  Fleas: Ctenocephalides cani
from the infection but continues to spread it to
 Trophozoite: Pathogenesis
SARCODINA  Feeding Encystation
Protozoans  MOTILE Ingestion of
and exit from
Ingestion of
Basic Characteristics:  REPLICATION Cyst Cyst
Host in Stool
 Unicellular
 Has organelles: Excystment in
Tissue
- Nucleus (chromosomes) Small
PATHOGENIC AMOEBA Invasion
a. Nuclear membrane Intestine
b. Karyosome/Endosome Entamoeba histolytica
c. Peripheral Chromatin Material Production of
Multiply/Colo
(RNA) - Only pathogenic amoeba 8
nization in L.I.
- Cytoplasm - Only species of intestinal amoeba which has the trophozoites
a. Vacuoles (metabolism) potential for tissue invasion
b. Cytosomes (mouth openings)
c. Cytopyge (anal openings) Habitat: LARGE intestine (intestinal lumen) and invades
mucosal crypts Signs and Symptoms
These vary in size, shape, lcomotory organelles, and
methods of reproduction. Morphology ASYMPTOMATIC INFECTION: luminal amoebiasis

These protozoans are grouped to:  CYSTS: 4 nuclei, CENTRIC karyosomes, HAS Invasive INTESTINAL amoebiasis:
peripheral chromatin material, CIGAR SHAPED
SARCODINA: binary fission, pseudopodia (false feet; chromatoidal bars  Flask shaped ulcers
phagocytosis)  Trophozoites: uninucleated, CENTRIC  Dysentery
endosome, PROGRESSIVE AND DIRECTIONAL  Colitis
MASTIGOPHORA: binary fission, flagella MOTILITY, could easily disintegrate in an hour  Appendicitis
 Cysts are found in FIRM SHIT  Toxic megacolon
CILIATA: binary fission, cilia
 Trophozoites are found in WET SHIT  Amoebiasis
SPOROZOA: sexual and asexual, no definite organelles for
Invasive EXTRAINTESTINAL amoebiasis:
locomotion
 Liver abscess
MASTIGOPHORA: binary fission, cilia
 Pertinitis
Transmission  Pleuropulmonary abscess
GENERAL LIFE CYCLE
 Improper waste disposal system  Cutaneous and genital amoebic lesions
Cyst:  Food handlers  Bloody stool

 Passed in feces
 Resistant
 INFECTIVE

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Lab Dx i. butschlii

 Microscopic contamination in the stool Cyst:

FLAGELLATES –
 Fresh stool: wet mounts and permanent
stained preparation 

Large vacuole
1 nucleus
MASTIGOPHORA
 E. histolytica also be identified in aspirates
or biopsy samples  Eccentric endosome Giardia lamblia

Prevention Trophozoite: Habitat: UPPER SMALL INTESTINE

 Proper hand washing  Large central karyosome Morphology:

 Sanitary certificates on foodhandlers
Habitats of all these non-pathogenic amoebas are the large  Sucking/ventral disc: attaches to the
 Proper Waste Management System
intestine, except for e. gingivalis (gums) and mucosa
dientamoeba fragilis which has no cystic stage.  2 nuclei
 4 pairs of flagella (trophozoite)
Same life stages except for E. gingivalis and  Bilaterally symmetrical
NON PATHOGENIC AMOEBA Dientamoeba fragilis (no cystic stage)  4 nuclei (cyst)
Non-Pathogenic Amoeba: it’s important to differentiate cyst All reproduce through binary fission  Erratic slow oscillation “Falling leaf motion”
and trophozoites with that of the pathogenic amoeba
Symptomatic/Asymptomatic: diarrhea, abdominal pain, LIFE CYCLE
E. coli nausea and vomiting
Infective stage: cyst (via INGESTION)
 Resembles E. histlyotica Diagnostic stage: cyst and trophozoites in feces.
Dx is by stool exam (except for E. gingivalis)
Morphology SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Dientamoeba fragilis
 Giardiasis: traveller’s diarrhea or beaver’s
Cysts:
 Non-pathogenic amoeba fever
 8 nuclei  Some recognize its flagellate affinities (no  Can be ASYMPTOMATIC: diarrhea,
flagella) nausea, anorexia, and abdominal pain
 Eccentric karyosome
 Shit is STEATORRHEIC: oily or fatty stool
 Splinter-shaped karyosome
Trophozoite:  Hypogammaglobulemia: deficiency in
Trophozoite: protein absorption
 Extra nuclear spindle (between 2 nucleus)
 Atrophy of the vili: deficiency in nutrient
 Splinter-shaped karyosome  Hyaline pseudopodia absorption
 Broad of leaf-like in appearance PREVENTION
E. nana  Proper hand washing
Can have ascaris and nematodes as vectors
 Prevent food contamination
Morphology

Cyst: No chromatoidal bars; OVOID/EGG shaped Dx

- Stool exam
Trophozoite: LARGE KARYOSOME - Intestinal biopsy/aspirates
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Trichomonas vaginalis Dx Life Cycle
- Demonstration of trophozoites in urine,
Habitat: vagina/cervix urethral secretion, vaginal and cervical
Morphology: secretion Tste Tse Fly Blood Metacyclic
 4 flagella - Male: semen, prostatic secretion Meal trypomastigote
 Undulating membranes
 NO cystic stage Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
 No directional motility  JERKY motility - West African sleeping sickness
- Central and West Africa
- Glossina palpalis (tse tse fly)
Infective stage: trophozoite
Trypanosoma brucei rhodiense Binary Fission Tryomastigote
TRANMISSION: Sexual Intercourse
- East and South Africa
Reproduces via binary fission
- Glossina mortisans
Trypanosoma cruzi
SYMPTOMS
- Chaga’s disease
 Inflammation of vaginal mucosa “strawberry
- Central to South America
cervix”
- Triatoma or Reduviidae Transform to
 Vaginal secretions are greenish to yellow Tse tse fly ingests
- Only one to adapt to interacellular procyclic
 Itchiness and burning sensation trypomastigote
existence (amastigote stage) trypomastigote
 Dysuria or frequent urination
 Males are asymptomatic
4 stages of development:
Important to the amplification of HIV transmission = more
Amastigote:
sex = more chances of getting the virus
 Ovoidal w/o flagella
Metacyclic
 Adapted to intracellular existence Epimastigote
Vaginal delivery causes infection to babies Trypomastigote
Promastigote:
 Elongate, spindle shaped, pointed ends, and
Bacterial vaginitis Trichomoniasis
Fish-like odor Musky odor a flagellum
Symptoms
Thin, off white Pale,green, watery  Kinetoplast at the anterior end near flagella
Epimastigote:  Asymptomatic for some years (gambiense)
Does not cause dysuria
Tenderness, dysuria  Kinetoplast is anterior to the nucleus  More rapidly progressive (rhodiense)
and inflammation
Mild irritation Cervical petechial Trypomastigote:  Trypanosomal chancre: ulceration in the are
Bacterial coated epithelial  Kinetoplast is posterior to the nucleus of the bite
Flagellated protozoa  Winterbottom’s sign (bulging)  gambiense
cells  Infective stage
 Diagnostic stage  in the blood  CNS involvement (once it crosses the blood
PREVENTION brain barrier):
 Acid-douche - Meningocephalitis
 Avoid promiscuous sexual intercourse - Emaciation
 Use of prevention devices - Motor changes
- Snesory changes
- Mental deterioration

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Prevention
- Shaded streams or rivers, lightly
covered bush
CILIATES -
- Prophylaxis (pentamidine)
CILIAPHORA
Lifecycle of T. cruzi Balantidium coli
- Largest protozoan

Morphology
Intracellular
Metacyclic Trophozoites:
amstigote
trypomastigote  Vegetative macronucleus and reproductive
involvement micronucleus
 Cytostome and cytopyge
Cyst:
 Thick cell wall
 Macro and micro nuclei
Epimastigote Trypomastigote
Life Cycle
- Same as Giargia
- But man is an ACCIDENTAL host, the
DEFINITIVE host is the pig.

Balantidiasis: like amoebic dyssentry

Metacyclic Tissue invader: trophozoites secrete
trypomastigote Characteristic:
 Flask shaped ulcer
 Diarrhea
SYMPTOMS  Luminal amoebiasis
 Sites of infection: erythematous (chagoma) PREVENTION
 Frequently on the face: unilateral edema  Handling of waste
(upper and lower eyelid  Romana’s sign)  Boiling of water
 Malaise, chills, high fever Dx
 Epitaxis in children - Tissue by endoscopy
 Hepatosplenomegaly - Stool
 Transient: heart and CNS

PREVENTION
 Control insect vectors
 DDT
 Reduviid-proof housing