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DIFFUSION IN SOLIDS
Cu Ni
100% 100%
0 0
Concentration Profiles Concentration Profiles
DIFFUSION MECHANISMS
Substitutional diffusion and interstitial diffusion
• Simulation of
interdiffusion
across an interface:
• Rate of substitutional
diffusion depends on:
--vacancy concentration
--frequency of jumping.
Temperature dependent.
(2) Interstitial Diffusion
tetrahedral octahedral
• Applies to interstitial
(small) impurities FCC
(O, N, C, etc).
- One important issue when you face with the diffusion problem
is whether or not things change as a function of time.
Steady state diffusion (nothing changes.)
Non steady-state diffusion (flux & conc. profile change.)
STEADY STATE DIFFUSION
(Fick’s First Law)
• Steady State:
Steady State:
Jx(left) Jx(right) J x(left) = Jx(right)
x
Concentration, C, in the box doesn’t change w/time.
dC
• Apply Fick's First Law: J x = −D
dx
dC dC
• If Jx)left = Jx)right , then =
dx left dx right
• Result: the slope, dC/dx, must be constant
(i.e., slope doesn't vary with position and time)!
EX: STEADY STATE DIFFUSION
3
g/m
2 k 3
• Steel plate at =1
.
/ m
C1 8 kg
700C with =0
.
C2
geometry Carbon Steady State =
rich straight line!
shown:
gas Carbon
deficient
gas
D=3x10-11m2/s
0 x1 x2
10
• Q: How much 5m
m
m
m
carbon transfers
from the rich to C2 − C1 = −9 kg
J = −D 2.4 × 10
the deficient side? x2 − x1 m2s
DIFFUSION AND TEMPERATURE
• Diffusivity increases with T.
pre-exponential [m2/s] (see Table 5.2, Callister 6e)
activation energy
Q [J/mol],[eV/mol]
diffusivity D = Do exp − d (see Table 5.2, Callister 6e )
RT
gas constant [8.31J/mol-K]
• Experimental Data:
1500
1000
600
300
T(C)
10-8 D has exp. dependence on T
C
in
nα
Fe
Al in Al
Fe
C in γ-Fe
in Cun α-
Al
Fe in α-Fe
Cu in Fe
F
in
in
ei e
Fe in γ-Fe
Al
γ-F
Zn in Cu
Cu
10-20
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 1000K/T
NON STEADY STATE DIFFUSION
(Fick’s Second Law)
dx
• Concentration profile,
J(left) J(right)
C(x), changes
w/ time. Concentration,
C, in the box
• To conserve matter: • Fick's First Law:
J(right) − J(left) = dC dC
− J = −D or
dx dt dx
dJ = dC dJ = d2 C (if D does
− −D not vary
dx dt dx dx2 with x)
(Temperature
equate is fixed here.)
• Governing Eqn.:
dC d2C
=D 2 Fick’s Second Law
dt dx
NON STEADY STATE DIFFUSION
• Copper diffuses into a bar of aluminum.
Surface conc.,
Cs of Cu atoms Al bar
pre-existing conc., C o of copper atoms
C(x,t)
Cs Boundary condition:
t=0, C=C0 at 0≤x ≤∞
t
t2 3
t>0, C=Cs at x=0
t t1 C=C0 at x=∞
Co o
x=0 position, x
• General solution
for C(x,t): C(x, t) − Co = x
1 − erf
Fick’s 2nd law is Cs − Co 2 Dt
the differential equation. "error function"
NON STEADY STATE DIFFUSION
C(x, t) − Co = x
1 − erf
Cs − Co 2 Dt
"error function"
z
PROCESSING QUESTION
• Copper diffuses into a bar of aluminum.
• 10 hours at 600C gives desired C(x).
• How many hours would it take to get the same C(x)
if we processed at 500C?
Key point 1: C(x,t500C) = C(x,t600C).
Key point 2: Both cases have the same Co and Cs.
• Result: Dt should be held constant.
C(x,t) − Co x
= 1 − erf (Dt)500ºC =(Dt)600ºC
Cs − Co 2Dt
5.3x10-13m2/s 10hrs
(Dt)600 Note: values
• Answer: t 500 = = 110 hr of D are
-
D500 provided here.
14
4.8x10 m /s 2
SUMMARY