PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ROCK EXPERIMENT

REPORT

Author:

Febrian Sukma W. 3714100027 2014

TEKNIK GEOFISIKA
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER
SURABAYA
2016
 CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY
1.1 BACKGROUND
Geophysics is an interdisciplinary physical science concerned with the nature of the
earth and its environment and as such seeks to apply the knowledge and techniques of
physics, mathematics and chemistry to understand the structure and dynamic behavior of the
earth and its environment. The physical properties of earth materials (rocks, air, and water
masses) such as density, elasticity, magnetization, and electrical conductivity all allow
inference about those materials to be made from measurements of the corresponding physical
fields - gravity, seismic waves, magnetic fields, and various kinds of electrical fields.
Because Geophysics incorporates the sciences of Physics, Mathematics, Geology (and
therefor Chemistry) it is a truly multidisciplinary physical science.
One of the important things on Geophysic study is wave. It is being so important
because Geophysicist activity can’t be separated from the waves phenomena. For example, in
seismic methode, we used a wave called seismic waves to measure the properties of rock
inside the Earth. We know that A seismic wave is an elastic wave generated by an impulse
such as an earthquake or an explosion. Seismic waves may travel either along or near the
earth's surface (Rayleigh and Love waves) or through the earth's interior (P and S waves).. To
measure the wave properties, we used a tool called Oscilloscope. An oscilloscope is a
laboratory instrument commonly used to display and analyze the waveform of electronic
signals. In effect, the device draws a graph of the instantaneous signal voltage as a function of
time. A typical oscilloscope can display alternating current (AC) or pulsating direct current
(DC) waveforms having a frequency as low as approximately 1 hertz (Hz) or as high as
several megahertz (MHz). High-end oscilloscopes can display signals having frequencies up
to several hundred gigahertz (GHz). The display is broken up into so-called horizontal
divisions (hor div) and vertical divisions (vert div). Time is displayed from left to right on the
horizontal scale. Instantaneous voltage appears on the vertical scale, with positive values
going upward and negative values going downward. Other signals (such as sound or
vibration) can be converted to voltages and displayed. Oscilloscopes are used to observe the
change of an electrical signal over time, such that voltage and time describe a shape which is
continuously graphed against a calibrated scale. The observed waveform can be analyzed for
such properties as amplitude, frequency, rise time, time interval, distortion and others.
Modern digital instruments may calculate and display these properties directly. Originally,
calculation of these values required manually measuring the waveform against the scales built
into the screen of the instrument. That’s why we have to know how to use oscilloscope. From
this tool, we can know about the properties of the wave.
By knowing all that stuff, we are expected to know the type of rocks that we observed
before and easier us later in determining the rock formation that appropriate with the physical
characteristic of rocks that have potential to store the natural resources. Because of all that
stuff, we do the experiment of physical properties of rocks.
1.2 PROBLEMS FORMULATIONS
This experiment have some problem to explore :
1. How to use oscilloscope?
2. How to measure the wave properties (Vp&Vs) using oscilloscope?
3. How the relation between Vp with density and porosity?
4. How to measure young’s modulus?
5. How to measure shear modulus?
6. How to measure poisson’s ratio?
7. How to know the type of the rock sample?

1.3 OBJECTIVES
This experiment had two main objective as output :
1. Use oscilloscope to measure wave properties using parameter of time and sample
dimension
2. Measure anisotropy of velocity using few model of calculation
3. Determine the relation between Vp with density and porosity
4. Measure the bulk modulus, shear modulus, and poisson ratio from the rock sample
5. Determine the type of rock sample base on the experiment

1.4 BENEFITS
From this experiment, the student get some benefits such as :
1. Students know how to use oscilloscope
2. Students can measure the wave properties using oscilloscope
3. Students can analyze few model of calculation to determine anisotropy of wave
properties
4. Student know the relation between Vp with density and porosity
5. Student know how to measure bulk modulus, shear modulus, and poisson’s ratio
6. Student can identify the type of rock base on their physical properties
 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 WAVE
One of the simplest ways to demonstrate wave motion is to take the loose end of a
long rope which is fixed at the other end and to move the loose end quickly up and down.
Crests and troughs of the waves move down the rope, and if the rope were infinitely long
such waves would be called progressive waves–these are waves travelling in an unbounded
medium free from possible reflection.

If the medium is limited in extent; for example, if the rope were reduced to a violin
string, fixed at both ends, the progressive waves travelling on the string would be reflected at
both ends; the vibration of the string would then be the combination of such waves moving to
and fro along the string and standing waves would be formed. Waves on strings are
transverse waves where the displacements or oscillations in the medium are transverse to the
direction of wave propagation.When the oscillations are parallel to the direction of wave
propagation the waves are longitudinal. Sound waves are longitudinal waves; a gas can
sustain only longitudinal waves because transverse waves require a shear force to maintain
them. Both transverse and longitudinal waves can travel in a solid. (H.J. Pain, 2005, 108-109)

2.1.1 WAVE PHASE

The phase of an oscillation or wave is the fraction of a complete cycle corresponding
to an offset in the displacement from a specified reference point at time t = 0. Phase is a
frequency domain or Fourier transform domain concept, and as such, can be readily
understood in terms of simple harmonic motion. The same concept applies to wave motion,
viewed either at a point in space over an interval of time or across an interval of space at a
moment in time. Simple harmonic motion is a displacement that varies cyclically, and
described by the formula:

2.1.2 REFLECTION

If a linear object attached to an oscillator bobs back and forth within the water, it
becomes a source of straight waves. These straight waves have alternating crests and troughs.
As viewed on the sheet of paper below the tank, the crests are the dark lines stretching across
the paper and the troughs are the bright lines. These waves will travel through the water until
they encounter an obstacle - such as the wall of the tank or an object placed within the water.
The diagram at the right depicts a series of straight waves approaching a long barrier
extending at an angle across the tank of water. The direction that these wavefronts (straight-
line crests) are traveling through the water is represented by the blue arrow. The blue arrow is
called a ray and is drawn perpendicular to the wavefronts. Upon reaching the barrier placed
within the water, these waves bounce off the water and head in a different direction. The
diagram below shows the reflected wavefronts and the reflected ray. Regardless of the angle
at which the wavefronts approach the barrier, one general law of reflection holds true: the
waves will always reflect in such a way that the angle at which they approach the barrier
equals the angle at which they reflect off the barrier. This is known as the law of reflection.

2.1.3 REFRACTION

Refraction of waves involves a change in the direction of waves as they pass from one
medium to another. Refraction, or the bending of the path of the waves, is accompanied by a
change in speed and wavelength of the waves. In Lesson 2, it was mentioned that the speed of
a wave is dependent upon the properties of the medium through which the waves travel. So if
the medium (and its properties) is changed, the speed of the waves is changed. The most
significant property of water that would affect the speed of waves traveling on its surface is
the depth of the water. Water waves travel fastest when the medium is the deepest. Thus, if
water waves are passing from deep water into shallow water, they will slow down.

2.1.4 DIFFRACTION

Reflection involves a change in direction of waves when they bounce off a barrier;
refraction of waves involves a change in the direction of waves as they pass from one
medium to another; and diffraction involves a change in direction of waves as they pass
through an opening or around a barrier in their path. Water waves have the ability to travel
around corners, around obstacles and through openings. This ability is most obvious for water
waves with longer wavelengths. Diffraction can be demonstrated by placing small barriers
and obstacles in a ripple tank and observing the path of the water waves as they encounter the
obstacles. The waves are seen to pass around the barrier into the regions behind it;
subsequently the water behind the barrier is disturbed. The amount of diffraction (the
sharpness of the bending) increases with increasing wavelength and decreases with
decreasing wavelength. In fact, when the wavelength of the waves is smaller than the
obstacle, no noticeable diffraction occurs.
 (HTTP://WWW.PHYSICSCLASSROOM.COM/CLASS/WAVES/LESSON-3/REFLECTION,-
REFRACTION,-AND-DIFFRACTION, 2015)

2.2 ELASTIC PROPERTIES

Hooke’s law describes the relationship between stress and strain of anelastic material.
In ageneral formulation, the stress_strain relationship is atensorial equation:

where

σik is the stress tensor

εik is the strain tensor
Ciklm is the elastic modulus (or stiffness) tensor.

If strain is expressed as a function of stress, the resulting strain_stressrelationship is

where

Diklm is the elastic compliance tensor.

Besides the Lame parameters λ,μ, any pair of two of the following modulican be used
for a descriptionof the elastic properties of an isotropicmaterial:
  Young’s modulus E, defined as ratio of stress to strain in a uniaxial stressstate;
 Compressional wave modulus M, defined as ratio of stress to strain in auniaxial strain
state;
 Bulk compressional modulus k, defined as ratio of hydrostatic stress tovolumetric
strain ;
 Shear modulus μ, defined as ratio of shear stress to shear strain;
 Poisson’s ratio v, defined as the (negative) ratio of lateral strain to axialstrain in a
uniaxial stress state.
Corresponding to the two moduli are two independent body waves:

Compressional, longitudinal, or P-wave with the velocity:

Shear, transversal, or S-wave with the velocity:

where ρ is the bulk density.

(Schon,2011,149-150)
However, if elastic wave velocities and bulk density are known frommeasurements, the
elastic parameters can be calculated:
 (Schon J. H., 2011)

2.3GEOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Examples of geomechanical problems are:

 Deformation and failure processes originated by tectonic stress, earthquakes,etc.;
 Landslides and rockfall;
 Deformation of the underground (settlement) and subsurface constructions(tunnel,
cavern) caused by the pressure of construction in civilengineering;
 Slope and dam stability (failure problems);
 Wellbore stability and fracturing;
 Reservoir compaction during production and subsidence.

There are two different types of response on a stress field:

 1. The geomechanical response (deformation and/or a failure).
 2. The geophysical response as change of the magnitude of a measuredparameter
(e.g., velocity or resistivity).
 Figure 2.3.1 The physical problem of geomechanical properties evaluation in the term of geophysical
parameters.
(Shon,2011,245-246)

2.3.1 FUDAMENTAL LABORATORY TECHNIQUES

Rock mechanical properties in the laboratory are determined in most cases at
cylindrical sampes by observing the rock deformation(strain) under the influence of a defined
stress. The International Society of Rock Mechanics (IRSM) has defined standards for
sample preparation : the length of the cylindrical sample must be two to three times the
diameters. For granular material, the diameter should be at least 10 times the diameter of the
largest grains (Fjaer et al., 1992).

Two types of properties are determined:

1. Static elastic or deformation moduli,

2. Strength properties.

A laboratory system consists of a triaxiall cell with a load frame, pressure system, and sensors. The
rock sample is placed between the loading pistons introducing the axial stress σv, and is covered by
a surrounding (rubber or plastic) sleeve. The sleeve separates the rock sample and the fluid
introducing the radial stress σH. Deformation are measured with different type of direct and
indirect sensors.
 Figure 2.3.2Traxial cell with a rock sample covered by the sleeve; the cell has pressure system for axial
pressure and radial pressure and a corresponding system for measurement of strain.

Triaxial cell allows different test, for example :

 Standard test starting with σv = σHand then an increase of σv at contantσHuntil failure

occurs ;
 Test under drained or undrained condition for porous rocks;
 Simplified versions without radial stress or unconfined (uniaxial) tests mainly for
determination of uniaxial compression strength.
(Schon J. H., 2015, 274-275)

2.3.2 DEFORMATION PROPERTIES

Deformation properties are derived from a static compression test. Young’smodulus is

defined as ratio of an axial stress and the resulting axial strain:

The stress-strain diagram in most cases shows a nonlinear shape.Therefore, in general,

the modulus is stress-dependent and defined as:

In engineering applications, Young’s modulus (modulus of elasticity) isoften derived

from the linear portion of the stress-strain curve.
Poisson’s ratio is defined as the relative change of the radius divided bythe relative
change of axial length in stress direction:

(Schon J. H., 2015)

2.4 PRINCIPLES OF LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS

There are two main techniques for measuring elastic rock properties in the laboratory
(Fig. 2.1) :

1. Transmission technique : An ultrasonic pulse from the transmitter passes through the
sample. The receiver transform the arriving elastic wave into an electrical signal. An
oscilloscope visualizes the received signal and the travel time can be picked ( note the
dotted connection between generator and oscilloscope for triggering). This principle
can be combined with static measurement. Sophisticated equipment allows waveform
storage, measurement of compressional and shear wave, and simulations of external
and pore pressures, as well as temperatures.
2. Resonance technique : A transmitter ( driven by a frequency generator) generates
vibrations of a cylindrical sample. The receiver detects the vibrations as amplitude
signal. An amplitude versus frequency plot delivers a resonance curve. Resonance
frequency is controlled by sample geometry and Young’s modulus. Thus, Young’s
modulus can be determined. Resonance measurement in a torsional mode yield the
shear modulus. From the shape on the resonance curve, the Q – factor characterizing
the wave attenuation can be derived. ( Schon, 2015 , 174 – 175)

FIGURE 2.4.1 Principles of measuring technique for seismic / clastic rock properties.
(Schon J. H., 2015)

Result of the sonic – pulse measurement were used to compute –P and S-

wave velocities and elastic moduli by use of the following formulas ( Howell , 1959;
Jaeger, 1962) :

Where ,
 Vp : longitudinal – wave velocity
Vs : shear – wave velocity
σ/v : Poisson’s ratio
E : Young’s modulus
G : shear modulus
L : length
Tp : longitudinal – wave traveltime
Ts : shear – wave treaveltime
ρ : density
G : gravity
(Holmes, 1978)
Although these rock properties have a long list (e.g., Poisson’s ratio, Young’s
modulus, shear modulus, bulk modulus, etc.), in reality, there are only two
impedances or wave velocities that we need to measure to calculate these parameters:
compressional or primary wave velocity (Vp) and shear or secondary wave velocity
(Vs). Probably, the simplest parameter derived from these velocities is the ratio of
these velocities (Vp/Vs) that is usually considered as one of the most useful
parameters for lithological classification of rocks. This parameter has a simple
relation to one of the most important geomechanical properties, dynamic Poisson’s
ratio (vd), as follows:

(http://geomechanicscorner.com/category/uncategorized/page/2/)

2.5 SEDIMENTARY ROCK

2.6 DENSITY AND POROSITY

2.6.1 POROSITY
“Porosity is the fraction of rock bulk volume occupied by pore space”(Jorden &
Campbell, 1984).Thus, porosity is defined as the summarized volume of all pores,
fractures,cracks, etc., or generalized all fluid(e.g., gas, water, hydrocarbons) or
“nonsolid”containing parts of a sample related to the total volume of thesample(Figure 2.1):

Porosity is given as a volume fraction (dimensionless) or as percentage.The definition above

describes the “total porosity”. If the rock contains apart of nonconnected or separated pores
(vugs, moldic pores, etc.), then thispart does not contribute to any fluid transport within the
rock and is “noneffective.”Thus, effective orinterconnected porosity is the ratio of the
connectedpore volume and the total rock volume.
For reservoirdescription it is important to distinguish between:
 Total porosity, the fraction of bulk volume occupied by total pore space;
 Effective porosity, the fraction of bulk volume occupied by interconnected
pore space.

The following are applied in order to determine porosity:

 direct measurements (laboratory) based on determination of bulk andsolid volume,
gas expansion, or displacement techniques;
 indirect measurements (logging methods, seismic methods) based on correlation
between porosity and properties like density, neutron response,and seismic wave
velocity. Porosity can also be derived from NMR measurements

Figure 2.6.1 Definition of Porosity

2.6.2 DENSITY
A material's density is defined as its mass per unit volume. It is, essentially, a
measuremement of how tightly matter is crammed together. The principle of density was
discovered by the Greek scientist Archimedes. To calculate the density (usually represented
by the Greek letter "ρ") of an object, take the mass (m) and divide by the volume (v):

Due to the heterogeneity of rocks, it is necessary to distinguish between different densities

that are related todifferent rock components:
 ρ—bulk density: the mean density of the considered rock volume (includingpores,
etc.); for example, density of sandstone.
 ρi—density of any individual mineral rock component i; for example,density of
quartz.
 ρma—mean density of the solid matrix material (mineral or mixture ofminerals), also
called grain density; for example, density of a carbonatematrix (without pore fluid).
 ρfl—mean density of the pore (or fracture) fluid; for example, density ofwater ρw.

Bulk density of a composite material (rock) consisting of n components is

where ρi is the density and Vi is the volume fraction of component i.

Bulk density of rocks follows exactly equation aboveand depends on:

 the mineral composition (mineral densities and volume fractions);
 porosity (pores, fractures) and density of pore fluids.

This explains the general rule of density variation:

 Igneous rocks show an increase of density from felsic (acid) to mafic(basic) types;
 Porous rocks show a density decrease with increasing porosity anddecreasing water
saturation.

If density of rock (ρb) is also known (either from wireline logs or lab measurements), it is
also possible to find several of other dynamic properties of rock such as shear modulus (Gd),
Young’s modulus (Ed) , and bulk modulus (Kd) using the following simple equations:
 BAB III
EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY

3.1 TIME AND PLACE

The experiment for the elastic properties took time and place on Thursday 30
November 2015 at 13.00 WIB in Geophysics Laboratory.The experiment for the density of
rock took time and place on Thursday 17 Desember 2015 at 13.00 WIB in Geophysical
Laboratory. For other experiment such as geomechanical, and porosity there is no
experiment.

3.2 TOOLS AND MATERIALS

In elastic properties experiment, tools and materials were used, as follows:

Tools:

1. Gel
2. A set of oscilloscope
3. Grinder and sandpaper
4. A set of ultrasonic
5. Ruler
6. Coring tools

In density experiment, tool were used, as follows :

1. Measuring Glass
2. Digital Scale
3. Water
4. Ruler

Materials:

1. Sample of rock with diameter of 6 cm and thickness of 4,5 cm

3.3 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

3.3.1 ELASTIC PROPERTIES (VP&VS)

In this experiment, carried out the experimental procedures that have been arranged.
Prior to measuring, the rock sample which will be observed is performed smoothing by
"coring" and grinding until the surface of rock is flat. After that, oscilloscope is prepared
along with its supporting tools. Before the oscilloscope is used, calibration is done prior to
the appliance. Then the rock that will be observed which on contact with the surface of the
emitter and receiver instruments is given gel. After that, the wave emitter and receiver affixed
to both of the flat surfaces of rock sample. Then gain and frequency on the oscilloscope is set
to acquire good waveforms. After the waveform obtained, paused and saved to a USB drive
to get a screenshot of the oscilloscope screen. The obtained data is processed using the
application "engauge digitizer" that converts images (.jpeg) into the coordinates of the curve
(.xml).

3.3.2 DENSITY
In this experiment, there are two data that we have to get. The first one is the weight
of the rock sample and the second one is volume of the rock sample. To get the rock’s
volume we can get from the measurement by the ruler and we find the volume, or we can find
the volume by putting the rock sample to the water and see the delta of the volume. The first
thing we do is measuring the mass of the rock. The weight measurement is important to get
the rock density. After we get the rock mass, we get the measuring glass and fill it with water.
After that record the first volume. Then we put in the rock sample to the measuring glass and
then see the delta of volume. After we get all data we can get the density of the rock sample.
 CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1DATA ANALYSIS

4.1.1 ELASTIC PROPERTIES EXPERIMENT

In this experiment, we used the shell limestone to be measured. We have at least, two
measurement in this experiment as figured on picture below. Those two pictures show that

Figure 1 Measurement result displayed on the oscilloscope monitor.

the waves that occured have nearly on same phase of sinusoidal form. In those pictures, we
can also figure that the frequencies have a values on 3.048 KHz and 3.571 KHz.
Oscilloscope is the tool that we used to captured the waves. After we measured the
stone with oscilloscope, the waves or the results that show in oscilloscope are saved as an

Figure 2 Sinusoidal wave that have been digitized by using engauge software.

image format to flashdisk. Next, those image format can be digitized by Engauge software.
Engauge is a software that used to digitized the image format of the wave and transform it to
Cartesian coordinates (x,y). So, we can get the information about wave position in Cartesian
coordinates.
 After the image format of the waves are digitized, the digitized data will be exported
as a .xls file to be opened in Microsoft Excel. When the digitized data are opened in
Microsoft Excel, we can observe where the data are changing drastically. In the first
measurement, there are 9 points where the data are changing drastically. Then, in the second
measurement, we get 8 points where the data are changing drastically. We can also observe in

Figure 3The first measurement have 162 data with 9 points drastically data changing (left) and the second measurement have 156 data with 8 points
drastically data changing (right). Each points are displayed with different colors.

those data that each data have a difference between 2 or 3 fromy coordinate.
As we know, oscilloscope plots the time in horizontal axis and voltage in vertical
axis. From this axis, especially the horizontal axis, we can use it as the tool to find out the
arrival time of P-Wave and S-Wave. Form the arrival time of those two types of wave, we
can also find out the value of Vp and Vs. Supposed that the leftest part of the horizontal axis
is 0 s. Then, we can measure the arrival time of P-Wave. From the two tables, we get that the
value of the arrival time of P-Wave is 240 µs. The formula that used to calculate Vp and Vs
are listed below :
𝐿 𝐿
𝑉𝑝 = 𝑉𝑠 =
𝑡𝑝 𝑡𝑠
Where L is the length of the object (0.045 m), tp is arrival time of P-Wave,
respectively. From the measurement, we get that the value of Vp is 178,5 m/s.
For the calibration we need to find T period, frequency, Vpp, Vp, and Vrms. The calculation
are listed below

Figure 4 Calibration measurement for each data, left picture is calibration for the first measurement and right picture is calibration
for the second measurement

4.1.2 DENSITY EXPERIMENT

From the experiment of density we get the mass and the volume of the rock. The mass of the
rock is 307 g and the volume of the rock is 120ml. After we get the data, then we can do the
calculation such as the following :
The equation of the density is :

ρ = m/v

ρ =307/120

ρ = 2.55g/ml

so, from that equation we can get the value of density of rock is 2.55g/ml

4.1.3 GEOMECHANICAL EXPERIMENT

For the geomechanical properties experiment, there are three data that we have to get.
They are Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio. But we did not do the
experiment, so we find the equation from the literature. From the literature we get the
equation such as the following :

The data for the calculation was got from the elastic properties above, so the calculation is :

For the Poisson’s Ratio :

𝑉𝑝
0.5 ( 𝑉𝑠 )2 − 1
𝜎= 𝑉𝑝
( 𝑉𝑠 )2 − 1

0.0049 2
0.5 ( ) −1
0.004
𝜎= 0.0049 2
( 0.004 ) − 1

𝜎 = -0,4988

For the Young’s Modulus :

ρ𝑉𝑠 2 (1 + 𝜎)
𝐸=
72𝑔

2,55. 0.00492 (1 + 𝜎)
𝐸=
72 . 9,8
 E=

For the Shear Modulus :

𝐸
𝐺=
2(1 + 𝜎)

4.2 DISCUSSION
We do four kind of experiment in this rock physic experiment. There are some
experiment about Elastic Properties, Geomechanical Properties, Density, and Porosity. From
this experiment, we have an objective to know how to get the physical properties of rocks. In
the first experiment, especially at elastic properties experiment, we have to find out the
velocity of wave propagation. Then, the data that we get is P-wave velocity (Vp). There are
three kind of physical properties for the geomechanical experiment that we have to get. The
three kind of physical properties that we have to get are the Poisson’s Ration, Young’s
Modulus, and Shear Modulus. Because of the limitation of the tools, we didn’t do the
experiment of geomechanical properties. We get the characteristic of those physical
properties from the literature. On the experiment before, we have known about the value of
Vp. From the value of Vp, we can get the value of the Poisson’s Ration, Young’s Modulus,
and Shear Modulus. Next, on the density experiment, we can get the value of density from
the calculation of the mass and the volume of the rock sample. There are the Poisson’s
Ration, Young’s Modulus, and Shear Modulus. But on this case we did not do the experiment
because of the limitation of the tools. So we get the value of that physical properties from the
literature. On the elastic properties we get the value of Vp and Vs. From that data, we can get
the value of the poisson’s ratio, young’s modulus, and shear modulus. For the density we can
get the value from the calculation of the mass and the volume of the rock sample. And the
last experiment is porosity. We also cannot do the experiment because of the limitation of the
tools.

On this elastic properties experiment there are some tools and material that we need,
such as rock sample, digital scale, ruler, water, oscilloscope, gel, scale glass, grinder,
sandpaper, and a set of ultrasonic tools. For the elastic propertis, the tools that we need are
the oscilloscope and a set of ultrasonic tools for the measurement of the velocity of P-wave
and S-wave. A coring to get a rock sample, grind and sandpaper to subtilize the rock sample,
a ruler to scale the length of the rock sample, and a gel to smooth the rock surface. The first
thing we do is getting the sample rock by coring a rock, after that we subtilize the surface of
the rock. After we subtilize the rock surface, we set up the oscilloscope and the ultrasonic
tools, and then we apply the gel on the rock surface. The last thing to do is measure the
velocity of wave and take a note the data. After we get the data, we process the data by a
computer to get the velocity of wave.

For the density experiment there are some tools and material that we need, such as a
glass scale, digital weight scale, ruler, and water. The first thing to do is measuring the weight
of the rock sample. From the measurement we get the mass of the rock sample is 307g. After
that we fill the scale glass by water. In our experiment we fill the scale glass until

CHAPTER V
CLOSING REMARKS

5.1 CONCLUSION
From this experiment, we have a conclusions listed as below :
1. We can find the value of Vp and Vs of an object by using oscilloscope.
2. The value of Vp and Vs on the first measurement is 0.0049 m/s and 0.0045 m/s
3. The value of Vp and Vs on the second measurement is 0.004 m/s and 0.004 m/s
4. The value of Poisson’s Ratio is
5. The value of Young’s Modulus is
6. The value of Shear Modulus is
7. The value of Density is
8. The Value of Porosity is

5.2 RECOMMENDATION
For the next experiment, we have several reccomendations such as :
1. The need for assistance from the lecturer or lecturer assitance during the experiment
2. More detailed explanation about step of experiment and usability of tool
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa/waves/generalwavesrev1.shtml. (2015).

Holmes, C. W. (1978). Distributin of Selected Element in Surficial Marine Sediment of the Northern
Gulf of Mexico Continental Shelf and Slope . Geological Survey , 38.

Sari, D. N. (t.thn.). PENGUKURAN KECEPATAN GELOMBANG S PADA SAMPEL BATUAN.

Schon, J. H. (2011). PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ROCKS : A WORKBOOK. Oxford: Elsevier B.V.

Schon, J. H. (2015). PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ROCKS : FUDAMENTALAND PRINCIPLES OF

PETROPHYISICS SECOND EDITION. Oxford: Elsevier B.V.