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1. Uses of sulphuric acid

a) Manufacture of detergents

b) Production of fertilizers

c) Manufacture of artificial fibres

d) Manufacture of paint

e) Leather tanning

f) As electrolyte in car batteries

2. Manufacture of sulphuric acid

a) Sulphuric acid manufacture in industry through Contact Process

b) The process consist of three stages

Stage 1

In the furnace molten sulphur is burnt in dry air to produce sulphur dioxide.The gas produced
is purified and coolded

Stage 2

In the converter sulphur dioxide and excess oxygen gas are passed over a few plates of
vanadanium oxide catalyst at 450 degree Celsius to produce sulphur trioxide. About 99.5% of
the sulphur dioxide is converted into sulphur trioxide through this reversible reaction

Stage 3

In the absorber the sulphur trioxide is first reacted with concentrated sulphuric acid to form a
product called oleum .the oleum is then diluted with water to produce concentrated sulphuric
acid in large quantities

3. Sulphur dioxide and environmental pollution

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1. Uses of ammonia

a) Manufacture of fertilizers

b) Manufacture of synthetic fibres

c) Manufacture of explosive

d) To prevent coagulation of latex

2. Properties of ammonia

a) Ammonia is a colourless and pugent gas

b) It is less dense than air and highly soluble in water

c) Ammonia melts at -77.7 degree Celsius and boils at-33.5 degree Celsius

d) Its density is 0.68 (at its boiling point and at 1 atmosphere of pressure

e) Ammonia dissolve into water to give an alkaline pH value 9-10

f) It turns red litmus paper blue

g) Ammonia is an alkali. It will neutralize acids to make ammonium salts

h) Gaseous ammonia reacts wit gaseous hydrogen chloride to form white fumes of
ammonium chloride

i) Ammonia reacts with metallic ions to form metallic hydroxides

3. Manufacture of ammonia

a) Ammonia is manufactured in industry through Haber Process

b) This process combines nitrogen gas from the air with hydrogen gas, derive mainly
from natural gas to form ammonia

c) The ratio of one volume of nitrogen gas, to three volumes of hydrogen gas, is passed
through reactor. The mixture is compressed to a high pressure of 200 atmosphere at a
temperature of about 450 degree Celsius. It is then passed through layers of iron catalyst
to speed up the rate of reaction

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d) Ammonia is formed is then liquefied and separated to get a better yield. The
production of ammonia, gives out heat

e) The unreacted nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas are recycled a nd passed back into
reactor together with the new source of nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas. About 98% of
nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas are converted into ammonia

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1. Meaning of alloy

a) Alloys are materials that contain more than one element

b) Usually, alloys are a mixture of metallic elements ² two or more metals

c) Pure aluminium is light but not strong enough to make aeroplane bodies. If small
amount of manganese and magnesium are added then an alloy duralumin is formed. This
alloy is hard and strong for aeroplane frames

d) Thus, an alloy is a mixture of metals made for a certain purpose

2. The composition, properties and use of some alloys

Alloy Composition Properties Uses

Bronze -90% copper -Hard and strong -In the building of statues or
-10% tin -Does not corrode easily monuments
-Has shiny surface -In the making of medals, sword
and artistic materials
Brass -70% cooper -Harder than cooper -In the making of musical
-30% zinc instruments and kitchenware
Steel -99% iron -Hard and strong -In the construction of building
-!% carbon and bridges
-In the building of the body of
cars and railways tracks
Stainless -74% iron -Shiny -In the making of cutlery
steel -8% carbon -Strong -In the making of surgical
-18% chromium -Does not rust instruments
Duralumin -93% aluminium -Light -In the building of the body of
-3% cooper -Strong aeroplanes and bullet trains
-3% magnesium
-1% manganese
Pewter -96% tin -lustre -In the making of souvenirs
-3% cooper -Shiny
-1% antimony -Strong

3. Aim of producing alloy

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