Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MANAGEMENT THEORY
Has two views on Managers:
1. Omnipotent View:
in our first lessons we spoke about how important managers are to
management. This reflects the dominant assumption in management theory.
This view
the quality of an organization’s managers determines the quality of the
organization itself.
The differences in the organization’s performance are due to the manager’s
decisions and actions.
Good managers
Anticipate change
Exploit opportunities
Correct poor performance
Lead their organizations toward goals – which may be changed if needed.
When profits are up – managers take the credit and reward themselves
When profits are down – managers are fired and replaced with new blood
Applicable in business and others like sports teams
Someone is accountable regardless of reasons.
To blame
To praise – even if they had little to do with achieving positive outcomes.
2. Symbolic View:
In this view
The manager’s ability to affect outcomes is influenced and constrained by
external factors
Should not expect manager to significantly affect an organization’s
performance
An organization’s results are influenced by factors managers do not control:
Economy, Customers, Governmental policies, Competitors’ actions,
Industry conditions, Control over technology, Decisions made by previous
managers
In Reality:
Managers are not helpless – nor powerless
They experience
Internal constraints from organization’s culture
External constraints from the organization’s environment
They influence the organization’s
performance
culture and
environment
ORGANIZATION’S CULTURE
- Every person has a unique personality
Warm, shy, relaxes, aggressive
- So do organization’s
Definition
Organizational Culture
Shared
- Values
- Principles
- Traditions
- Way of doing things
That influence the way organization members act
Implications of Culture
1. Culture is a perception
- from what they hear
- from what they see
- from what they experience
from within the organization
2.Whether they
- come from different backgrounds
- hold different positions
they tend to describe the organization in similar ways (shared)
3. Organizational culture is descriptive
Concerned with how members perceive the organization – not how they like it.
They do not evaluate it.
7 DIMENSIONS THAT CAPTURE
ESSENCE OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE
1. Attention to Detail
- Degree to which employees are expected to exhibit precision, analysis and
attention to detail
2. Innovation and Risk Taking
- Degree to which employees are encouraged to
be innovative and to take risks
3. Stability
- Degree to which organizational decisions and actions emphasize maintaining the
status quo.
4. Aggressiveness
- Degree to which the employees are aggressive and competitive rather than
cooperative.
5. Team Orientation
- Degree to which work is organized around teams rather than individuals.
6. People Orientation
- Degree to which management decisions take into account the effects on people
in the organization
7. Outcome Orientation
- Degree to which managers focus on results or outcome rather than how these
outcomes are achieved.
Strong Cultures
Are cultures in which key values are deeply held and
widely held.
Have a strong influence on organizational members.
An organization’s current
customs, traditions and general way of doing things
are largely due to what
it has done before and
how successful it has been with these endeavors.
x
HOW EMPLOYEES LEARN CULTURE
• Stories
- Narratives of significant events or actions of people that
convey the spirit of the organization
• Rituals
- Repetitive sequences of activities that express and
reinforce the values of the organization
• Material Symbols
- Physical assets distinguishing the organization
• Language
- Acronyms and jargon of terms, phrases, and word
meanings specific to an organization
SAMPLES OF CULTURE
- Look busy even if you are not
- If you take risks and fail around here, you will pay dearly for it
- Before you make a decision, run it by your boss so that he or she is never
surprised
- We make our product only as good as the competition for us to
- What made us successful in the past will make as successful in the future
- If you want to get to the top here, you have to be a team player.
Planning
• The degree of risk that plans should contain
Organizing
• How much autonomy should be designed into employees’
jobs
• Whether tasks should be done by individuals or in teams
• The degree to which department managers interact with each other
Leading
• The degree to which managers are concerned with increasing employee job
satisfaction
• What leadership styles are appropriate
Controlling
• Whether to impose external controls or to allow employees
to control their own actions
• What criteria should be emphasized in employee
performance evaluations
• What repercussions will occur from exceeding one’s budget
Managers
are supported for taking risks and innovation,
are discouraged from engaging in uncontrolled competition and
will pay attention to how goals are achieved as well as t0 what goals are
achieved.
4. Workplace Spirituality
Culture that recognizes that
- people have an inner life that nourishes and is nourished
- (PEOPLE HAVE A MIND AND SPIRIT)
- by meaningful work that takes place in the context of community.
- (WHICH SEEKS MEANING AND PRPOSE IN THEIR WORK AND DESIRE TO
CONNECT WITH OTHER HUMAN BEINGS IN THEIR COMMUNITY._
• Increased creativity
Concerns:
- Secular organizations like business should not impose spiritual values on
employees
- Are spirituality and business compatible?
THE ENVIRONMENT
External Environment
Those factors and forces outside the organization that affect the organization’s
performance.
SOCIOCULTURAL CONDITIONS
Managers adjust to changing expectations
- Junk food to healthy snacks
- Smoking
- Other countries’ values and cultures
DEMOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS
- Gender,
- age,
- level of education,
- geographic location,
- income,
- family composition
Changes may constrain how manager’s plan, organize, lead and control.
TECHNOLOGICAL
- Continuous technological changes
- DNA – human genetic code
- Telephones are getting smaller and smaller
- Automated Offices / Virtual Offices
- Electronic Meetings
- Robotic manufacturing
- Synthetic fuels
GLOBAL CONDITIONS
- World is getting smaller
- Managers are challenged by big and small competitors in the environment
1. Environmental Uncertainty
The extent to which managers have knowledge of and are
able to predict change their organization’s external
environment is affected by:
The second
2. Stakeholders
Any constituencies in the organization’s environment
o that are affected by the organization’s decisions
and actions
o and who can affect the organization