Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Temu ke- Pokok Bahasan Referensi
2 Inventory Management: Traditional, HM Ch 14
JIT, and Theory of Constraint
Biaya jika material didatangkan dari luar: ordering costs & carrying costs; jika diproduksi sendiri:
setup costs and carrying costs. Ordering cost sifatnya sama dengan setup cost
Ordering costs: biaya penyiapan Carrying costs: biaya menangani persediaan
dan penerimaan pesanan (asuransi, pajak, aus, biaya peluang
(pemprosesan pesanan „mengikat‟ persediaan, pemindahan,
(klerikal/dokumentasi), asuransi penyimpanan)
pengiriman, pembongkaran Biaya
barang) persediaan
Economic-Order-Quantity
10,000 Decision Model Example
6,000
5,434
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Asumsi supaya EOQ berjalan
Lima asumsi EOQ:
Biaya terdiri atas pemesanan dan penyimpanan (ordering and carrying costs)
Kuantitas sama dipesan pada tiap pemesanan kembali
Permintaan, waktu pemesanan, biaya pemesanan, dan biaya penyimpanan diketahui
Harga beli per unit tdk dipengaruhi oleh jumlah yg dipesan
Tdk ada stockout
EOQ abai thd harga beli, biaya stockout, dan biaya mutu
Karena krg realistis, EOQ dikategorikan sbg tata kelola persediaan secara tradisional
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JIT Inventory Management 2
Just-in-time manufacturing is a demand-pull system that requires goods to
be pulled through the system by present demand rather than pushed through
the system on a fixed schedule based on anticipated demand. Many fast-food
restaurants, like McDonald’s, use a pull system to control their finished goods
inventory. When a customer orders a hamburger, it is taken from the rack.
When the number of hamburgers gets too low, the cooks make new
hamburgers. Thus, complementary to and part of the total JIT system is the
concept of JIT purchasing. JIT purchasing requires suppliers to deliver parts
and materials just in time for production. Supply of parts must be linked to
production, which is linked to demand. By knowing the buyer‟s production
schedule (in the case of a manufacturer), the supplier can deliver the parts
where they are needed just in time for their use. EDI involves no paper—no
purchase orders or invoices. The relationship reduces the administrative costs
of both parties and greatly facilitates the use of JIT purchasing. In a survey
among manufacturers in the United States, 85 percent say that some or most
materials, parts, and components are supplied to them on a JIT basis. Thus, JIT
inventory systems now appear to be extensively used.
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Fast food restaurants manage inventory very carefully. They keep
little inventory of perishable food, but larger inventories of paper
products and condiments
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Traditional “Push” Manufacturing v. JIT “Pull” Manufacturing
Traditional
JIT
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Basic Features of JIT (1)
Plant Layout: efisien (produk tdk sering berpindah); manufacturing cells
(mesin di-grouping melingkar); karyawan multiskilled
Proses tuntas
di cell ybs
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Basic Features of JIT (2)
Grouping and Empowerment of Employees: tiap sel dipandang sbg pabrik mini, akses
ke fungsi pendukung dibuat mudah dan cepat
Total Quality Control: pencarian yg tak pernah henti untuk suatu kualitas
terbaik/sempurna, pengupayaan proses desain & produksi yg bebas kerusakan
Traceability of Overhead
Costs: Sedapat mungkin
penentuan biaya OH melalui
direct tracing
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Kanban System: meyakinkan produk
dihasilkan/diperoleh dlm jml dan waktu
Basic Features of JIT (3) diperlukan
JIT memakai media kartu: Withdrawal Kanban: jml yg proses lanjut menarik
dari proses sebelumnya; Production Kanban: jml proses sebelumnya yg
berproduksi; Vendor Kanbans: memberitahukan kepada pemasok untuk mengirim
lagi suku cadang (pada saat dibutuhkan)
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Filosofi “Waste” & Evaluasi JIT
Waste is „anything other than the
minimum amount of equipment, Kunci sukses JIT:
materials, parts, space, and worker‟s • komit akan mutu/kualitas, kapasitas
time, which are absolutely essential to fleksibel
add value to the product.‟ • hubungan baik ama pemasok
• arus produksi yg mulus
Shoichiro Toyoda • kurangi waktu/siklus u/ merespon
(President, Toyota) kebutuhan pelanggan
• karyawan terlatih (well-trained)
Kendala JIT:
• proses evolusi (patient) u/
membangun lingkungan JIT
• workflow tinggi, stres
• butuh waktu utk bisa close dg
supplier
• minimnya inventory → sulit jika
proses terhenti (interrupted),
hilangnya penjualan saat ini hilang
selanjutnya
Theory of Constraints (Goldratt) 3
Tiap UB menghadapi SD & demand TERBATAS → constraints
dlm keterbatasan, bgm kinerja ok? Improve the system
identifikasi kendala, eksploitasi kendala jk pendek, dan dlm jk panjang
menemukan cara mengatasi kendala
TOC untuk mengukur kinerja:
Throughput: UB mendapatkan uang dari penjualan. Rumusnya, CM
TOC = sales revenue minus unit-level variable costs (ex. materials &
power). DL itu fixed unit-level expense, tdk masuk definisi.
Inventory: uang yg dibelanjakan untuk mengubah material menjadi
throughput
Operating expenses: uang yang dibelanjakan untuk mengubah
persediaan menjadi throughput
Sasaran TOC: throughput↑, inventory↓, operating
expenses↓, SHG net income, ROI, cash flow naik
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Mengapa Meminimalisasi Inventory?
Better products: persediaan lbh sedikit →
produk lbh baik → mutu lbh tinggi → produk
cepat hadir ke pasar
Lower prices: persediaan lbh rendah →
carrying costs, per-unit investment costs, &
other operating expenses (termasuk lembur
dan biaya kirim) turun → margin tiap produk
naik
Responsiveness: persediaan lbh sedikit →
waktu produksi dan waktu kirim lbh baik (on-
time delivery) → kompetitif
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Step 1 TOC: Identify the organization’s
constraint(s) • Kendala bisa eksternal (mis.
Pasar), bisa internal (mis.
ketersediaan mesin)
• Loose constraints: kendala2
dari terbatasnya SD yang tidak
penuh digunakan dalam bauran
produk, kalau digunakan penuh
namanya binding constraints
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Step 5: If a constraint is broken in Step
4, go back to Step 1 (Repeat the Process)
What might happen if the
constraint is elevated?
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Ilustrasi Kasus 1
Dua tipe batu yg diproduksi: A & B. Unit CM A $200, sedangkan B $400.
Batu A menggunakan 2 jam waktu penggerindaan/pengasahan, sedangkan B
menggunakan 5 jam. Terdapat 200 waktu pengasahan per minggu. Kendala
hanyalah ini.
Kendala proses pengasahan itu sifatnya internal
Optimal mix
Batu A: $200/2 = $100 per grinding hour
Batu B: $400/5 = $80 per grinding hour
Karena CM A > B, optimalkan batu A yakni 200/2 = 100 unit, maka total CM =
$200 x 100 = $20,000 per minggu
Karena ada kendala pasar, yg terjual 80 unit batu. Bagaimana optimal mix?
Total CM?
Jual 80 unit batu A menggunakan 160 jam (2 x 80), dan 8 unit batu B (40/5). Total
CM = (80 x $200) + (8 x $400) = $19,200 per minggu
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Ilustrasi Kasus 2
Level produksi 600 regular
bows per hari dan 200
deluxe bows per hari. Level
ditentukan oleh proses
molding (ini drummer
process)
UB memiliki 0.5 hari utk
persediaan penyangga (400
bows/800 bows per day).
Time buffer ini ditentukan
oleh berapa lama tindakan
yang diambil untuk
membetulkan
kendala/interupsi proses
A adl rope, B adl time buffer,
dan C drummer constraint.
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Tugas/Latihan
14-3 Economic Order Quantity
14-4 Reorder Point
14-5 Safety Stock
14-2 Economic Order Quantity
14-12 JIT; Traceability of Costs; Product Costing
Accuracy
14-17 EOQ and Reorder Point
14-18 EOQ; Safety Stock
14-26 Theory of Constraints; Internal Constraints
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