Conpufrrs & Sruclures, Vol. 14. No. 5-6. pp. 4C-462, 1981 ao45-7~9/sl/llM5rlwoz.

ool0
Printed in Great Britain. @ I981 Pergamon Press Ltd.

ELASTIC-PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE

BEAMS WITH INCOMPLETE INTERACTION
BY FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

ARrzuMItand SUM10HAMADAS
YASUNORI
University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

and

TATEOKAJITA§
Department of Civil Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

(Received 8 October 1980;received for publication 11November 1980)

Abstract-This paper presents a nonlinear finite element analysis of composite beams with incomplete interaction.
A simplified nonlinear model is assumed in this approach. This is applied to the elastic-plastic analysis of
reinforced concrete beams and composite beams with incomplete interaction. The numerical results are compared
with the test results and existing values based on other numerical methods, and found to be in good agreement.
The elastic-plastic behavior of partial composite beams without shear connectors in the negative bending moment
region is discussed by the proposed method.

NOTATION The linear elastic behavior of composite beams with

depths of a elastic-plastic boundary incomplete interaction was first studied by NewmarkIl],
modulus of elasticity and the elastic-plastic analysis of composite beams has
convergence factor been done by several reserchers[2-51. A few in-
shape function vestigators have used the finite element method such as
depth of crack triangular plane stress elements by Okumura et 01.[6],
stiffness matrix of a beam isoparametric plane stress elements by Hirst[7] and
initial strain stiffness matrix of a beam
layered shell elements by Wegmuller[8,9]. However
initial strain stiffness matrix of a cracked concrete
element
these elements applied to a composite beam require to
stiffness matrix of shear connectors solve a large number of equations.
initial deformation matrix of shear connectors A composite beam element with an assembly of beam
load vector elements for the concrete slab and steel beam and a
unbalanced load vector spring element for the shear connectors is used in the
shear force present elastic-plastic analysis [lo], which reduces con-
modulus of the shear connector per unit length siderably the number of equations. Since this element is
displacement vector composed by beam elements, it is more suitable to the
displacement in y-direction
analysis of composite beams than the other elements.
displacement in z-direction
stress in z-direction
Cubic polynomials are herein used as the shape functions
strain in z-direction for not only bending but also axial deformations of the
plastic strain vector beams, since the force transferred by shear connectors is
slip rather complicate in the composite beam with incomplete
plastic slip vector interaction. For this analysis of nonlinear problems, the
stress-strain curves of concrete and steel, and load slip
INTRODUCTION curve of shear connectors are simply assumed by bil-
Steel-concrete composite beams are structural elements inear functions. The iterative initial strain method is
of practical importance in building and bridge structures. employed in this nonlinear analysis.
In recent years a design based on the ultimate strength Numerical results are obtained for reinforced concrete
theory has been applied to the simple composite con- beams and composite beams and are compared with the
struction, and studies on complete elastic-plastic test and computational values based on other numerical
behavior are required for the ultimate strength design. methods.
Effects of the material nonlinearities of concrete, steel
and shear connectors including cracking behavior of FINITEELEMENTANALYSIS
concrete must be considered in the elastic-plastic A composite beam element is composed of elements
analysis. of a steel beam, concrete slab and shear connectors as
A composite beam with flexible shear connectors is shown in Fig. 1. The fundamental assumptions employed
termed a composite beam with incomplete interaction. in the present analysis are: (i) the distribution of strain is
linear throughout the both depths of the steel beam and
fResearch Associate. Department of Architectural Engineering. concrete slab, (ii) shear connectors act as continuous
SPh.D., Associate Professor. Department of Civil Engineering. media along the length of the composite beam element,
§Dr. Eng.. Associate Professor. (ii) the steel beam and concrete slab deflect equally at all
CAS Vol. 14. No. 5-f-H 453
454 et al.
Y. ARIZUMI

Ui is the deformation due to external load xi at location i.

Idearization of stress-strain curves for steel and con-
crete and a load-slip curve for a shear connector is shown
in Fig. 2. The stress-strain curves for steel and concrete
are represented by simple straight lines, which are
commonly applied to the inelastic analysis of reinforced
concrete members, though concrete is often assumed to
have no tensile strength in general analysis. The load-slip
curve for a shear connector can be represented by a
bilinear function which is the same under negative and
positive loads.

Fig. 1. Nodal displacementsfor an incompletecompositebeam (1) Elastic-plastic analysis of the beam element
element. For the plastic analysis the total strain eZT is decom-
posed into its elastic eZc and plastic eZp strain com-
ponents as
points along the composite beam element, that is, they
have the equal curvature at any cross section. This also G= = CZet eZP. (3)
implies that the shear connectors resist separation due to
the uplift force. The total strain for the beam element under bending and
These assumptions result in a composite beam ele- axial deformation is expressed as
ment with twelve degrees of freedom as shown in Fig 1,
whose displacement vector {u} can be expressed by lZzT= (dw/dz) - (d’v/dz*)y = w’ - v”y. (4)

{u]= [WI, 4, 01, ul, wz, w;, w3, w;, v3, vi, w4, WT. The plastic strain distribution is assumed to be linear in
(1) the z-direction as shown in Fig. 3, and the plastic strains
at the upper and lower plastic regions are expressed
Based on the principle of virtual work, the governing as]111
equation can be given by

~~6c,dY+~~=~A,dl=~xissds (2)

sL=(~){c:(l-8)tr~B} (5b)
in which air and eij are the stress and strain tensors,
respectively. F, and A, are the shear force subjected to
shear connectors and slip produced by F,, respectively. where p = z/L and E:~, l
ki, eij and lkj are the plastic

(a) STEEL (b) CONCRETE (cl SHEAR CONNECTOR

Fig. 2. Assumed stress-strain diagrams for steel and concrete, and load-slip diagram for a shear connector.

Fig. 3. Typical elastic-plastic beam element.

 Elastic-plasticanalysis of compositebeams 455

strains at the upper and lower surfaces of nodes i and j,

respectively. d” and dL are the depths of the elastic-
plastic boundaries of the upper and lower plastic regions,
respectively, in the beam element. The depth of the
elastic-plastic boundary is assumed as a linear function
through the element. Hence,

d”(z).= di”(l-p)tdi”j3 @a) 1-I-I --Id-

Fig. 4. Analyticalmodelof the crackedconcretebeam element.
d=(z)= dLi(l -p) t dkb (W

where i and j represent the adjacent nodes as illustrated cracked element, SU,, is given by
in Fig. 3. The plastic strain vector of the beam element is
L b t-h(r)
expressed as
su, = u&z dy dx dz
0 0 --f
111
{I$}= [C~ilZ~jE~iC~]T. (7) L b I
= u&z dy dx dz
As mentioned previously, the displacements w and v are 0 0 -*
111
L b I
assumed by cubic polynomials as -
u&z dy dx dz
III0 0 I-h(z)

w(2) = wig, t w’g*t wig, t wig4 (84

=sV,-Sv: (12)

V(Z) = Vigl t Uig*t Vjg3 t Vjgd (W

where Sot is the internal virtual work of the untracked
concrete element and SZ?? is that reduced by cracks,
where g,, g,, g3 and g4 are shape functions given by which is given in a matrix form by
g, =2/I’-3p2t 1, g*=(/33-2p2t/3)L
SU’: = E{/k(z)w’Sw’dz t [G(z)(wWt v”Sw’)dz
g,=-2j33t3p2, g4=(p3-/3*)L. (9) 0

Substituting eqns (3)-(9) into the first term of eqn (2), the t =I(z)U”&+‘dz}
internal virtual work of the beam element can be I
expressed as = IsU;%CdCxl~~~ (13)

SU, = a&, d V = E lrTSeZTd V - E eZpS~ZT

d V,, where [K=,.J is the initial strain stiffness matrix of a
I I” I “P cracked concrete element. A(z), G(z) and I(z) are
L expressed as
={iAj; w’Sw’ dz t EI v”Sv”dz}
I0 b f
A(z) = dy dx = b{hi(l-8) t hi} (14a)
E(SW’- ySu”)dy dz ff0 t-h(z)
- IEb lL_,L-tl,
-t+d” L
G(z) = b ’ y dy dx = b(f* - (t - h(z))*}/2 (14b)
tEb l(6w’- y6u”) dy dz} ff0 t-h(z)
I I
= {sU]&5]{:, -{SU}=[K;]{EJ (10) dy dx = b{t3 - (t - h(~))~}/3
I(‘)= ,Obl,‘,,,,
y* (14c)
where matrices [&I and [K*] are the stiffness and the
initial strain matrices for the learn element, respectively. Matrix [KcrJ is given in Appendix.
The initial strain matrix [K:] is given in Appendix.

(3) Initial deformation matrix for shear connectors

(2) Matrix for cracked concrete slab
Stiffness of a concrete slab element under negative
bending moment is different from that under positive
bending moment, since concrete has not tensile strength
in the cracked zone. In this study, concrete is assumed to
be cracked when tensile strains exceed the ultimate
tensile strain. Cracks reduce the stiffness of a concrete
element and strains in the cracked region are represented
as initial strains. The crack depth in a concrete slab is
herein, assumed by a linear function in the z-direction as
illustrated in Fig. 4, and is given by
h(Z) = hi(1 -B) t h,fi
where hi and hi are the crack depths at the adjacent
nodes i and j, respectively. The internal virtual work of a
The relationship between load and slip for a shear
connector is an important factor in the analysis of a com-
posite beam with incomplete interaction. The load-slip
relationship between the concrete slab and steel beam is,
in general, affected by concrete strength and dimensions
of the shear connector. The load-slip curve for a shear
connector has been proposed as a exponential
function[2] or three straight line segments[5]. In the
present study the load-slip curve is simply idealized as a
bilinear function as shown in Fig. 2(c). The total slip, A,
is decomposed into two components of the elastic slip,
A.‘, and the plastic slip, Asp, and hence
(11)
A.,=A,‘tA,p. (15)
Let the plastic slip distribution be linear in the z-direc-
456 Y. et al.
ARIZUMI

tion as (4) Numerical procedure

ASP=Ap(l-p)tAp/3
in which Aip and A? are plastic slips at the adjacent
nodes i and 6 respectively. The total slip, A,, relates the
axial deformations and slopes of the two members, and
this relationship is given by
A, = w, - w, t v’j
where w, and w, are the axial deformations of the
concrete slab and steel beam, respectively, u’ is the slope
and f is the distance between the centroidal axes of the two
members. The internal virtual work of a shear connector
element is represented by
An iterative initial strain method is used in the present
(16) analysis of a composite beams with nonlinear materials
of concrete, steel and shear connectors. The equilibrium
equation for the iterative initial strain method is given by
t {Py-’
[K]{u)’ = {PO} (19)
where [K] is the stiffness matrix, and {PO}and {P)i-’ are
(17) the vectors of external forces and unbalanced forces due
to initial strains. Superscripts i and i- 1 refer to the
current and preceding steps. The unbalanced force vec-
tor {Py-’ is obtained by
{P}i_’ = [Kg-'{eJ-'t [KcraE'J-'{U)i-'
t [K:li-‘{ASPy-‘. (20)

The order of steps in the numerical procedure is illus-

where qs is the load-slip modulus of the shear connector
per unit length, and matrices [KS] and [Kf] are the
stiffness and initial deformation stiffness matrices, res-
pectively, of a shear connector element. Matrix [KS] is
given in Appendix.
trated in Fig. 5. In the iterative initial strain method, the
solution is converged to a certain equilibrium condition.
The convergence factor is defined, in this approach, as
and a permissible value of the convergence factor is here-
in used as e = 1.0 x 10m4.The iteration is completed when

I
I
CPl=CP,I
1
1

I Forward reduction I
*
Backward substitution
*

I Calculation of total strain

+
and plastic strain
I

I ’ Calculation of elastic-plastic
+
boundary depth
I

Calculation of crack depth

Calculation of initial strain matrix

*
IPI = [PO1 + CK*l’-’ Cul’-’
I
+

Stop J

Fig. 5. Flow chart.

 Elastic-plastic analysis of composite beams

the computed convergence factor is less than the per-

missible value. Balance of nodal forces in each element
is checked at the last iteration. The iteration is ter-
minated if the number of cycles exceeds a specified
number or the computed maximum compressive strain in
the concrete slab exceeds the ultimate compressive strain
(6, = 0.03).

NUMEtUCALRESULTSANDDtSCUSStON
Numerical analysis are herein conducted for rein-
forced concrete beams, simply supported and continuous
composite beams with incomplete interaction. Each span
of these beam is divided into 20-30 elements for this
analysis. The load-slip modulus, Q, and the maximum
elastic slip, (A,‘),,,, for a shear connector in both
positive and negative moment regions can be determined
from the push out test, and these values may be given as
Q = 530 ton/in. and (A,‘),,, =0.014 in. for a 3/4in.
stud[l3,14].
The section and material properties are summarized in
Table 1 for the reinforced concrete beams and composite
beams analyzed herein, and the values of material pro-
perties are mainly obtained from the material tests.
Load-deflection relationships obtained from the
o-0 0.2 04 06 0.8 1.0

present analysis are shown in Fig. 6 for simply supported

DEFLECTION AT MIDSPAN (inches)
reinforced concrete beams, comparing with test results
obtained from Ref. [12]. The present analytical results Fig. 6. Load-deflection relationships for a reinforced concrete
beam.
are well agreeable with test results, especially for the
concrete beam with A, = 0.4 in.‘, although analytical
stiffness tends to be rather less than the test one for analysis and tests are shown in Figs. 7 and 8 for
reinforced concrete beams with smaller amounts of simply supported composite beams with incomplete
reinforcing bars. interaction. These figures compare the results of the
Load-deflection relationships and slip distributions be- present analysis with the experimental data given by
tween the concrete slab and steel beam obtained from Chapman[l4] as well as with the analytical data obtained

Table 1. Summary of section and material properties: (a) section properties, (b) material properties

(a) Section Properties.

COUXl:Tl. SHI-AR CONNI.CTOR

SPAN STIXI.
IV1IITH TIIICKNESS NUMRI-R I~IMNSIOI\:

CASE A 10 ft. 4.0 in. 8.0 in.

CASE B 18 ft. 48.0 in. h.0 in. 1lin.x hin.x J41h. 1Oil Il/2l"X 2"

CASE C 2 x 11 ft. 24.0 in. 2.375 in. 6in.x 3in.x 12lh. 4h I .i/Ri”x 2”

(h) Material Properties

CONCRI-TI: sll.t’l.

ULTIMATE SPLITTING
YOUNr;'S COMPRESSIVE TENSILE YOUNC ’ s YIl II’
~1OlKlLIIS STRENGTH STRENGTH tJOFlULlIS STKI-5S
LC CC) Jet 1-s 3,

(‘.1SI A 3.nxin3(ksi 1 4.0 (hsi) Il.3 (hsi) 3.0xl04(ksi) hn (Isi)

CASI B 1330 (ton/y.in) 7250 (Psi) 715 (psi) 13.iWl (ton/sq.in) 17.2 (ton/sq.in)

(‘ASI. r 1787 (ton/sq.in) 69x1 (psi) h9? (psi) 13400 (ton/sq. in1 19.5 lton/sq.in)

1:4s1 A : Reinforced Concrete Beams

CASI. B : Simply Supported Composrte Beams
CkS1 (‘ : 2.5pan Continuous Composite Beams
458 Y. ARUUMI
et al.

i 1
1.0 I ‘.
J
E DEFLECTION

SLIP

- . . . EXPERIMENT’)
-PROPOSED ANALYSIS3)
-looO-
..-..-.- ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
‘“0 -5oo-
; 1

DEFLECTION (inches)
1500-
Fig. 7. Load-deflection relationships for a simply supported
composite beam.
STRAIN AT BOTTOM FLANGE OF BEAM

Fig. 9. Longitudinal deflections, slips and strains at lower flange

from Ref. [2], where they show good agreement between
analysis and tests. Both analytical and test results in Fig.
8 also show a characteristic that the maximum slip exists
at approximately one-fifth of the half span, especially as
the applied load approaches the ultimate load. Figure 9
shows analytical and experimental deflections, strains
and slip distributions for a two-span continuous com-
posite beam under a load of 12.2 tons, whereas the
ultimate load is 14.0tons[3]. The present analysis agrees
well with the test and analytical results [3].
In the United States, it is a common practice to omit
shear connectors in the negative moment region of a
continuous composite beam, which is herein called a
profile (P = 12.2 ton, P, = 14.0 ton).
partial composite beam. The analysis shows the non-
linear behavior of partial composite beams having sec-
tion and material properties given in Table 2. Figure 10
compares the moment-curvature relationship of a partial
composite beam with that of a complete continuous com-
posite beam with continuously spaced shear connectors,
and bending stiffness of the partial composite beam is
less than that of complete one. The progressions of yield
and cracked regions through the depth are shown in
Fig. 11. The strain diagrams of the lower flange and

0.03 .a-.,.- E XPER ,MEN+4) ----- ANALYTICAL SWJTIONZ)

- PROPOSED ANALYSIS yP=45tOn

: 0.02
c
”
.G

l%
0.0 1

1 1 I 1 I 1 1 I c
0 00 40 0 40 00

DISTANCE FROM MIDSPAN ( inches)

Fig. 8. Slip distributions.

 Elastic-plastic analysis of composite beams

Table 2. Summary of section and materials properties: (a) section properties, (b) material properties

(a) Section Properties

CONCRETE I SHEAR CONNECTOR

SPAN STEEL
WIDTH THICKNESS NUMBER DIMENSION

xmtinuous

DISCCNTINCCUS

(b) Material Properties

CONCRETE STEEL

YOUNG'S ULTIMATE SPLITTING

YOUNG'S YIELD
MODULUS COMPRESSIVE TENSILE
MODULUS STRESS
STRENGTH STRENGTH
0
EC CY act Es OY

2.1 x 105 300 30 2.1 x lo5 2400

( h’m2 ) ( Wan2 ) ( Wan2 ) ( W/m2 ) ( kg/m2 )

-1000
I
reinforcing bars and the axial force diagram of the con-
- UNIFORM SPACING
crete slab are shown in Figs. 12-14, respectively. These
figures illustrate that bending behavior of the partial
composite beam is similar to that of complete one in the
-600
positive moment region, that axial forces in the concrete
slab of the partial one are presumably constant
throughout the region having no shear connectors, and
that strains in the reinforcing bars of the partial one are
smaller than those of complete one. Since strains
in the lower flange of the partial one, on the contrary, are
not significantly increased, a partial composite beam may
have better conditions in the concrete slab under nega-
0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70
tive bending moment in the continuous composite beams.
CURVATURE ( 1O-6/cm) As illustrated in Fig. 15, it is recognized that a large
Fig. 10. Moment-curvature relationships at the center support horizontal shearing force occurs at the ends of the region
for a 2-span continuous composite beam. having shear connectors.

m CRACK REGION m PLASTIC REGION

P P
c
P=lOO ton
1

II

II
y..-----30m
P=130ton
”b i- 30 ma
A

I,

I I
(a) MODEL- A (b) MODEL - B
Fig. I I. Progression of yielded and cracked regions through the depth for a 2 span continuous composite beam.
460 Y. ARIZUMI
et al.

End
I
JPP( =JPF
600Fnd
1

-1000 - - UNIFORM
SPACING
-.- DISCONTINUOUS
SPACING

0 10

D I STANCE

Fig. 12.Strain diagramsfor lowerflange.

FROM
20

END(m)
30
-400 CONNECTOR

DISTANCE FROM
r-7

DENSITY

20
END
I

(m)
~~

1
30

Fig. 14. Axial force diagrams.

P
F
I
end SClPP( 1rt P

End I support
I I
- UNIFORM
SPACING O-
I
---DISCONTINUOUS
SPACING
-0 .l -

-UNIFORM
-0 2- SPACING I
\, i4
---DISCONTINUOUS \ !
SPACING

-0 3-

-0 .4 -

-0 .5-
I
CONNECTOR DENSITY CONNECTOR DENSITY
10 20 II
0 10 20 30
DISTANCE FROM END (m)
DISTANCE FROM END (m)
Fig. 13. Strain diagrams for reinforcing bars. Fig. 15. Slip diagrams.

CONCLUSIONS composite beams with both regularly and irregularly

A nonlinear finite element analysis with elastic-plastic spaced shear connectors. Advantages of the method are
behavior of concrete, steel and shear connectors is reduction of the degrees of freedom by fair amounts
presented in this paper. The present proposed method comparing with the other finite element procedures and
can be applied to simply supported and continuous simpler manipulation for the analysis of material non-
 Elastic-plastic analysis of composite beams 461

linearities. The numerical results obtained from the pro- K24 = (//3O)C,+ (//24)C,,
posed method shows good agreement with test results. K,, = -(1/60/)Cs-(l/6/)&
K,z= -(3/20/)C,+(l/6/)C,t(1/6/)C,,
Acknowledgements-Computations were carried out on a K,, = (1/6O/)Cs+(l/6/)&
FACOM 230-75 computer at Nagoya University. The authors K,4 = (3/2O/)Cs-(l/6/)C,-(l/6/)&
wish to thank Prof. M. Naruoka of Nagoya University and Prof. K4, =(1/18O)C,-(1/36)C,-(1/6)C,,
T. Oshiro of University of the Ryukyus for their helpful advice. K42= - (1/3O)Cs+ (l/36)&
Kdj = - (l/l8O)Cs t (1/36)C,t (l/6)&,
KM = (1/3O)C,- (l/36)&
REFERENCES K6, = - (//12O)C,- (//24)C,,
1. N. M. Newmark, C. P. Siess and I. M. Viest, Test and &2 = (//2O)C,+ (//24)C,.
analysis of composite beams with incomplete interaction. K63 = (//12O)C,+ (//24)C,,
Pro;. Sot. Expel Stress Anal. 9, 75-92 (1931). KU = - (//2O)C, - (//24)C,
2. L. P. C. Yam and J. C. Chaoman. The inelastic behavior of Kg, = -(1/45)C, t (l/36)&
simply supported composite beams of steel and concrete. &Z = - (7/6O)C,t (5/36)C,+ (l/6)&
Pro;:ICE- b5, 651-683i1968). Ks3= (1/45)Cs- (l/36)C,,
3. L. P. C. Yam and J. C. Chaoman. The inelastic behavior of Ks4= (7/6O)Cs- (j/36)@ (1/6)C,,,
continuous beams of steel aid concrete. Proc. ICE Part 2,
287-501(1972). and
4. S. Hamada and J. Longworrh, Ultimate strength of con-
tinuous composite beams. Proc. ASCE 102(ST7),1463-1478 C, = di” - d,“.
(1976). C, = d,“,
5. K. H. Dai and C. P. Siess, Analytical study of composite C, = d,’ - d,l.
beams with inelastic shear connection. Structural Research C,=d,‘-2t.
Series No. 267, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois (1963). C, = (4” - d,“)2.
6. T. Okumura and M. Sato, Study on Strength of Composite C, = (di” - d,“)(3t - 2d,“),
Beams (in Jaoanese). Universitv of Tokvo (1972). C,=(3t-d,“)d”.
7. M. J. S. Hirst and’M. F. Yea; The analysis oi composite C,=(d;-d,‘)2.
beams using standard finite element programs. Comput. C, = (d,‘- d,‘)(t - 2d,‘),
Structures 11, 233-237 (1980).
8. A. W. Wegmuller and H. N. Amer. Nonlinear response of and
composite steel and concrete. Comput. Structures 7, 161-169
(1977). C,,, = 2t2 t td,’ - (di’)2.
9. A. W. Wegmuller, Overload behavior of composite steel and
concrete. Proc. ASCE 103(ST9),1799-1819(1977). The initial strain matrix [Kc& of a cracked concrete element
10. S. Hamada and Y. Arizuma, Finite element analysis of con- in eqn (13) is given as
tinuous composite beams with incomplete interaction. Trans.
JSCE 9,6C67 (1977). Cl, Cl2 Cl3 CM Cl, CM Cl3 CM

!
II. H. Jr. Armen, A. Pitco and H. S. Levine, A finite element G2 c23 c24 c12 G6 c23 C28
method for the plastic bending analysis of structures. NASA c33 c34 cl3 c36 c33 c38
contractors, Rep. CR-97 375 (1968). G4 CM G6 c34 G8
12. S. D. Lash, N. Macleod and W. Blackwell, High strength [Lack1= Ec C,, cl6 cl3 cl8
symmetric
reinforcement in reinforced concrete beams, Part 2: crack c66 CM G*
width. deflection fatigue. Reo. No. 38. Dent. of Civil Ene.. G, C38
Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario (196$. C88
13. R. J. Mainstone and J. B. Menzies, Shear connectors in steel
concrete composite beams for bridges. Concrete 1, 291-302 (A2)
(1967).
14. J. C. Chapman and S. Balakrishman, Experiments on com- where
positive beams. The Structral Engineer 42, 369-382 (1964). CII - (7Ai +7Ai)/(5/).
Cl2 = AjilO,
Cl3 = (3Gj- 3Gi)/(S/‘),
APPENDIX C,., = - (4G, + G,)/(S/),
The initial strain matrix [K:] for a beam element in eqn (IO) is C16= AillO,
given as Cjs = (Gi + 4G,)/(5/),
C,, = (3Ai f A,)//30,
K12 KK” C,, = (7G, + 3G,)/(lO/).
K22
C,, = (l3G, +2G,)/30.
K32 K:: Cl, = - (Ai + Ai)//60,
C,, = (8Gj + 7GJ30,
&2 &3
.K 12K 13 -
-
C,, = (61, t 61,)/13,
K62 K63 c,, = (41,+24)//2,
K 32 - K 3, - C,, = - (3Gj+ IJG,i/(lO/).
Ku2 Kg3 c,, = (21,t 41j)//2.
c44 = (31,+ r,)//,
where Ce = -(7Gi + 8G,)/30,
C, = (Ii -t r,)//,
K,, = -(l/lo)c, -(l/d)c,, C, = (Ai + 3A$/30,
K,z = - (3/2O)C,-(l/4)&, C, = - (2G, + 13GJ30,
K,, = (lllO)C,+(l/4)C,,
and
K,4 = (3/2O)C,+ (l/4)&
K2, = -(//12O)C, +(//24)C,,
cs, = (I, t 34311.
K22 = - (//30X, - (//24)C,,

K23 = (//12O)C,- (//24)C’,, The initial deformation matrix [K:] of a shear connector in
462 Y. ARIZUMI
et al.

eqn (18) is given as $2 = Pqi+ l*qi,

S,, = - 18yqi- 12yqi,
S,, = - 12jqi- 18yqi,
Sd,= 61ki - /Yqj,
s,, = - /yqi- 4/jqj,
-s,, so, -s,, --SW $1 = 41qif Slqj,
(A3) ST:72
= 5/q,t 16/qj,
- s,z so2 - ST2 - & 1
s,, = - l*qi - l*qj,
where s,, = - Pqi- 21*qj,
SjOl= - 41jqf - ljqjqi,

S,, = 16/qi+ S/q, and

Sl*= Slqi+ 41qj7
sz,= 2Pqi t 1*qj, Slm = - /yqi t 6/jqt