9.

0 FASTERNERS (BOLT AND WELDING)

9.1 INTRODUCTION

Types of thread fasteners and gasket

Thread fasteners are reversible strengthening materials. This implies that they can be used and
reused again in a separate material that requires threading. There are several types of fastener
threads. This depends on the type and texture of the threads in the fasteners. You use fastener
threads because they are cost efficient and they are readily available in most tool shops and
supermarkets. Most fasteners require re-tightening as they, at times, fall off due to vibrations. A
thread is a ridge of uniform section in the form of a helix on the internal or external surface of a
cylinder (IFI description) or it could be described as a sloping plane curled around a cylinder.
External threads are on bolts or screws.
Internal threads are on nuts.
There are many forms of threads but two types are in common use on fasteners.
Machine Screw Threads - used on bolts, setscrews, machine screws and designed to mate with
preformed threads in nuts or tapped holes.
Exceptions may be thread forming screws like Taptite or self-drilling screws like Teksor thread
cutters like Type 23's, which form or cut their own machine screw thread.
Spaced Threads - used on woodscrews, self-tapping screws, coach screws and Type 25 thread
cutters. Designed to form its own thread, usually in a pre-drilled hole.
Exceptions may be self-piercing screws such as needle points or self-drilling screws like Type 17's
which create their own hole; some Teksmay also have spaced threads.

Shear loading on bolted and riveted joints

The bolts are loaded in shear. Depending on the joint design the bolt can be in single or double
shear. The bolt interface with the hole is compressively loaded. ( Crushing )

Figure 9.1: Single and Double shear

9.2 BOLT

Figure 9.2: Location for each bolt

9.2.1 CALCULATION FOR BOLT 1 AT SHAFT 1

Tangential force, 𝑊𝑡 = 666.67 𝑁

𝑃
𝜎=𝐴
𝑡

666.67
380 =
𝐴𝑡

𝐴𝑡 = 1.75 𝑚𝑚2

9.2.2 BOLT 1 SELECTION

 FIGURE 9.3: Manufacturer reference table

∴ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝑡 = 5.03, 𝑑 = 3𝑚𝑚

𝐹𝑡 = 0.9𝐴𝑡 𝑆𝑝 = (0.9)(5.03)(380 × 106 )

= 1720.26 N

𝑇 = 0.2𝐹𝑡 𝑑 = (0.2)(1720.26)(3)

=1.03 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚

9.2.3 CALCULATION FOR BOLT 2 AT SHAFT 2

33.3.5+667
Tangential force, 𝑊𝑡 = = 500.25 𝑁
2

𝑃
𝜎=𝐴
𝑡

500.25
380 = 𝐴𝑡

𝐴𝑡 = 1.32 𝑚𝑚2
9.2.4 BOLT 2 SELECTION

FIGURE 9.4: Manufacturer reference table

∴ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝑡 = 5.03, 𝑑 = 3𝑚𝑚

𝐹𝑡 = 0.9𝐴𝑡 𝑆𝑝 = (0.9)(5.03)(380 × 106 )

= 1720.26 N

𝑇 = 0.2𝐹𝑡 𝑑 = (0.2)(1720.26)(3)

=1.03 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚

9.2.5 CALCULATION FOR BOLT 3 AT SHAFT 3

4002+1000
Tangential force, 𝑊𝑡 = = 2501 𝑁
2

𝑃
𝜎=𝐴
𝑡
 2501
380 = 𝐴𝑡

𝐴𝑡 = 6.58 𝑚𝑚2

9.2.6 BOLT 3 SELECTION

FIGURE 9.5: Manufacturer reference table

∴ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝑡 = 6.78, 𝑑 = 3.5𝑚𝑚

𝐹𝑡 = 0.9𝐴𝑡 𝑆𝑝 = (0.9)(6.78)(380 × 106 )

= 2318.76 N

𝑇 = 0.2𝐹𝑡 𝑑 = (0.2)(2318.76)(3.5)

=1623.13 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚

9.2.7 CALCULATION FOR BOLT 4 AT BRAKE SYSTEM

∴ 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑝𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 3 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 4

𝑖𝑠 similar with bolt 3.

9.2.8 CALCULATION FOR BOLT 5 AT PERMANENT HOLDER

666.67+500.25+2501+2501
Tangential force, 𝑊𝑡 = = 1542.23 𝑁
4

𝑃
𝜎=𝐴
𝑡

1542023
380 = 𝐴𝑡

𝐴𝑡 = 4.06 𝑚𝑚2

9.2.9 BOLT 5 SELECTION

FIGURE 9.6: Manufacturer reference table

∴ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝑡 = 5.03, 𝑑 = 3𝑚𝑚

𝐹𝑡 = 0.9𝐴𝑡 𝑆𝑝 = (0.9)(5.03)(380 × 106 )

= 1720.26 N

𝑇 = 0.2𝐹𝑡 𝑑 = (0.2)(1720.26)(3)

=1.03 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚

9.2.10 ISOMETRIC VIEW FOR BOLT

9.3 WELD

Frame Materials

 AISI 4130 Alloy Steel

Figure 9.7: The mechanical properties of the frame materials

Weld Materials

 ER309L

Figure 9.8: The mechanical properties of weld material

9.3.1 CALCULATION FOR WELD

AB = Lt = 0.707h L

= 0.707 (6) (3100)

= 13150.2 mm2
Av = Lt = 0.707h L
= 0.707 (6) (2000)
= 8484 mm2

SSY = 0.58 Sy
= 0.58 (400 MPa)
= 232 MPa

FB = 𝑆𝑠𝑦 𝐴𝐵 ⁄𝑆𝐹
= 232 𝑋106 (13150.2 𝑋10−6 )⁄3
=1016.9 kN

FV = 𝑆𝑠𝑦 𝐴𝑉 ⁄𝑆𝐹
= 232 𝑋106 (8484 𝑋10−6 )⁄3
= 656.1 kN

Information

1. Dimension of the winch

 600 x 350 x500 (mm)
2. The weld are on in and out of the frame.
3. SF = 3
4. t = 0.707h
5. h = 6 mm
6. 𝐴𝐵 is the area of the winch base
7. 𝐴𝑉 is the area of vertical frame of winch