Culture Name

Bruneian

Orientation

Identification.Brunei Darussalam is a multiethnic society in which one ethnic

group, the Barunay, has a monopoly of political power. Variations in tradition
among other ethnic groups are not regional but cultural, social, and
linguistic. Indigenous Muslims usually are referred to as Brunei Malays even
if they are not native speakers of the Malay language.

Speculations about the etymology include derivations from the Malay ( baru
nah("there!"), a Sanskrit form, and the Kelabit name for the Limbang River.

Location and Geography.The original home of Brunei culture is the area

around the capital, Bandar Seri Begawan. Settlements of Barunay and
Kadayan also are found along the coasts of northern Sarawak and
southwestern Sabah in Malaysia; Tutong and Belait
settlements are found exclusively in Brunei. Bisaya,
Iban, and Penan people also live in Sarawak and
Dusun and Murut people in both Sarawak and Sabah.

Brunei Darussalam is 2,226 square miles (5,763

square kilometers), with a coastline of about 100
miles (161 kilometers) on the South China Sea coast
of northwestern Borneo and along the western
shores of the southernmost portion of Brunei Bay.
Brunei is completely surrounded by the Malaysian
state of Sarawak. The climate is equatorial with high
temperatures, high humidity, and heavy rainfall,
although there is no distinct wet season. The country
is divided into three contiguous administrative
districts—Brunei-Muara, Tutong, and Belait—with a
fourth, Temburong, separated by the Limbang Valley
of Sarawak. The names of the districts derive from
their main rivers.

Approximately 75 percent of the country is forested, although the exportation

of whole logs has been banned. The country is covered with a wide range of
mangrove, heath, peat swamp, mixed dipterocarp, and montane forests.
There are numerous rivers, whose broad valleys contain most of the
country's settlements. The southern portion of Temburong is mountainous
and sparsely populated.
Demography.The 1998 population estimate was 323,600. Malays constitute
about 67 percent of the total; Chinese, 15 percent; other indigenous peoples
(Iban, Dayak, and Kelabit, all mainly from Sarawak), 6 percent, and others, 12
percent. In the late 1980s, 24,500 immigrants worked primarily in the
petroleum industry. The population has increased more than twelve-fold since
the first decade of the twentieth century. The distribution of population is
Brunei-Muara, 66 percent; Belait, 20 percent; Tutong, 11 percent; and
Temburong, 3 percent.

Linguistic Affiliation.Malay is the official language, but English is widely used

in commerce. The Brunei dialect of Malay has many unique lexical items and
a distinctive syntax. Malay is in the Western Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of
the Austronesian language family, which also includes the other languages
spoken in Brunei. Various Chinese languages, English, and Philippine and
mainland south Asian languages are spoken by guest workers. Many
individuals are multilingual.

Symbolism.The national flag is a yellow field of two trapeziums with a white

diagonal parallelogramstripe above a black diagonal parallelogram stripe,
representing the offices of the first vizier (a Muslim official), the Pengiran
Bendahara, and the third vizier, the Pengiran Pamancha. These were the only
vizier offices occupied in 1906, when the first British resident took up
occupancy. The flag is emblazoned in the center by the state crest in red,
which was added in 1959. The crest is composed of a flag and royal umbrella;
four feathers symbolizing the protection of justice, tranquillity, prosperity,
and peace; two hands representing the government's pledge to promote
welfare, peace, and prosperity; and a crescent symbolizing Islam and
inscribed in Arabic "Always in service with God's guidance"; with a scroll
inscribed in Arabic letters,Brunei Darussalam("Brunei the Abode of Peace").

History and Ethnic Relations

Emergence of the Nation.The origins of the nation are only dimly known.
Local traditions speak of a set of ancient local Bornean culture heroes,
including Hawang Halak Batatar, who adopted Islam and became the first
Muslim sultan of Brunei, Sultan Muhammad (reigned 1405–1415), and his
brother, Patih Barbai, who became the second sultan, Sultan Ahmad (reigned
1415–1425). These heroes gave rise to the Barunay nobles. Many Barunay
aristocrats trace their origins to the Pagar Uyung area of the Minangakabau
highlands of Sumatra. The third sultan, Sharif Ali (reigned 1425–1433), who
married a daughter of Sultan Ahmad, came from Arabia and was a
descendant of the Prophet Muhammad, as were all the following sultans.
Chinese documents record the ruler of Brunei sending a mission to the
emperor of China in 977C.E.The Brunei Empire, stretching to Manila and the
southern Philippines and the coastal areas of western and northern Borneo,
reached its height in the sixteenth century; the nadir occurred in the
nineteenth century. Two ultimately unsuccessful Spanish invasions from
Manila occurred in 1578 and 1580. A twelve-year civil war occurred in 1661–
1673. Brunei became a British protected state in 1888 and became internally
self-governing after the promulgation of the constitution in 1959. After
achieving full independent sovereignty in 1984, Brunei joined the Association
of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), the Organization of Islamic Conference,
and the United Nations. In 1992, Brunei joined the Nonaligned Movements.

National Identity.In 1990, a new state ideology was launched to promote the
unity of the diverse groups within a plural society. Malayu Islam Beraja (MIB,
or Malay Muslim Monarchy) is based on the idea of Brunei as a traditional
Malay state, a long-established Islamic state, and a monarchy.

Ethnic Relations.All the ethnic groups in the nation have always been under
the authority and rule of the sultan.

Urbanism, Architecture, and the Use of Space

More than half the population lives in and around the capital. Other major
towns include Tutong Town, seat of Tutong District; Kuala Belait, seat of
Belait District; the small town of Bangar, seat of Temburong District; the
deep-water port Muara, which opened in 1973 in Brunei-Muara District; and
Seria, the center of the petroleum industry, in Belait District. There are also
suburban developments around the capital and rural villages. The past two
decades have seen a tremendous buildup around the capital. A network of
roads and highways connects settlements in the three contiguous districts;
Temburong is reached by boat from the capital area.

The architecture of the capital and its environs is dominated by the gold-
domed Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque (completed in 1958); the Nurul Iman
Palace (1983), the largest residential palace in the world; the Royal Regalia
Building (1992); the Royal Audience Hall (1968); and the Legislative Assembly
(1968). The Tomb of the Fifth sultan is two miles downstream from the
capital. The Royal Mausoleum has been used since 1786. The Hassanal
Bolkiah National Stadium is the site of many large public celebrations.
Numerous parks and recreation centers have been developed in the last
decade.

Food and Economy

Food in Daily Life.The diet consists of rice and curries of vegetables, fish,
shellfish, and fruits. Curries of water buffalo, chicken, and beef are consumed
on special occasions. Game birds and animals (especially mouse deer,
barking deer, and sambar) are eaten in rural areas. Many kinds of Malay rice
cakes and confections are also eaten. Pork products are forbidden to
Muslims. There is a wide range of open-air markets and restaurants in the
main towns. A popular local drink is iced unripe coconut milk. Coffee is
widely consumed; alcoholic drinksare forbidden to Muslims.

Food Customs at Ceremonial Occasions.At large Malay wedding feasts and

the forty-day funeral feast, rice and coconut cream-based meat curries
(santan) are served, often to a hundred or more guests.

Basic Economy.Since World War II, the state's economy has been based on
the exportation of petroleum and liquified natural gas (LNG), which account
for about 36 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP). Brunei is the third
largest oil producer in southeast Asia and the fourth largest producer of LNG
in the world, exporting mainly to Japan, the United States, and ASEAN
countries. Brunei produces only about 1 percent of its domestic needs for
rice, 11 percent for fruit, 65 percent for vegetables, and some livestock
(cattle and water buffalo). In early 1998, approximately 36,345 wage earners
worked for the government and 106,000 were in the private sector. In rural
areas an unknown number are still primarily subsistence producers. There
are no sales, personal income, or capital gains taxes, only a 30 percent tax
on corporate income. The workweek is Monday through Thursday and
Saturday, with Friday and Sunday off. The national currency is known as the
Bruneian dollar.

Land Tenure and Property.Before the land code of 1909, all land was either
Crown Land, appanage land (held by high ranking nobles who were awarded
"sacred" titles by the sultan), or private-heirloom land (held primarily by high-
ranking nobles). Today any land not under private title is state land. Only
citizens are allowed to own land. Rural villages have rights to state land for
agricultural use.

Commercial Activities.Commerce is in its infancy. Local industry includes a

water-bottling plant, a soft drink franchise, and garment companies. Foreign
investment is encouraged but not highly developed. Priority is given to
ensuring the stability of the natural environment, and all pollutingindustries
are banned. Forest products and deep-sea fishing are not open to foreign
investment. An international airport opened in 1974, and Royal Brunei Airlines
began operation in 1975.

Major Industries.Commercial production of oil from land wells began in 1929.

In 1963, production from offshore wells began. A major LNG production
facility was completed in 1972.
Trade.The Bruneian economy is largely supported by exports of crude oil and
natural gas, with revenues from the petroleum sector accounting for more
than 50 percent of GDP. A 1990 study estimated that the commodities
exported totaled approximately $2.2 billion, with the main exports including
crude oil, liquid natural gas and petroleum. Brunei's main trading partners
include Japan, the United Kingdom, and South Korea. The same 1990 study
accounted for $1.7 billion in imported commodities. Brunei imports such
goods as machinery and transport equipment, food, and manufactured goods.
Singapore, the United Kingdom, and Switzerland are established as Brunei's
main resources for these imported goods.

Social Stratification

Classes and Castes.The dominant ethnic group, the Barunay, is composed of

four ranked ascribed social classes: the nobles, the aristocrats, the ordinary
people, and the slaves, although slavery is no longer practiced. Because
class membership is strictly genealogical, a person assumes the class
membership of his or her father and cannot rise or fall into any other class.
There are no castes. The Kadayan have no social classes.

Symbols of Social Stratification.The only outward signs of social

stratification are the prename titles of respect used in addressing or
referring to nobles.

Political Life

Government.Brunei Darussalam is an absolute constitutional monarchy.

There are no political parties, elections, or legislature. Attempts to establish
political parties in 1956 and 1985 did not succeed. In 1996, the first General
Assembly of over a thousand elected village andmukimleaders met to give
input to the Government. The first written constitution was promulgated in
1959, naming the sultan head of state, assisted by five councils (Religious
Council, Privy Council, Council of Ministers, Legislative Council, and Council
of Succession), with internal self-government and defense and foreign
relations run by the United Kingdom. It was amended in 1971 to establish
joint Bruneian-British responsibility for defense; in 1984, a cabinet-style
government was introduced when Brunei resumed full sovereignty.

The sultan appoints judges to the Supreme Court, which consists of the high
court and the court of appeals, and the Subordinate Court, which consists of
the magistrate's courts. In 1991, an intermediate court was given civil and
criminal jurisdiction. Syariah courts deal with Islamic law.

Leadership and Political Officials.There are two forms of government

administration—a modern administrative bureaucracy and a traditional
system of ritual offices—which are awarded to nobles and aristocrats by the
sultan. Individuals can rise through the ranks in both systems. The traditional
system includes for the nobles five offices of vizier and about sixty additional
various offices, and for the aristocrats about seventy-three offices of minister
(Pehin). All occupants are males. Not all these traditional offices are always
occupied at any given time; offices are not inherited on the death of their
occupants but remain vacant until a sultan appoints a new occupant.

Social Problems and Control.While the incidence of child abuse appears to be

low, it is punished severely. Spouse abuse can be a cause for divorce. In
general, Brunei is crime-free, especially in terms of violent crime.

Military Activity.The Royal Brunei Armed Forces (RBAF) was founded in 1961.
The RBAF was restructured in 1991 into land forces, an air force, a navy,
support services, and a training corps. Service in the RBAF is voluntary. The
main purpose of the military forces is defense.

Social Welfare and Change Programs

Since 1955, citizens, permanent residents, and persons who have worked in
Brunei for thirty years have been entitled to a monthly pension. Elderly
persons with dependents below working age receive additional allowances.

Nongovernmental Organizations and Other Associations

Muslims in Brunei may not belong to international service organizations.

Gender Roles and Statuses

Division of Labor by Gender.Women have begun to assume positions of

responsibility in government offices and departments. While women can be in
the armed forces, they may not serve in combat.

The Relative Status of Women and Men.Compared to Islamic societies in the

Middle East, women have very high status. Muslim women are encouraged to
wear thetudong, a traditional head covering.

Marriage, Family, and Kinship

Marriage.Usually the parents of a young man arrange a marriage with the

parents of a young woman. For a Muslim, the spouse must also be Muslim;
thus, individuals, especially men, often convert to Islam in order to marry a
Muslim. Interethnic group marriages are not uncommon. There is
considerable minor variation in marriage ceremonies from group to group and
within ethnic groups.
Domestic Unit.The domestic unit may be either a nuclear family or an
extended family. This domestic arrangement is generated by a tradition in
which a newly married couple joins the household of the bride's parents.
After some time, young married couples may establish their own independent
household.

Inheritance.Islamic inheritance law applies to Muslims. For non-Muslims,

traditional practices apply.

Kin Groups.There are no descent-based kin groups. Malay kinship

terminology is generational, with all "aunts" and "uncles" referred to as
"mother" and "father," and Hawaiian, with all "cousins" referred to as
"siblings." The kinship network of relatives may be very wide in the case of
the Kadayan, who treat a relative by marriage the same as a blood relative,
or narrower, in the case of the Barunay.

Socialization

Infant Care.Infants are watched over constantly by their parents, who often
take them to the tasks in which they are engaged. Babies are fondly loved
and appreciated by all.

Child Rearing and Education.Parents give young children responsibility for

the care of their infant siblings at an early age, especially in rural areas.

Higher Education.The Universiti Brunei Darussalamopened in 1985 and offers

a number of undergraduate degree programs, a few master's degrees, and a
few certificate programs. Approximately two thousands government
scholarship students study abroad, mainly in Commonwealth countries.

Etiquette

The following rules of etiquette are universal: pass items only with the right
hand; refuse food by touching the container with the right hand, never
verbally; use a thumb, never an index finger, to point; remove shoes whenever
entering a home or public building, especially a mosque; shake hands gently
and then gently touch the center of one's chest with the right hand
afterward; never address a person by name alone; never consume items until
specifically requested to do so; avoid public intersexual bodily contact; and
never lose one's temper.

Religion

Religious Beliefs.The national religion is the Shafeite sect of Islam. Religious

holidays have variable dates that are set according to a lunar calendar. Early
Ramadhan marks the beginning of the holy fasting month; the Anniversary of
the Al-Quran commemorates the revelation
of the Holy Book of Islam; Hari Raya Adilfitri
or Hari Raya Puasa celebrates the end of the
fasting month; Hari Raya Aidiladha or Hari
Raya Haji celebrates the Haj or holy
pilgrimage to Mecca; Hijrah celebrates the
journey of the Prophet Muhammad Sallallahu
Alihi Wassalam from Mecca to Medina;
Mulaud, or the Birthday of the Prophet
Muhammad, celebrates the birth of the
founder of Islam; and Israk Mikraj
commemorates the ascendancy of
Muhammad into heaven.

Religious Practitioners.The sultan is the

head of the Islamic faith. For all Muslims, matters of marriage,

divorce, and the family as well as some sexual crimes are governed by
Islamic law and fall under the jurisdiction of the religious court system.
Rituals and Holy Places.Sixty mosques are maintained by the Ministry of
Religious Affairs. Tombs of sultans are often treated as shrines.

Medicine and Health Care

Government health services are free for citizens, with minimal charges for
permanent residents and immigrant government employees and their
dependents. There are government hospitals in each of the four districts and
two private hospitals, with the main referral hospital in the capital. Rural
villages are served by scheduled Flying Medical Services by helicopter.
Citizens are often sent abroad for treatment at government expense.

Secular Celebrations

The national secular holidays are New Year's Day, 1 January; National Day,
celebrating Brunei's resumption of full independent sovereignty in 1984, 23
February; Royal Brunei Armed Forces Day, marking the foundation day of the
RBAF in 1961, 31 May; the Birthday of His Majesty the Sultan Haji Hassanal
Bolkiah the Yang Dipertuan of Brunei Darussalam, 15 July; Christmas, 25
December; and Chinese New Year's Day, whose date is fixed by a lunar
calendar.

The Arts and Humanities

Support for the Arts.History and local crafts are supported by a number of
public institutions, including the Royal Regalia Building (1992), the Brunei
History Center (1982) and the associated Churchill Memorial Museum, the
Brunei Museum (1972), the Malay
Technology Museum (1988), the Arts and
Handicraft Center, and the Constitutional
Museum.

Literature.The Language and Literature

Bureau promotes the development of
literature and folklore and publishes
textbooks in Malay and English for use in
primary and secondary schools. A form of
poetry known assajakis popular with
schoolchildren. A number of local authors
have become well known. The most famous
work of traditional literature is the epic
poemSya'ir Awang Simawn, which recounts
the exploits of the culture hero

Simawn and constitutes a traditional history of the sultanate.

Graphic Arts.Traditional arts and crafts form a large segment of Brunei's
cultural heritage. Boat making, silver-smithing, bronze tooling, cloth weaving
and basket making are examples of the types of artistry celebrated and
emulated in modern-day culture.

The Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque

on the Brunei River in Bandar Seri Begawan.
Brunei is a constitutional monarchy;
the Sultan is the head of state and
all other political offices are held by men.

The State of the Physical and Social Sciences

The Hassanal Bolkiah Aquarium is in the capital. The Kuala Belalong Field
Studies Center, set up in 1991 under the joint sponsorship of the University
Brunei Darussalam's Department of Biology and the Brunei Shell Petroleum
Company, is located in the Temburong District. A department of sociology
and anthropologywas opened at the University Brunei Darussalam in 1997.

http://www.everyculture.com/Bo-Co/Brunei-Darussalam.html

Comparisons of both countries

Brunei Darussalam Philippines

Background The Sultanate of Brunei's
influence peaked between the
15th and 17th centuries when
its control extended over
coastal areas of northwest
Borneo and the southern
Philippines. Brunei
subsequently entered a period
of decline brought on by
internal strife over royal
succession, colonial expansion
of European powers, and
piracy. In 1888, Brunei became
a British protectorate;
independence was achieved in
1984. The same family has
ruled Brunei for over six
centuries. Brunei benefits from
extensive petroleum and
natural gas fields, the source of
one of the highest per capita
GDPs in the world.
"The Philippine Islands became a
Spanish colony during the 16th
century; they were ceded to the
US in 1898 following the Spanish-
American War. In 1935 the
Philippines became a self-
governing commonwealth. Manuel
QUEZON was elected president
and was tasked with preparing
the country for independence
after a 10-year transition. In 1942
the islands fell under Japanese
occupation during World War II,
and US forces and Filipinos fought
together during 1944-45 to regain
control. On 4 July 1946 the
Republic of the Philippines
attained its independence. A 20-
year rule by Ferdinand MARCOS
ended in 1986, when a ""people
power"" movement in Manila
(""EDSA 1"") forced him into exile
and installed Corazon AQUINO as
president. Her presidency was
hampered by several coup
attempts that prevented a return
to full political stability and
economic development. Fidel
RAMOS was elected president in
1992. His administration was
marked by increased stability and
by progress on economic reforms.
In 1992, the US closed its last
military bases on the islands.
Joseph ESTRADA was elected
president in 1998. He was
succeeded by his vice-president,
Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO, in
January 2001 after ESTRADA's
stormy impeachment trial on
corruption charges broke down
and another ""people power""
movement (""EDSA 2"") demanded
his resignation. MACAPAGAL-
 ARROYO was elected to a six-year
term as president in May 2004.
Her presidency was marred by
several corruption allegations but
the Philippine economy was one
of the few to avoid contraction
following the 2008 global
financial crisis, expanding each
year of her administration.
Benigno AQUINO III was elected
to a six-year term as president in
May 2010 and was succeeded by
Rodrigo DUTERTE in May 2016.
The Philippine Government faces
threats from several groups, some
of which are on the US
Government's Foreign Terrorist
Organization list. Manila has
waged a decades-long struggle
against ethnic Moro insurgencies
in the southern Philippines, which
has led to a peace accord with
the Moro National Liberation
Front and ongoing peace talks
with the Moro Islamic Liberation
Front. The decades-long Maoist-
inspired New People's Army
insurgency also operates through
much of the country. The
Philippines faces increased
tension with China over disputed
territorial and maritime claims in
the South China Sea.
"

Geography
 Brunei Philippines

Location Southeastern Asia, along Southeastern Asia, archipelago between

the northern coast of the the Philippine Sea and the South China
island of Borneo, Sea, east of Vietnam
bordering the South China
Sea and Malaysia

Geographic 4 30 N, 114 40 E 13 00 N, 122 00 E

coordinates

Map Southeast Asia Southeast Asia

references

Area total: 5,765 sq km total: 300,000 sq km

land: 5,265 sq km land: 298,170 sq km
water: 500 sq km water: 1,830 sq km

Area - slightly smaller than slightly less than twice the size of
comparative Delaware Georgia; slightly larger than Arizona

Land total: 266 km 0 km

boundaries border countries
(1): Malaysia 266 km

Coastline 161 km 36,289 km

Maritime territorial sea: 12 nm territorial sea: irregular polygon

claims exclusive economic extending up to 100 nm from coastline as
zone: 200 nm or to defined by 1898 treaty; since late 1970s
median line has also claimed polygonal-shaped area
in South China Sea as wide as 285 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: to the depth of
exploitation

Climate tropical; hot, humid, rainy tropical marine; northeast monsoon

(November to April); southwest
monsoon (May to October)
 Brunei
Terrain flat coastal plain rises to
mountains in east; hilly
lowland in west
Elevation mean elevation: 478 m
extremes elevation
extremes: lowest point:
South China Sea 0 m
highest point: Bukit
Pagon 1,850 m
Natural petroleum, natural gas,
resources timber
Land use agricultural land: 2.5%
arable land 0.8%;
permanent crops 1.1%;
permanent pasture 0.6%
forest: 71.8%
other: 25.7% (2011 est.)
Irrigated land 10 sq km (2012)
Natural typhoons, earthquakes,
hazards and severe flooding are
rare
Philippines
mostly mountains with narrow to
extensive coastal lowlands
mean elevation: 442 m
elevation extremes: lowest point:
Philippine Sea 0 m
highest point: Mount Apo 2,954 m
timber, petroleum, nickel, cobalt, silver,
gold, salt, copper
agricultural land: 41%
arable land 18.2%; permanent crops
17.8%; permanent pasture 5%
forest: 25.9%
other: 33.1% (2011 est.)
16,270 sq km (2012)
astride typhoon belt, usually affected by
15 and struck by five to six cyclonic
storms each year; landslides; active
volcanoes; destructive earthquakes;
tsunamis
volcanism: significant volcanic activity;
Taal (elev. 311 m), which has shown
recent unrest and may erupt in the near
future, has been deemed a Decade
Volcano by the International Association
of Volcanology and Chemistry of the
Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to
its explosive history and close proximity
to human populations; Mayon (elev.
2,462 m), the country's most active
volcano, erupted in 2009 forcing over
33,000 to be evacuated; other historically
 Brunei
Environment - seasonal smoke/haze
current issues resulting from forest fires
in Indonesia
Environment - party to: Biodiversity,
international Climate Change,
agreements Desertification,
Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not
ratified: none of the
selected agreements
Geography - close to vital sea lanes
note through South China Sea
linking Indian and Pacific
Oceans; two parts
physically separated by
Malaysia; almost an
enclave within Malaysia
Demographics
Philippines
active volcanoes include Biliran,
Babuyan Claro, Bulusan, Camiguin,
Camiguin de Babuyanes, Didicas, Iraya,
Jolo, Kanlaon, Makaturing, Musuan,
Parker, Pinatubo, and Ragang
uncontrolled deforestation especially in
watershed areas; soil erosion; air and
water pollution in major urban centers;
coral reef degradation; increasing
pollution of coastal mangrove swamps
that are important fish breeding grounds
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical
Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-
Persistent Organic Pollutants
the Philippine archipelago is made up of
7,107 islands; favorably located in
relation to many of Southeast Asia's
main water bodies: the South China Sea,
Philippine Sea, Sulu Sea, Celebes Sea,
and Luzon Strait
 Brunei
Population 436,620 (July 2016 est.)
Age structure 0-14 years: 23.46% (male
52,785/female 49,638)
15-24 years: 17.11% (male
37,103/female 37,603)
25-54 years: 46.8% (male
98,152/female 106,206)
55-64 years: 8.09% (male
18,043/female 17,278)
65 years and over: 4.54%
(male 9,635/female 10,177)
(2016 est.)
Median age total: 29.9 years
male: 29.5 years
female: 30.3 years (2016 est.)
Population 1.6% (2016 est.)
growth rate
Birth rate 17.2 births/1,000 population
(2016 est.)
Death rate 3.6 deaths/1,000 population
(2016 est.)
Net migration 2.4 migrant(s)/1,000
rate population (2016 est.)
Sex ratio at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06
male(s)/female
15-24 years: 0.99
male(s)/female
25-54 years: 0.92
male(s)/female
55-64 years: 1.04
Philippines
102,624,209 (July 2016 est.)
0-14 years: 33.71% (male
17,652,419/female 16,943,261)
15-24 years: 19.17% (male
10,042,520/female 9,629,762)
25-54 years: 36.86% (male
19,204,977/female 18,618,333)
55-64 years: 5.89% (male
2,758,867/female 3,282,416)
65 years and over: 4.38% (male
1,863,339/female 2,628,315) (2016
est.)
total: 23.4 years
male: 22.9 years
female: 23.8 years (2016 est.)
1.59% (2016 est.)
24 births/1,000 population (2016
est.)
6.1 deaths/1,000 population (2016
est.)
-2 migrant(s)/1,000 population
(2016 est.)
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.84 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.72
male(s)/female
total population: 1.01
 Brunei Philippines

male(s)/female male(s)/female (2016 est.)

65 years and over: 0.95
male(s)/female
total population: 0.98
male(s)/female (2016 est.)

Infant mortality total: 9.9 deaths/1,000 live
rate births
male: 11.7 deaths/1,000 live
births
female: 7.9 deaths/1,000 live
births (2016 est.)
total: 21.9 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 24.8 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 18.8 deaths/1,000 live
births (2016 est.)

Life expectancy total population: 77.2 years total population: 69.2 years
at birth male: 74.8 years male: 65.7 years
female: 79.6 years (2016 est.) female: 72.9 years (2016 est.)

Total fertility 1.79 children born/woman 3.06 children born/woman (2016

rate (2016 est.) est.)

HIV/AIDS - NA 0.08% (2015 est.)

adult
prevalence rate

Nationality noun: Bruneian(s) noun: Filipino(s)

adjective: Bruneian adjective: Philippine

Ethnic groups Malay 65.7%, Chinese 10.3%,
other indigenous 3.4%, other
20.6% (2011 est.)
Tagalog 28.1%, Cebuano 13.1%,
Ilocano 9%, Bisaya/Binisaya 7.6%,
Hiligaynon Ilonggo 7.5%, Bikol
6%, Waray 3.4%, other 25.3%
(2000 census)

HIV/AIDS - NA 42,500 (2015 est.)

people living
with HIV/AIDS
 Brunei Philippines

Religions Muslim (official) 78.8%, Catholic 82.9% (Roman Catholic

Christian 8.7%, Buddhist
7.8%, other (includes
indigenous beliefs) 4.7%
(2011 est.)
80.9%, Aglipayan 2%), Muslim
5%, Evangelical 2.8%, Iglesia ni
Kristo 2.3%, other Christian 4.5%,
other 1.8%, unspecified 0.6%,
none 0.1% (2000 census)

HIV/AIDS - NA 600 (2015 est.)

deaths

Languages Malay (official), English, Filipino (official; based on

Chinese dialects
Tagalog) and English (official);
eight major dialects - Tagalog,
Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon or
Ilonggo, Bicol, Waray, Pampango,
and Pangasinan

Literacy definition: age 15 and over
can read and write
total population: 96%
male: 97.5%
female: 94.5% (2015 est.)
definition: age 15 and over can
read and write
total population: 96.3%
male: 95.8%
female: 96.8% (2015 est.)

School life total: 15 years total: 13 years

expectancy male: 14 years male: 12 years
(primary to female: 15 years (2015) female: 13 years (2013)
tertiary
education)

Education 3.7% of GDP (2016) 2.7% of GDP (2009)

expenditures

Urbanization urban population: 77.2% of urban population: 44.4% of total

total population (2015) population (2015)
rate of urbanization: -1.79% rate of urbanization: 1.32%
annual rate of change (2010- annual rate of change (2010-15
15 est.) est.)
 Brunei Philippines

Major cities - BANDAR SERI BEGAWAN MANILA (capital) 12.946 million;

population (capital) 241,000 Davao 1.63 million; Cebu City
note: the boundaries of the 951,000; Zamboanga 936,000
capital city were expanded in (2015)
2007, greatly increasing the
city area; the population of the
capital increased tenfold
(2011)

Maternal 23 deaths/100,000 live births 114 deaths/100,000 live births

mortality rate (2015 est.) (2015 est.)

Children under 9.6% (2009) 19.9% (2014)

the age of 5
years
underweight

Health 2.6% of GDP (2014) 4.7% of GDP (2014)

expenditures

Hospital bed 2.8 beds/1,000 population 1 beds/1,000 population (2011)

density (2012)

Obesity - adult 18.6% (2014) 4.7% (2014)

prevalence rate

Dependency total dependency ratio: 38 total dependency ratio: 57.6

ratios youth dependency youth dependency ratio: 50.3
ratio: 31.9 elderly dependency ratio: 7.2
elderly dependency potential support ratio: 13.9
ratio: 6.1 (2015 est.)
potential support ratio: 16.4
(2015 est.)

Government
 Brunei
Country name "conventional long
form: Brunei Darussalam
conventional short
form: Brunei
local long form: Negara
Brunei Darussalam
local short form: Brunei
etymology: derivation of the
name is unclear; according to
legend, MUHAMMAD SHAH,
who would become the first
sultan of Brunei, upon
discovering what would
become Brunei exclaimed
""Baru nah,"" which roughly
translates as ""there"" or
""that's it""
"
Government absolute monarchy or sultanate
type
Capital name: Bandar Seri Begawan
geographic coordinates: 4 53
N, 114 56 E
time difference: UTC+8 (13
hours ahead of Washington,
DC, during Standard Time)
Administrative 4 districts (daerah-daerah,
divisions singular - daerah); Belait,
Brunei-Muara, Temburong,
Tutong
Philippines
conventional long form: Republic
of the Philippines
conventional short
form: Philippines
local long form: Republika ng
Pilipinas
local short form: Pilipinas
etymology: named in honor of
King PHILLIP II of Spain by
Spanish explorer Ruy LOPEZ de
VILLALOBOS, who visited some
of the islands in 1543
presidential republic
name: Manila
geographic coordinates: 14 36 N,
120 58 E
time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours
ahead of Washington, DC, during
Standard Time)
80 provinces and 39 chartered
cities
provinces: Abra, Agusan del
Norte, Agusan del Sur, Aklan,
Albay, Antique, Apayao, Aurora,
Basilan, Bataan, Batanes,
Batangas, Biliran, Benguet, Bohol,
Bukidnon, Bulacan, Cagayan,
Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur,
Camiguin, Capiz, Catanduanes,
Cavite, Cebu, Compostela,
Cotabato, Davao del Norte, Davao
 Brunei Philippines

del Sur, Davao Oriental, Dinagat

Islands, Eastern Samar, Guimaras,
Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur,
Iloilo, Isabela, Kalinga, Laguna,
Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, La
Union, Leyte, Maguindanao,
Marinduque, Masbate, Mindoro
Occidental, Mindoro Oriental,
Misamis Occidental, Misamis
Oriental, Mountain, Negros
Occidental, Negros Oriental,
Northern Samar, Nueva Ecija,
Nueva Vizcaya, Palawan,
Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon,
Quirino, Rizal, Romblon, Samar,
Sarangani, Siquijor, Sorsogon,
South Cotabato, Southern Leyte,
Sultan Kudarat, Sulu, Surigao del
Norte, Surigao del Sur, Tarlac,
Tawi-Tawi, Zambales, Zamboanga
del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur,
Zamboanga Sibugay
chartered cities: Angeles,
Antipolo, Bacolod, Baguio,
Butuan, Cagayan de Oro,
Caloocan, Cebu, Cotabato,
Dagupan, Davao, General Santos,
Iligan, Iloilo, Lapu-Lapu, Las
Pinas, Lucena, Makati, Malabon,
Mandaluyong, Mandaue, Manila,
Marikina, Muntinlupa, Naga,
Navotas, Olongapo, Ormoc,
Paranaque, Pasay, Pasig, Puerto
Princesa, Quezon, San Juan,
Santiago, Tacloban, Taguig,
Valenzuela, Zamboanga (2012)

Independence 1 January 1984 (from the UK) 4 July 1946 (from the US)

National National Day, 23 February Independence Day, 12 June (1898);

holiday (1984); note - 1 January 1984 note - 12 June 1898 was date of
was the date of independence declaration of independence from
 Brunei
from the UK, 23 February 1984
was the date of independence
from British protection
Constitution drafted 1954 to 1959, signed 29
September 1959; amended
1984, 2004, 2011; note - some
constitutional provisions
suspended since 1962 under a
State of Emergency, others
suspended since independence
in 1984 (2016)
Legal system mixed legal system based on
English common law and
Islamic law; note - in May
2014, the first phase of a
sharia-based penal codes was
instituted, which applies to
Muslims and non-Muslims and
exists in parallel to the existing
common law-based code
Suffrage 18 years of age for village
elections; universal
Executive chief of state: Sultan and
branch Prime Minister Sir
HASSANAL Bolkiah (since 5
October 1967); note - the
monarch is both chief of state
and head of government
head of government: Sultan
and Prime Minister Sir
HASSANAL Bolkiah (since 5
October 1967)
cabinet: Council of Ministers
appointed and presided over by
the monarch; note - 4 additional
advisory councils appointed by
Philippines
Spain; 4 July 1946 was date of
independence from the US
several previous; latest ratified 2
February 1987, effective 11
February 1987 (2016)
mixed legal system of civil,
common, Islamic, and customary
law
18 years of age; universal
"chief of state: President Rodrigo
DUTERTE (since 30 June 2016);
Vice President Leni ROBREDO
(since 30 June 2016); note - the
president is both chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President
Rodrigo DUTERTE (since 30 June
2016)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the
president with the consent of the
Commission of Appointments, an
independent body of 25
Congressional members including
 Brunei
the monarch are the Religious
Council, Privy Council for
constitutional issues, Council
of Succession, and Legislative
Council
elections/appointments: none;
the monarchy is hereditary
Legislative description: Legislative
branch Council or Majlis Mesyuarat
Negara Brunei (36 seats;
members appointed by the
sultan including 3 ex-officio
members - the speaker and first
and second secretaries; meets
annually for approximately two
weeks)
elections: last held in March
1962 (date of next election NA)
Philippines
the Senate president (ex officio
chairman), appointed by the
president
elections/appointments: president
and vice president directly elected
on separate ballots by simple
majority popular vote for a single
6-year term; election last held on 9
May 2016 (next to be held on May
2022)
election results: Rodrigo
DUTERTE elected president;
percent of vote - Rodrigo
DUTERTE (PDP-Laban) 39%,
Manuel ""Mar"" ROXAS (LP)
23.4%, Grace POE (independent)
21.4%, Jejomar BINAY (UNA)
12.7%, Miriam Defensor
SANTIAGO (PRP) 3%; Leni
ROBREDO elected vice president;
percent of vote Leni ROBREDO
(LP) 35.1%, Bongbong MARCOS
(independent) 34.5%
"
description: bicameral Congress
or Kongreso consists of the Senate
or Senado (24 seats; members
directly elected in multi-seat
constituencies by majority vote;
members serve 6-year terms with
one-half of the membership
renewed every 3 years) and the
House of Representatives or
Kapulungan Ng Mga Kinatawan
(292 seats; 234 members directly
elected in single-seat
constituencies by simple majority
vote and 58 representing minorities
directly elected by proportional
representation vote; members serve
3-year terms)
elections: Senate - elections last
 Brunei
Judicial highest resident
branch court(s): Supreme Court
(consists of Court of Appeal
and High Court, each with a
chief justice and 2 judges);
Sharia Court of Appeal
(consists of judges appointed
by the monarch); note - Brunei
has a dual judicial system of
secular and sharia (religious)
courts; the Judicial Committee
of Privy Council in London
serves as the final appellate
court for civil cases only
judge selection and term of
office: Supreme Court judges
appointed by the monarch to
serve until age 65, and older if
approved by the monarch;
Philippines
held on 13 May 2013 (next to be
held in May 2016); House of
Representatives - elections last
held on 13 May 2013 (next to be
held in May 2016)
election results: Senate - percent
of vote by party for 2013 election -
UNA 26.94%, NP 15.3%, LP
11.32%, NPC 10.15%, LDP 5.38%,
PDP-Laban 4.95%, others 9.72%,
independents 16.24%; seats by
party after 2013 election - UNA 5,
NP 5, LP 4, Lakas 2, NPC 2, LDP
1, PDP-Laban 1, PRP 1,
independents 3; House of
Representatives - percent of vote
by party - LP 38.3%, NPC 17.4%,
UNA 11.4%, NUP 8.7%, NP 8.5%,
Lakas 5.3%, independents 6.0%,
others 4.4%; seats by party - LP
110, NPC 43, NUP 24, NP 17,
Lakas 14, UNA 8, independents 6,
others 12; party-list 57
highest court(s): Supreme Court
(consists of a chief justice and 14
associate justices)
judge selection and term of
office: justices are appointed by
the president on the
recommendation of the Judicial
and Bar Council, a
constitutionally-created, 6-member
body that recommends Supreme
Court nominees; justices serve
until age 70
subordinate courts: Court of
Appeals; Sandiganbayan (special
court for corruption cases of
government officials); Court of Tax
Appeals; regional, metropolitan,
and municipal trial courts; sharia
courts
 Brunei
Sharia Court of Appeal judges
appointed by the monarch;
judges appointed for life
subordinate
courts: Intermediate Court;
Magistrate's Courts; Juvenile
Court; small claims courts;
lower sharia courts
Political National Development Party or
parties and NDP [YASSIN Affendi]
leaders note: Brunei National
Solidarity Party or PPKB
[Abdul LATIF bin Chuchu] and
People's Awareness Party or
PAKAR [Awang Haji MAIDIN
bin Haji Ahmad] were
deregistered in 2007; parties are
small and have limited activity
Political NA
pressure
groups and
leaders
International ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, C,
Philippines
"Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino
(Struggle of Filipino Democrats) or
LDP [Edgardo ANGARA]
Lakas ng EDSA-Christian Muslim
Democrats or Lakas-CMD
[Ferdinand Martin ROMUALDEZ,
president]
Liberal Party or LP [Joseph Emilio
ABAYA, president]
Nacionalista Party or NP [Manuel
""Manny"" VILLAR]
Nationalist People's Coalition or
NPC [Eduardo COJUNGCO, Jr.]
PDP-Laban [Aquilino PIMENTEL
III]
People's Reform Party or PRP
[Miriam Defensor SANTIAGO]
Puwersa ng Masang Pilipino
(Force of the Philippine Masses) or
PMP [Joseph ESTRADA]
United Nationalist Alliance or
UNA [Toby TIANGCO (acting)] -
PDP-Laban and PMP coalition for
the 2013 election
"
Black and White Movement
[Vicente ROMANO]
Kilosbayan [Jovito SALONGA]
ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIS,
 Brunei
organization CP, EAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA,
participation IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs),
ICRM, IDA, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,
IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC,
ISO (correspondent), ITSO,
ITU, NAM, OIC, OPCW, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIFIL,
UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic chief of mission: Ambassador
representation Serbini ALI (since 28 January
in the US 2016)
chancery: 3520 International
Court NW, Washington, DC
20008
telephone: [1] (202) 237-1838
FAX: [1] (202) 885-0560
consulate(s): New York
Diplomatic chief of mission: Ambassador
representation Craig B. ALLEN (since 9
from the US March 2015)
embassy: Simpang 336-52-16-
9, Jalan Datu, Bandar Seri
Begawan, BC4115
mailing address: Unit 4280,
Box 40, FPO AP 96507; P.O.
Box 2991, Bandar Seri
Begawan BS8675, Negara
Brunei Darussalam
telephone: [673] 238-4616
FAX: [673] 238-4604
Philippines
CD, CICA (observer), CP, EAS,
FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC (national committees),
ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU,
ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs),
MIGA, MINUSTAH, NAM, OAS
(observer), OPCW, PCA, PIF
(partner), UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,
Union Latina, UNMIL,
UNMOGIP, UNOCI, UNWTO,
UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs),
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
chief of mission: Ambassador
(vacant); Charge d'Affaires Ad
interim Patrick A. CHUASOTO
chancery: 1600 Massachusetts
Avenue NW, Washington, DC
20036
telephone: [1] (202) 467-9300
FAX: [1] (202) 328-7614
consulate(s) general: Chicago,
Honolulu, Los Angeles, New Yoek,
Saipan (Northern Mariana Islands),
San Francisco, Tamuning (Guam)
chief of mission: Ambassador
Sung KIM (since 6 December
2016)
embassy: 1201 Roxas Boulevard,
Manila 1000
mailing address: PSC 500, FPO
AP 96515-1000
telephone: [63] (2) 301-2000
FAX: [63] (2) 301-2017
 Brunei
Flag "yellow with two diagonal
description bands of white (top, almost
double width) and black
starting from the upper hoist
side; the national emblem in
red is superimposed at the
center; yellow is the color of
royalty and symbolizes the
sultanate; the white and black
bands denote Brunei's chief
ministers; the emblem includes
five main components: a
swallow-tailed flag, the royal
umbrella representing the
monarchy, the wings of four
feathers symbolizing justice,
tranquility, prosperity, and
peace, the two upraised hands
signifying the government's
pledge to preserve and promote
the welfare of the people, and
the crescent moon denoting
Islam, the state religion; the
state motto ""Always render
service with God's guidance""
appears in yellow Arabic script
on the crescent; a ribbon below
the crescent reads ""Brunei, the
Abode of Peace""
"
National "name: ""Allah Peliharakan
anthem Sultan"" (God Bless His
Majesty)
lyrics/music: Pengiran Haji
Mohamed YUSUF bin
Pengiran Abdul Rahim/Awang
Haji BESAR bin Sagap
note: adopted 1951
" 1956; although the original lyrics
Philippines
two equal horizontal bands of blue
(top) and red; a white equilateral
triangle is based on the hoist side;
the center of the triangle displays a
yellow sun with eight primary rays;
each corner of the triangle contains
a small, yellow, five-pointed star;
blue stands for peace and justice,
red symbolizes courage, the white
equal-sided triangle represents
equality; the rays recall the first
eight provinces that sought
independence from Spain, while
the stars represent the three major
geographical divisions of the
country: Luzon, Visayas, and
Mindanao; the design of the flag
dates to 1897
note: in wartime the flag is flown
upside down with the red band at
the top
"name: ""Lupang Hinirang""
(Chosen Land)
lyrics/music: Jose PALMA
(revised by Felipe PADILLA de
Leon)/Julian FELIPE
note: music adopted 1898, original
Spanish lyrics adopted 1899,
Filipino (Tagalog) lyrics adopted
were written in Spanish, later
English and Filipino versions were
created; today, only the Filipino
 Brunei
International has not submitted an ICJ
law jurisdiction declaration; non-
organization party state to the ICCt
participation
National royal parasol; national colors:
symbol(s) yellow, white, black
Citizenship citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent
only: the father must be a
citizen of Brunei
dual citizenship
recognized: no
residency requirement for
naturalization: 12 years
Economy
Brunei
Economy - Brunei is an energy-rich
overview sultanate on the northern
coast of Borneo in
Southeast Asia. Brunei
boasts a well-educated,
largely English-speaking
population; excellent
infrastructure; and a stable
government intent on
attracting foreign
investment. Crude oil and
natural gas production
account for approximately
65% of GDP and 95% of
exports, with Japan as the
Philippines
version is used
"
accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction with reservations;
accepts ICCt jurisdiction
three stars and sun, Philippine
eagle; national colors: red, white,
blue, yellow
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at
least one parent must be a citizen
of the Philippines
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for
naturalization: 10 years
Philippines
The economy has been relatively
resilient to global economic shocks
due to less exposure to troubled
international securities, lower
dependence on exports, relatively
resilient domestic consumption, large
remittances from about 10 million
overseas Filipino workers and
migrants, and a rapidly expanding
outsourcing industry. During 2016 the
current account balance narrowed to
its lowest level since the 2008 global
financial crisis, but nevertheless
mustered a surplus for a fourteenth
consecutive year. International
 Brunei
primary export market.
Per capita GDP is among
the highest in the world,
and substantial income
from overseas investment
supplements income from
domestic hydrocarbon
production. Bruneian
citizens do not pay personal
income taxes, and the
government provides free
medical services and free
education through the
university level.
The Bruneian Government
wants to diversify its
economy away from
hydrocarbon exports to
other industries such as
information and
communications
technology and halal
manufacturing. Brunei’s
trade in 2016 is set to
increase following its
regional economic
integration in the ASEAN
Economic Community, and
the expected ratification of
the Trans-Pacific
Partnership trade
agreement.
Philippines
reserves remain at comfortable levels
and the banking system is stable.
Efforts to improve tax administration
and expenditures management have
helped ease the Philippines' debt
burden and tight fiscal situation. The
Philippines received investment-grade
credit ratings on its sovereign debt
under the former AQUINO
administration and has had little
difficulty financing its budget deficits.
However, weak absorptive capacity
and implementation bottlenecks have
prevented the government from
maximizing its expenditure plans.
Although it has improved, the low
tax-to-GDP ratio remains a constraint
to supporting increasingly higher
spending levels and sustaining high
and inclusive growth over the longer
term.
Economic growth has accelerated,
averaging 6.1% per year from 2011 to
2016, compared with 4.5% under the
MACAPAGAL-ARROYO
government; and competitiveness
rankings have improved. Although
2016 saw a record year for net foreign
direct investment inflows, FDI to the
Philippines has continued to lag
regional peers, in part because the
Philippine Constitution and other laws
restrict foreign ownership in
important activities/sectors - such as
land ownership and public utilities.
Although the economy grew at a
faster pace under the AQUINO
government, challenges to achieving
more inclusive growth remain. Wealth
is concentrated in the hands of the
rich. The unemployment rate declined
Brunei Philippines

from 7.3% to 5.5% between 2010 and

2016 but the jobs are low paying and
tedious. Underemployment hovers at
around 18% to 19% of the employed.
At least 40% of the employed work in
the informal sector. Poverty afflicts
more than a fifth of the population.
More than 60% of the poor reside in
rural areas, where the incidence of
poverty (about 30%) is more severe -
a challenge to raising rural farm and
non-farm incomes. Continued efforts
are needed to improve governance,
the judicial system, the regulatory
environment, the weak state of
infrastructure, and the overall ease of
doing business.

2016 saw the election of President

Rodrigo DUTERTE, who has pledged
to make inclusive growth and poverty
reduction his top priority. DUTERTE
believes that illegal drug use, crime
and corruption are key barriers to
economic development among the
lower income class. This
administration wants to reduce the
poverty rate to 14% and graduate the
economy to upper-middle income
status by the end of President
DUTERTE’s term in 2022. Key
themes under the government’s Ten-
Point Socioeconomic Agenda include
continuity of macroeconomic policy,
tax reform, higher investments in
infrastructure and human capital
development, and improving
competitiveness and the overall ease
of doing business. The administration
has vowed to address spending
bottlenecks and is pushing for
congressional passage of a
Comprehensive Tax Reform Program
to help finance more aggressive
 Brunei Philippines

infrastructure and social spending,

starting in 2018. The government also
supports relaxing restrictions on
foreign ownership, except for land.

GDP $33.73 billion (2016 est.) $807.1 billion (2016 est.)

(purchasing $33.61 billion (2015 est.) $755 billion (2015 est.)
power parity) $33.79 billion (2014 est.) $711.6 billion (2014 est.)
note: data are in 2016 note: data are in 2016 dollars
dollars

GDP - real 0.4% (2016 est.) 6.9% (2016 est.)

growth rate -0.6% (2015 est.) 6.1% (2015 est.)
-2.3% (2014 est.) 6.1% (2014 est.)

GDP - per $79,700 (2016 est.) $7,700 (2016 est.)

capita (PPP) $80,600 (2015 est.) $7,400 (2015 est.)
$82,000 (2014 est.) $7,100 (2014 est.)
note: data are in 2016 note: data are in 2016 dollars
dollars

GDP - agriculture: 1.1% agriculture: 9.7%

composition by industry: 60.4% industry: 30.8%
sector services: 38.5% (2016 est.) services: 59.5% (2016 est.)

Population NA% 21.6% (2015 est.)

below poverty
line

Household lowest 10%: NA% lowest 10%: 3.2%

income or highest 10%: NA% highest 10%: 29.5% (2015 est.)
consumption by
percentage
share

Inflation rate -0.2% (2016 est.) 1.8% (2016 est.)

(consumer -0.4% (2015 est.) 1.4% (2015 est.)
prices)
 Brunei
Labor force 203,600 (2014 est.)
Labor force - by agriculture: 4.2%
occupation industry: 62.8%
services: 33% (2008 est.)
Unemployment 6.9% (2014 est.)
rate 9.3% (2011 est.)
Budget revenues: $2.958 billion
expenditures: $4.618
billion (2016 est.)
Industries petroleum, petroleum
refining, liquefied natural
gas, construction,
agriculture, transportation
Industrial 1% (2016 est.)
production
growth rate
Agriculture - rice, vegetables, fruits;
products chickens, water buffalo,
cattle, goats, eggs
Exports $5.315 billion (2016 est.)
$7.235 billion (2015 est.)
Exports - mineral fuels, organic
commodities chemicals
Philippines
43.19 million (2016 est.)
agriculture: 26.9%
industry: 17.5%
services: 55.6% (2016 est.)
5.5% (2016 est.)
6.3% (2015 est.)
revenues: $46.2 billion
expenditures: $53.68 billion (2016
est.)
semiconductors and electronics
assembly, food and beverage
manufacturing, construction,
electric/gas/water supply, chemical
products,
radio/television/communications
equipment and apparatus, petroleum
and fuel, textile and garments, non-
metallic minerals, basic metal
industries, transport equipment
8.4% (2016 est.)
rice, fish, livestock, poultry, bananas,
coconut/copra, corn, sugarcane,
mangoes, pineapple, cassava
$43.44 billion (2016 est.)
$43.2 billion (2015 est.)
semiconductors and electronic
products, machinery and transport
 Brunei
Exports - Japan 36.1%, South Korea
partners 14.9%, Thailand 10.9%,
India 9.3%, NZ 5.6%,
Australia 5% (2015)
Imports $3.648 billion (2016 est.)
$3.359 billion (2015 est.)
Imports - machinery and mechanical
commodities appliance parts, mineral
fuels, motor vehicles,
electric machinery
Imports - Singapore 27.9%, China
partners 25.3%, Malaysia 12.3%,
UK 10.6%, South Korea
4.9% (2015)
Debt - external $0 (2014)
$0 (2013)
note: public external debt
only; private external debt
unavailable
Exchange rates Bruneian dollars (BND) per
US dollar -
1.386 (2016 est.)
1.3749 (2015 est.)
1.3749 (2014 est.)
1.267 (2013 est.)
1.25 (2012 est.)
Philippines
equipment, wood manufactures,
chemicals, processed food and
beverages, garments, coconut oil,
copper concentrates, seafood,
bananas/fruits
Japan 21.1%, US 15%, China 10.9%,
Hong Kong 10.6%, Singapore 6.2%,
Germany 4.5%, South Korea 4.3%
(2015)
$77.52 billion (2016 est.)
$66.51 billion (2015 est.)
electronic products, mineral fuels,
machinery and transport equipment,
iron and steel, textile fabrics, grains,
chemicals, plastic
China 16.2%, US 10.8%, Japan 9.6%,
Singapore 7%, South Korea 6.5%,
Thailand 6.4%, Malaysia 4.8%,
Indonesia 4.4% (2015)
$77.47 billion (31 December 2016
est.)
$74.76 billion (31 December 2015
est.)
Philippine pesos (PHP) per US dollar
-
47.08 (2016 est.)
45.503 (2015 est.)
45.503 (2014 est.)
44.395 (2013 est.)
42.23 (2012 est.)
 Brunei Philippines

Fiscal year 1 April - 31 March calendar year

Current $1.061 billion (2016 est.) $601 million (2016 est.)

Account $2.072 billion (2015 est.) $7.266 billion (2015 est.)
Balance

GDP (official $10.46 billion (2016 est.) $311.7 billion (2016 est.)
exchange rate)

Market value of $NA $290.4 billion (31 December 2016

publicly traded est.)
shares $286.1 billion (31 December 2015
est.)
$318 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

Commercial 5.5% (31 December 2016 4.09% (31 December 2016 est.)
bank prime est.) 4.4% (31 December 2015 est.)
lending rate 5.5% (31 December 2015
est.)

Stock of $6.909 billion (31 $184.9 billion (31 December 2016

domestic credit December 2016 est.) est.)
$5.323 billion (31 $167 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
December 2015 est.)

Stock of narrow $3.467 billion (31 $61.74 billion (31 December 2016
money December 2016 est.) est.)
$3.31 billion (31 December $56.69 billion (31 December 2015
2015 est.) est.)

Stock of broad $10.29 billion (31 $191 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
money December 2016 est.) $179.1 billion (31 December 2015
$10.16 billion (31 est.)
December 2015 est.)

Taxes and other 28.3% of GDP (2016 est.) 14.8% of GDP (2016 est.)
revenues
 Brunei Philippines

Budget surplus -15.9% of GDP (2016 est.) -2.4% of GDP (2016 est.)
(+) or deficit (-)

GDP - household household consumption: 73.6%

composition, by consumption: 21.7% government consumption: 11.1%
end use government investment in fixed capital: 24.6%
consumption: 23.6% investment in inventories: -0.4%
investment in fixed exports of goods and services: 28%
capital: 37.6% imports of goods and services: -
investment in 36.9% (2016 est.)
inventories: 0%
exports of goods and
services: 50.8%
imports of goods and
services: -33.7% (2016
est.)

Gross national 44.2% of GDP (2015 est.) 25.5% of GDP (2016 est.)
saving 55.1% of GDP (2014 est.) 23.4% of GDP (2015 est.)
60.5% of GDP (2013 est.) 24.3% of GDP (2014 est.)

Energy
Brunei Philippines

Electricity - production 4.2 billion kWh (2014 est.) 90.8 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - consumption 3.766 billion kWh (2014 74.15 billion kWh (2016 est.)
est.)

Electricity - exports 0 kWh (2014 est.) 0 kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - imports 0 kWh (2014 est.) 0 kWh (2016 est.)

Oil - production 115,300 bbl/day (2015 5,502 bbl/day (2016 est.)

est.)
 Brunei Philippines

Oil - imports 0 bbl/day (2014 est.) 215,800 bbl/day (2016 est.)

Oil - exports 117,600 bbl/day (2014 4,942 bbl/day (2016 est.)

est.)

Oil - proved reserves 1.1 billion bbl (1 January 100 million bbl (1 January
2016 est.) 2016 est.)

Natural gas - proved 390.8 billion cu m (1 98.54 billion cu m (1 January

reserves January 2016 es) 2016 es)

Natural gas - production 10.7 billion cu m (2014 3.979 billion cu m (2016 est.)
est.)

Natural gas - 2.4 billion cu m (2014 3.827 billion cu m (2016 est.)

consumption est.)

Natural gas - exports 8.3 billion cu m (2014 0 cu m (2016 est.)

est.)

Natural gas - imports 0 cu m (2014 est.) 0 cu m (2016 est.)

Electricity - installed 777,000 kW (2014 est.) 21.42 million kW (2016 est.)

generating capacity

Electricity - from fossil 100% of total installed 67.5% of total installed

fuels capacity (2014 est.) capacity (2016 est.)

Electricity - from 0% of total installed 16.9% of total installed

hydroelectric plants capacity (2014 est.) capacity (2016 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear 0% of total installed 0% of total installed capacity

fuels capacity (2014 est.) (2016 est.)
 Brunei Philippines

Electricity - from other 0% of total installed 15.6% of total installed

renewable sources capacity (2014 est.) capacity (2016 est.)

Refined petroleum 10,910 bbl/day (2013 est.) 1.373 million bbl/day (2014
products - production est.)

Refined petroleum 18,000 bbl/day (2014 est.) 329,000 bbl/day (2014 est.)
products - consumption

Refined petroleum 189 bbl/day (2013 est.) 219,800 bbl/day (2014 est.)
products - exports

Refined petroleum 6,099 bbl/day (2013 est.) 1.577 million bbl/day (2014
products - imports est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions 8.4 million Mt (2013 est.) 88 million Mt (2013 est.)
from consumption of
energy

Electricity access population without population without

electricity: 104,788
electrification - total
population: 76%
electrification - urban
areas: 79%
electrification - rural
areas: 67% (2012)
electricity: 20,600,000
electrification - total
population: 88%
electrification - urban
areas: 94%
electrification - rural
areas: 82% (2013)

Telecommunications
Brunei Philippines

Telephones total subscriptions: 38,384 total subscriptions: 3.039 million

- main lines subscriptions per 100 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 3
in use inhabitants: 9 (July 2015 est.) (July 2015 est.)
 Brunei
Telephones total: 463,000
- mobile subscriptions per 100
cellular inhabitants: 108 (July 2015
est.)
Telephone general assessment: service
system throughout the country is
good; international service is
good to Southeast Asia, Middle
East, Western Europe, and the
US
domestic: every service
available
international: country code -
673; landing point for the
SEA-ME-WE-3 optical
telecommunications submarine
cable that provides links to
Asia, the Middle East, and
Europe; the Asia-America
Gateway submarine cable
network provides new links to
Asia and the US; satellite earth
stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian
Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)
(2015)
Internet .bn
country
code
Internet total: 306,000
users percent of population: 71.2%
(July 2015 est.)
Broadcast state-controlled Radio
media Television Brunei (RTB)
operates 5 channels; 3
Malaysian TV stations are
available; foreign TV
Philippines
total: 120.255 million
subscriptions per 100
inhabitants: 119 (July 2015 est.)
general assessment: good
international radiotelephone and
submarine cable services; domestic
and interisland service adequate
domestic: telecommunications
infrastructure includes the following
platforms: fixed line, mobile cellular,
cable TV, over-the-air TV, radio and
Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT),
fiber-optic cable, and satellite for
redundant international connectivity
international: country code - 63; a
series of submarine cables together
provide connectivity to the US, and to
countries like Hong Kong, Guam,
Singapore, Taiwan, Japan, Brunei, and
Malaysia, among others; multiple
international gateways (2016)
.ph
total: 41.106 million
percent of population: 40.7% (July
2015 est.)
multiple national private TV and radio
networks; multi-channel satellite and
cable TV systems available; more than
400 TV stations; about 1,500 cable TV
providers with more than 2 million
 Brunei
broadcasts are available via
satellite systems; RTB operates
5 radio networks and
broadcasts on multiple
frequencies; British Forces
Broadcast Service (BFBS)
provides radio broadcasts on 2
FM stations; some radio
broadcast stations from
Malaysia are available via
repeaters (2017)
Transportation
Brunei
Roadways total: 3,029 km
paved: 2,425 km
unpaved: 604 km (2010)
Waterways 209 km (navigable by craft
drawing less than 1.2 m; the
Belait, Brunei, and Tutong
rivers are major transport
links) (2012)
Pipelines condensate 33 km;
condensate/gas 86 km; gas
628 km; oil 492 km (2013)
Ports and major seaport(s): Muara
terminals oil terminal(s): Lumut, Seria
LNG terminal(s)
(export): Lumut
Merchant total: 9
marine by type: chemical tanker 1,
liquefied gas 8
foreign-owned: 2 (UK 2)
Philippines
subscribers, and some 1,400 radio
stations; the Philippines adopted
Japan’s Integrated Service Digital
Broadcast – Terrestrial standard for
digital terrestrial television in
November 2013 and is scheduled to
complete the switch from analog to
digital broadcasting by the end of 2023
(2016)
Philippines
total: 216,387 km
paved: 61,093 km
unpaved: 155,294 km (2014)
3,219 km (limited to vessels with draft
less than 1.5 m) (2011)
gas 530 km (2014); oil 138 km; refined
products 185 km (2013)
major seaport(s): Batangas, Cagayan
de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Liman, Manila
container port(s) (TEUs): Manila
(3,342,200)
total: 446
by type: bulk carrier 76, cargo 152,
carrier 12, chemical tanker 27,
container 17, liquefied gas 5, passenger
 Brunei Philippines

(2010) 7, passenger/cargo 65, petroleum

tanker 44, refrigerated cargo 20, roll
on/roll off 11, vehicle carrier 10
foreign-owned: 159 (Bermuda 47,
China 4, Denmark 2, Germany 2,
Greece 5, Japan 77, Malaysia 1,
Netherlands 17, Singapore 1, South
Korea 1, Taiwan 1, UAE 1)
registered in other countries: 7
(Cyprus 1, Panama 5, unknown 1)
(2010)

Airports 1 (2013) 247 (2013)

Airports - total: 1 total: 89

with paved over 3,047 m: 1 (2013) over 3,047 m: 4
runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 8
1,524 to 2,437 m: 33
914 to 1,523 m: 34
under 914 m: 10 (2013)

Heliports 3 (2013) 2 (2013)

Military
Brunei Philippines

Military Royal Brunei Armed Armed Forces of the Philippines

branches Forces: Royal Brunei Land (AFP): Army, Navy (includes Marine
Forces, Royal Brunei Navy, Corps), Air Force (2013)
Royal Brunei Air Force
(Tentera Udara Diraja
Brunei) (2013)

Military 17 years of age for
service age and voluntary military service;
obligation non-Malays are ineligible
to serve; recruits from the
army, navy, and air force all
17-23 years of age (officers 20-24) for
voluntary military service; no
conscription; applicants must be single
male or female Philippine citizens
with either 72 college credit hours
 Brunei
undergo 43-week initial
training (2013)
Military 3.28% of GDP (2015)
expenditures - 3.08% of GDP (2014)
percent of GDP 2.28% of GDP (2013)
2.16% of GDP (2012)
2.24% of GDP (2011)
Transnational Issues
Brunei
Disputes - per Letters of Exchange signed
international in 2009, Malaysia in 2010 ceded
two hydrocarbon concession
blocks to Brunei in exchange for
Brunei's sultan dropping claims
to the Limbang corridor, which
divides Brunei; nonetheless,
Brunei claims a maritime
boundary extending as far as a
median with Vietnam, thus
asserting an implicit claim to
Louisa Reef
Philippines
(enlisted) or a baccalaureate degree
(officers) (2013)
1.32% of GDP (2015)
1.09% of GDP (2014)
1.24% of GDP (2013)
1.16% of GDP (2012)
1.21% of GDP (2011)
Philippines
"Philippines claims sovereignty
over Scarborough Reef (also
claimed by China together with
Taiwan) and over certain of the
Spratly Islands, known locally as
the Kalayaan (Freedom) Islands,
also claimed by China, Malaysia,
Taiwan, and Vietnam; the 2002
""Declaration on the Conduct of
Parties in the South China Sea,""
has eased tensions in the Spratly
Islands but falls short of a legally
binding ""code of conduct""
desired by several of the
disputants; in March 2005, the
national oil companies of China,
the Philippines, and Vietnam
signed a joint accord to conduct
marine seismic activities in the
Spratly Islands; Philippines retains
a dormant claim to Malaysia's
Sabah State in northern Borneo
based on the Sultanate of Sulu's
granting the Philippines
Government power of attorney to
pursue a sovereignty claim on his
behalf; maritime delimitation
negotiations continue with Palau
 Brunei
Illicit drugs drug trafficking and illegally
importing controlled substances
are serious offenses in Brunei
and carry a mandatory death
penalty
Refugees and stateless persons: 20,524
internally (2016); note - thousands of
displaced stateless persons, often ethnic
persons Chinese, are permanent residents
and their families have lived in
Brunei for generations; obtaining
citizenship is difficult and
requires individuals to pass
rigorous tests on Malay culture,
customs, and language; stateless
residents receive an International
Certificate of Identity, which
enables them to travel overseas;
the government is considering
changing the law prohibiting
non-Bruneians, including
stateless permanent residents,
from owning land
Source: CIA Factbook
Philippines
"
domestic methamphetamine
production has been a growing
problem in recent years despite
government crackdowns; major
consumer of amphetamines;
longstanding marijuana producer
mainly in rural areas where
Manila's control is limited
IDPs: 87,000 (government troops
fighting the Moro Islamic
Liberation Front, the Abu Sayyaf
Group, and the New People's
Army; clan feuds; natural
disasters) (2016)
stateless persons: 4,636 (2016);
note - stateless persons are
descendants of Indonesian
migrants