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Applied Acoustics
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a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: The operation speed of the algorithm is the critical factor in the real-time monitoring of infrasound
Received 21 September 2015 signals. The existing methods mainly focus on how to improve the accuracy of classification and can’t
Received in revised form 11 January 2016 be used in real time monitoring because of their slow running speed. We adopt spectral entropy into
Accepted 21 June 2016
the feature extraction of infrasound signals. Combined with the support vector machine algorithm, the
Available online 29 June 2016
proposed method effectively extracted the signal features meanwhile greatly improved the operation
efficiency. Experimental results show that the running speed of the proposed method is 1.0 s, which is
Keywords:
far less than 4.7 s of the comparison method. So the proposed method can be applied in real-time
Feature extraction
Spectral entropy
monitoring of earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides and other infrasound events.
Infrasound signal Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Support vector machines
Pattern recognition
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2016.06.019
0003-682X/Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
M. Li et al. / Applied Acoustics 113 (2016) 116–120 117
applied an entropy-based algorithm for the detection of low fre- value and K represents the number of effective singular characteris-
quency heart murmur using support vector machine [14,15]. The tic values that are used to calculate the wavelet singular entropy.
numerical results indicated that the algorithm achieved a good
detection rate. The combination of approximate entropy and sup- 2.1.2. Wavelet Power Spectrum Entropy (WPE)
port vector machines showed strong generalization ability for the The distribution of the infrasound signal energy in the fre-
electroencephalogram signal classification [16,17]. quency domain is reflected in the power spectral entropy [10]. This
In this study, we proposed a feature extraction method based on indicates that the power spectral entropy is effective to extract the
information entropy and then applied it to infrasound signal clas- features from each type of infrasound signal.
sification. We then compared the proposed method with Liu’s Suppose x(t) is the original signal and the signal power spec-
method [10] on the effect of classification and the complexity of trum S(x) can be expressed as follows:
algorithm. The results indicate that, in comparison to other meth-
ods, the proposed method is a little bit less accurate; however, the 1
SðxÞ ¼ jXðxÞj2 ð2Þ
operating speed of the classification algorithm is greatly improved. 2pN
This makes the proposed method to be a feasible method for real- In Eq. (2), X(x) represents the discrete Fourier transform of the orig-
time monitoring and analysis of infrasound signals. inal signal x(t), N is the points number of Fourier transform.
Si represents the i-th value of power spectrum. S = {S1, S2, . . ., SK}
2. Materials and methods can be seen as a type of split on the original signal power division
[23]. In the frequency domain the power spectral entropy is
In this study, a classification framework combining information defined as:
spectrum entropy [18,19] with SVM method [20,21] is proposed to
X
K
extract effective feature vectors of infrasound signals generated by Wpe ¼ pi ln pi ð3Þ
earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic events, followed by infrasound i¼1
signal classification. The integrated classification framework pro-
posed in this study is also shown in Fig. 1. In Eq. (3), pi ¼ PSKi , it represents a proportion of the i-th power
S
i¼1 i
WSE has the capability to reflect the uncertainty of the infrasound of the i-th scale in the energy of all scales, K represents the decom-
signal energy distribution in the time–frequency domain. Wavelet position number of scale.
Singular Spectrum Entropy is defined by the following formula (1):
2.2. Infrasound signal classification based on support vector machine
X
K
Wse ¼ pi ln pi ð1Þ
i¼1
Support vector machine has many unique advantages for the
classification and regression prediction in solving small sample,
where Wse represents the extracted wavelet singular spectrum nonlinear and high dimension problems [24,25]. Due to the small
entropy. pi ¼ PkKi , represents a proportion of the i-th singular amount of simulation data and high dimension of feature vectors,
k
i¼1 i
we chose SVM as a classifier.
value in the singular value spectrum. ki represents the i-th singular
The support vector machine constructs a hyperplane in a high-
or infinite-dimensional space, which can be used for classification.
Wavelet Power f ðxÞ ¼ w x þ b: ð5Þ
Spectrum Entropy
ni, and the optimization becomes a tradeoff between a large margin used in this study. The details of the infrasound data collected from
and a small error penalty. different areas are shown in Table 2. Each of the 132 infrasound
! signal recordings generated by three different event types comes
1 XN
min kwk2 þ C ni from nine different monitoring stations around the world. The
W;b 2 i¼1 three different infrasound events are volcano, tsunami and earth-
quake. The sampling frequency of all 132 signal recordings is
s:t: yi ðw xi þ bÞ P 1 ni ; i ¼ 1; 2; . . . ; N ð6Þ 20 Hz.
Feature Extraction
2.5
Earthquake
Volcano
Tsunami
2
1.5
Amplitude
1
0.5
0
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3
Feature Vectors
2 2 2
Amplitude
Amplitude
1.5
Amplitude
1.5 1.5
1 1 1
0 0 0
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3
Feature vectors Feature Vectors Feature Vectors
(b) Feature vector set of earthquake (c) Feature vector set of volcano (d) Feature vector set of tsunami
Fig. 2. Feature vectors extracted by spectral entropy.
Table 2
Infrasound classes used for training and testing.
Class number 1 2 3
Event Earthquake Tsunami Volcano
No. of signals (total of 132) 45 42 45
No. of signals used for training (total of 88) 30 28 30
No. of signals used for testing (total of 44) 15 14 15
that was used in Liu’s study [10]. Fig. 4 shows the classification 2.6
result of the method based on DWT and SVM method. The compar-
2.4
ative results compared both the classification accuracy and the
speed of the two methods, shown in Table 3. We can find in the 2.2
table that the classification accuracy is a little lower; however,
2
the operating speed is greatly improved. The faster algorithm
makes it more applicable to the real-time monitoring of infrasound 1.8
signals.
1.6
4. Conclusions 1.4
1.2
This study combined the information entropy and the SVM clas-
sification algorithm and utilized this method in the classification of 1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
infrasound signal. Numerous simulation tests were carried out in
Feature Vectors for Test
order to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Com-
parison test shows that the classification accuracy of the proposed Fig. 3. SVM test results of classification.
120 M. Li et al. / Applied Acoustics 113 (2016) 116–120
Feature Extraction
Earthquake Tsunami
SVM Test for Classification
1 1 3
Normalized Amp
Normalized Amp
Category of Actual
0.5 0.5 2.8 Category of Predicted
2.2
-1 -1
0 5 10 0 5 10
Feature Vectors Feature Vectors 2
Volcano 1.8
1
Normalized Amp
1.6
0.5
1.4
0
1.2
-0.5
1
-1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
0 5 10
Feature Vectors for Test
Feature Vectors
(a) Feather vectors extracted by DWT (b) Test results of classification
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