ESc201A: Introduction to Electronics

Assignment-6

1. The Zener diode in the following circuit has Vz = 12V, Izmin = 2mA, and Pzmax = 0.6W . Determine
the smallest possible Ri such that the voltage across the load is maintained at 12V. With this value of
Ri if the diode is operating in the Zener mode, what is the minimum possible value of RL ? Unless
specified otherwise, assume constant voltage drop model for the diode operating in the Zener region.
Ri
IL

+ +

VS=15V VL RL

− −

Solution:
Ri
I IL

+ IZ + +

VS=15V VZ VL RL

−
− −

VZ = VL = 12V (Zener mode)

IZ,min = 2mA
PZ,max = 0.6W = VZ .IZ,max
=⇒ (12V )IZ,max = 0.6W
=⇒ IZ,max = 0.612 A = 50mA
=⇒ 2mA ≤ IZ ≤ 50mA[Zener mode]
By KCL,
IZ = I − IL
= VSR−V
i
Z
− IL
= (15−12)V
Ri − IL = 3V Ri − IL
2mA ≤ IZ ≤ 50mA
=⇒ 2mA ≤ 3V Ri − IL ≤ 50mA
3V 3V
=⇒ 50mA+I L
< Ri < 2mA+I L
∴ Minimum Ri (i.e. for IL → 0; for RL → ∞)
3V
= Ri,min = 50mA = 60Ω
With Ri = 60Ω
I = VSR−Vi
Z
= (15−12)V
60Ω
3V
= 60Ω = 50mA
2mA ≤ IZ ≤ 50mA
=⇒ 2mA ≤ I − IL ≤ 50mA
=⇒ −48mA ≤ −IL ≤ 0 [Using I = 50mA]
=⇒ 0 ≤ IL ≤ 48mA
VL VZ
Also, IL = R L
=R L
= 12V
RL
=⇒ 0 ≤ 12V RL ≤ 48mA
12V
48mA ≤ RL < ∞
12V
RL,min = 48mA = 250Ω
2. In the following circuit, VL = 12V , Vs = 20V, and IL varies from 0 to 100mA. If the diode is operating
in the Zener mode, determine the value of Ri such that PZmax of the diode is as small as possible.
Determine PZmax for the calculated value of Ri .
Ri
IL

+ +

Vs VL

− −

Solution:
Ri
Is IL

+ IZ + +

Vs VZ VL

−
− −

VL = 12V, Vs = 20V
0 ≤ IL ≤ 100mA
−VL −VZ
Is = VsR i
= VsR i
[∵ VZ = VL ]
Also, Is = IZ + IL
−VZ
∴ IZ + IL = VsR i
Vs −VZ
=⇒ IL = Ri − IZ
Also,
−VZ
0 ≤ VsR i
− IZ ≤ 0.1
Vs −VZ −VZ
=⇒ − Ri ≤ −IZ ≤ 0.1 − VsR i
Vs −VZ Vs −VZ
=⇒ Ri ≥ IZ ≥ Ri − 0.1
PZ,max = VZ .IZ,max
−VZ −VZ
Since, VRsimin ≥ IZ,max ≥ VRsimin − 0.1
The value of IZmax is set by its lower limit being ≥ 0. This restrict the minimum PZ,max
20−12
∴ min(IZ,max ) = R imin
− 0.1
Since IZ,max cannot be negative, minimum value of IZ,max is 0
20−12
∴R imin
− 0.1 = 0
8
=⇒ Rimin = 0.1
8
or Rimin = 0.1 Ω = 80Ω
Because IZ,max ≤ 0.1
PZmax = VZ × 0.1 = 12 × 0.1W
=⇒ PZmax = 1.2W

3. Determine the input-output characteristics of the circuit shown on the right for input voltage varying
between -10 and 10 V. Assume that cut-in voltage of the diodes is zero.

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 VZ=3V
10KΩ
VO

VS D1 10KΩ

Solution:
=3V
10KΩ
VO

VS D1 10KΩ

For VS < 0V

10KΩ 10KΩ
VO VO

VS 10KΩ VS

∴ VO = 0V
Both diodes are forward biased in the negative cycle.
For 0 < VS < 3V
10KΩ
VO

VS 10KΩ

VO = 0V as both diodes are reverse biased.

For VS > 3V

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 10KΩ
VO

3V

VS 10KΩ

∴ VO = (VS −3)×10
20
=⇒ VO = 0.5VS − 1.5

4. Design the power supply circuit shown below that will supply 10V to a load of 1000Ω with ripple voltage
less than 0.2V. As part of the design, determine transformer turns ratio and value of capacitance. Assume
that input is 220V rms with a frequency of 50Hz. Assume constant voltage-drop model (0.7 V) for diodes.
D1
N1 N2
VO
RL C
VS

D2

Solution:

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 D1
N1 N2
VO
RL C
VS

D2

Vγ = 0.7V , VO = 10V
∴ Vi = VO + Vγ = √
10 + 0.7V = 10.7V
N1 VS 220× 2
N2 = Vi = 10.7
2
N2
Note: We have used 2 in the above equation because of center tapped transformer.
√
N1 110× 2
∴ =
N2 = 14.53
10.7
Ripple voltage, Vr = 2fVRML C
Also, Vr ≤ 0.2V and VM = 10V
∴ 2fVRML C ≤ 0.2V
10
=⇒ 2×50×1000×C ≤ 0.2
10
or C ≥ 100×1000×0.2 F
=⇒ C ≥ 0.5mF

5. Determine the ac voltage gain of the amplifier A as shown in Fig. 5(a) using the transistor model shown
in Fig. 5(b) and Fig. 5(c) as dotted region. Assume that the device A is biased properly.

2kΩ
IO
A VO
+ +

VS 4kΩ Vi 0.05Vi VO

− −

Fig.5(a)
Fig.5(b)

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 Ii IO

+ +

Vi 5kΩ 0.05Vi 20kΩ VO

− −

Fig.5(c)

Solution: (i)
2kΩ
VO
+

VS Vi 0.05Vi 4kΩ

Vi = VS
VO = −0.05Vi × 4 × 103 V
VO 5
=⇒ VO = −0.05 × 4 × 103 × VS V =⇒ VS = − 100 × 4 × 1000
=⇒ VVOS = −200

(ii)
2kΩ
VO
+

VS Vi 5kΩ 0.05Vi 20kΩ 4kΩ

S ×5
Vi = V5+2 = 5V7S
VO = −0.05Vi (20kΩ||4kΩ)
=⇒ VO = −0.05×20×4×1000
24 Vi
=⇒ VO = −0.05×20×4×1000
24 × 57 VS
VO 5×20×4×1000×5
=⇒ VS = − 100×24×7
=⇒ VVOS = −119.05

6. Carry out DC and AC analysis of the amplifier circuit, with amplifier X, whose device characteristics

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are shown below. Also, sketch ViX , VoX and vO for vS = 0.2 sin(ωt).
[Note: DC Voltage = VI (all capital letters); ac Voltage = vi (all small letters); Net voltage
= Vi (base is in capital and subscript is in small letter; device (A, X, Y or Z) is always in
capital letter]

CC
CB VoX
vO

X
+
10kΩ ViX 1kΩ 2kΩ
vS
−
+
1.7V −

Solution: DC analysis: Open circuit capacitor.

so, the circuit becomes,

Iox Vox

X
+
10kΩ vix 1kΩ

+
1.7V −

X ≡ +

VIx 0.1(VIx − 1.5)

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∴

Iox
Vox
+

10kΩ VIx 0.1(VIx − 1.5)

−
1kΩ

+
1.7V −

VIx = 1.7V
∴ Iox = 0.1(1.7 − 1.5)A
=⇒ Iox = 20mA
∴ Vox = −20 × 10−3 × 103 V
=⇒ Vox = −20V
AC analysis: Short circuit capacitors and DC source. Therefore,the circuit becomes,

vox
vO

1kΩ 2kΩ
vS 10kΩ

vox = vo

X ≡ +

vix 0.1vix

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 vox
+

vix 0.1vix

−
vs 10kΩ 1kΩ 2kΩ

vix = vs = 0.2 sin(ωt)V =⇒ iox = 0.1vix = 0.02 sin(ωt)A

3
∴ vox = −0.1×0.2 sin(ωt)×2×10
3
V
= −13.34 sin(ωt)V
Net values,
Vix = VIX + vix = 1.7 + 0.2 sin(ωt)V
Iox = IoX + iox = 20 + 20 sin(ωt)mA
= 20(1 + sin(ωt))mA
Vox = VoX + vox = −20 − 13.34 sin(ωt)V

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