PIEZOELECTRICS BUZZER

Big word – piezein is greek for “squeeze” Some crystals, when squeezed, make a
spark Turns out the process goes the other way too Spark a quartz crystal, and it
flexes Piezo buzzers use this to make sound (flex something back and forth, it
moves air)

PIEZO BUZZERS
1. Two wires, red & black.
2. Polarity matters: black=ground
3. Apply an oscillating voltage to
Make a noise
4. The buzzer case supports the piezo element and has Resonant cavity for
sound
Diode Rectifier

This is used to convert Alternating Current (AC) to Direct Current (DC). A

bridge rectifier circuit is wired using the diodes IN4001.

The circuit diagram of the bridge rectifier is shown. It is a full wave rectifier.

It consists of four diodes D1-D4 connected to form a bridge ABCD. The primary

coil of a power transformer is fed with the a.c.voltage. The required a.c.voltage to

be rectified is available across the secondary. The ends of the secondary coil are
connected to the opposite ends A and C of the bridge. The other two ends B and D

are connected to the resistance RL (for completing the circuit separately).

Working

The a.c.main voltage applied to the primary of the transformer induces e.m.f

in the secondary coil. The voltage is stepped down. During the positive half of the

cycle of the induced e.m.f let the end A be positive and C be negative. Now the

diodes D1 and D3 conduct current. As these two are in series with the load resistance

RL and transformer primary, current flows through the load in the E to F direction.

This makes the end E positive with respect to F.

During the negative half cycle of a.c. the end B becomes positive with respect

to A. This make the diodes D2 and D4 forward biased, where as the diodes D1 and

D3 are reverse biased. Hence the diodes D2 and D4 conduct, causing the current

flow again from E to F in the load resistance. Thus the end E is again positive with

respect to the point F. For each cycle, this process gets repeated and hence there

flows a direct current (d.c) in the load resistance from E to F. In this way, the

alternating current is converted into direct current.

 The a.c.input voltage form and the rectified d.c.output voltage across the load

resistance are shown in the figure.

The charger section consists of a transformer and a rectifier circuit. The

transformer steps down the 230V AC into 12V AC. The rectifier section rectifies

the AC into required DC. The DC voltage is given to the circuit and also to the

battery for charging.