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6.1
INTRODUCTION
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6.1 Introduction
Columns are structural elements used primarily to support compressive loads. The shape are
usually square, rectangular, circular, L-shaped or orthogonal in cross-section. The function of
column in a structure is to transfer loads from slabs and beams to the foundation. Column
reinforced with longitudinal and transverse steel:
The components in column design are the axial force (N) and the bending
moment (M). If the moment acts about one axis only, it is classified as uniaxial eccentrically
loaded columns; if the moment acts about both axes; it is classified as biaxial eccentrically
loaded columns.
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CHAPTER 6 : DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN
6.2
COLUMNS AND FAILURE MODES
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6.2.1 Slenderness ratio
The slenderness ratio of a column bent about an axis is given by
𝑙𝑜 𝑙𝑜
= =
𝑖 𝐼/𝐴
Where
𝑙0 = the effective length of the column
𝑖 = the radius of gyration about the axis considered
𝐼 = the second moment of area of the section about the axis
𝐴 = the cross-sectional area of the column
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CHAPTER 6 : DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN
Figure 6.1: Different buckling modes and corresponding effective lengths for
isolated members
End condition at bottom
End condition at top
1 2 3
Braced columns
1 0.75 0.80 0.90
2 0.80 0.85 0.95
3 0.90 0.95 1.00
Un-braced columns
1 1.2 1.3 1.6
2 1.3 1.5 1.8
3 1.6 1.8 -
4 2.2 - -
Condition 1 Column connected monolithically to beams on either side
which are at least as deep as the overall dimension of the
column in the plane considered. Where column connected to
a foundation this should be design to carry moment.
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CHAPTER 6 : DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN
For columns is regular frames, an effective length can be determined in the following way :
Braced columns
𝑘1 𝑘2
𝑙0 = 0.5𝑙 1+ 1+
0.45 + 𝑘1 0.45 + 𝑘2
Unbraced columns
𝑘1 . 𝑘2 𝑘1 𝑘2
𝑙0 = 𝑙 . max 1 + 10 . ; 1+ . 1+
𝑘1 + 𝑘2 1 + 𝑘1 1 + 𝑘2
Where
𝑘 = 𝜃 𝐸𝐼
𝑀 . 𝑙
𝑙 is the clear height of compression member between end restrains at each end 𝑘1 and 𝑘2
can be taken as :
It is assumed that any column above or below the column under consideration does not
contribute anything to the rotation restraint of the joint and that stiffness of each connecting
beam is taken as 2𝐸𝐼/𝑙 to allow for cracking effects in the beam.
If an adjacent column in a node is likely to contribute to the rotation at buckling, then
𝐸𝐼/𝑙 in the definition of 𝑘 should be replaced by 𝐸𝐼/𝑙 𝑎 + 𝐸𝐼/𝑙 𝑏 , a and b representing
the column above and below the node.
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CHAPTER 6 : DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN
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CHAPTER 6 : DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN
Un-braced Colum: Column where the lateral stability is only upheld by the column’s own
bending action without any other bracing elements. The load arrangement need include the
effects of horizontal loads.
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CHAPTER 6 : DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN
6.3
REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
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6.3.1 Longitudinal steel
1. A minimum of four bars is required in a rectangular column (one bar in each corner) and six
bars in a circular column. Bar diameter should not be less tan 12mm.
2. The minimum area of steel is given by
0.10𝑁𝐸𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = ≥ 0.002𝐴𝑐
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥
< 0.08
𝐴𝑐
Where, 𝐴𝑠 is the total area of longitudinal steel and 𝐴𝑐 is the cross-sectional area of the column.
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥
< 0.04
𝐴𝑐
Every longitudinal bar or bundle of bars placed in corner should be held by transverse
reinforcement. No bar within compression zone should be further than 150mm from restrained
bar.
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6.3.3 Analysis
In situ reinforced concrete structures behave as rigid frames, and should be analyzed as such.
They can be analyzed as a complete space frame or divided into a series of plane frame. For the
purpose or simplified design calculations the axial force in a column in monolithic braced frame
may be calculated on the assumption that the beams are simply supported. The bending
moments may be calculated using the simplified sub-frame shown in Figure 6.4. The
arrangement of the design ultimate imposed load should be such as to cause the maximum
moment in the column.
Kcu
Wmax Wmax
Wmin
Where:
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CHAPTER 6 : DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN
6.4
DESIGN OF SHORT BRACED COLUMN
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6.4 Design procedure
A procedure for carrying out the detailed design of braced columns (i.e. columns that do not
contribute to resistance of horizontal actions) is shown in Table 6.2.
STE
TASK STANDARD
P
EN 1990 : Table 2.1
1 Determine design life, Exposure class & Fire resistance EN 1992-1-1: Table 4.1
EN 1992-1-2: Sec. 5.6
BS 8500-1: Table A.3
2 Determine material strength
EN 206-1: Table F1
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CHAPTER 6 : DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN
Example 6.1
Figure E7.1 shows plan view and cross-section of two-storey reinforced concrete building. The
building considered braced with provision of bracing elements at certain locations. The size of
column is 275 x 350 mm while sizes of beam are 250 x 400 mm and 250 x 500 mm for
secondary beam and main beam respectively. Calculate the axial force and moment of column
B/2
A B C
6000 8000
1
250 x 500
4000
000
250 x 500
2
250 x 400
250 x 400
250 x 400
4000
000
250 x 500
3
4000
000
250 x 500
4
PLAN VIEW
4000
000
5000
000
1500
000
CROSS-SECTION
Figure E6.1
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CHAPTER 6 : DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN
Project Designed by :
Checked by:
Location
Date:
COLUMN : B/2
z
Secondary
y y L12 = 4.00 m L23= 4.00 m
beam
z w23
Main beam LAB= 6.00 m LBC = 8.00 m
wAB wBC
w12
Roof WAB WBC w12 w23
Gk 20.0 20.0 10.0 10.0
4.0 m Qk 10.0 10.0 5.0 5.0
Max.* 42 42 21 21
* Max = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk *Min = 1.35Gk
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page 2/6
AXIAL LOAD
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page 3/6
BENDING MOMENTS
COLUMN = B/2
z-z
Stiffness, K = bh 3 /12L
5
Column 4.0 m : (275 x 350) 3 / (12 x 4000) = 2.46 x 10
3 5
5.0 m : (275 x 350) / (12 x 5000) = 1.97 x 10
3 5
1.5 m : (275 x 350) / (12 x 1500) = 6.55 x 10
3 5
Beam 6.0 m : (250 x 500) / (12 x 6000) = 4.34 x 10
3 5
8.0 m : (250 x 500) / (12 x 8000) = 3.26 x 10
y-y
Stiffness, K = bh 3 /12L
5
Column 4.0 m : (350 x 275) 3 / (12 x 4000) = 1.52 x 10
3 5
5.0 m : (350 x 275) / (12 x 5000) = 1.21 x 10
3 5
1.5 m : (350 x 275) / (12 x 1500) = 4.04 x 10
3 5
Beam 4.0 m : (250 x 400) / (12 x 4000) = 3.33 x 10
3 5
4.0 m : (250 x 400) / (12 x 4000) = 3.33 x 10
4.0 m 4.0 m
275 x 350 350 x 275
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page 4/6
4.0 m 4.0 m
275 x 350 350 x 275
36.5 kN/m 63.5 kN/m 27.0 kN/m 50 kN/m
5.0 m 5.0 m
275 x 350 350 x 275
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page 5/6
5.0 m 5.0 m
275 x 350 350 x 275
11 kN/m 11 kN/m 11 kN/m 11 kN/m
1.5 m 1.5 m
275 x 350 350 x 275
6.5 0
M z-z (kNm) M y-y (kNm)
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page 6/6
500
clear 4000
height
400
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CHAPTER 6 : DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN
Example 6.2
Design the longitudinal and transverse reinforcement for the column shown in Figure E6.2
below. The column is subjected to 50 years working life, 1 hour fire resistance and build inside
building. Use grade C25/30 concrete and grade 500 steel reinforcement.
N = 1200 kN
Mz
35
250
300
25
Mz kNm
Figure E6.2
Effective height, l0 = 4.2 m
Braced non-slender column
Example 6.3
Design the longitudinal and transverse reinforcement for rectangular columns size 300 x 350
mm. This column is classified as non-slender and subjected to ultimate axial load of 1800 kN
and bending moment of 55 kNm and 32 kNm about major and minor axis respectively. Use
grade C25/30 concrete, grade 500 steel reinforcement and nominal cover concrete of 30 mm.
Verify the suitability of the bar arrangement to meet the requirement for column subjected to
biaxial bending as mention in clause 5.8.6(4) of EC2.
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CHAPTER 6 : DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN
EXAMPLE 6.2 : DESIGN OF NON-SLENDER COLUMN BENT ABOUT MAJOR AXIS page 1/2
SPECIFICATION
300 z
Assumed : f link = 6 mm 25 kNm
f bar = 20 mm Mz
Nominal cover, C nom = 30 mm
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CHAPTER 6 : DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN
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EXAMPLE 6.3 : DESIGN OF NON-SLENDER COLUMN BENT ABOUT BOTH AXIS page 1/6
SPECIFICATION
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CHAPTER 6 : DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN
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140
Ref Calculation Output
141