Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

Pablo Borbon Main II, Alangilan Batangas City
College of Engineering, Architecture & Fine Arts
www.batstate-u.edu.ph Tel. No. (043) 425-0139 loc. 118

Chemical and Food Engineering Department

ChE-530
Industrial Waste Management and Control

Wastewater Management

Geron, Ann Lisette M.

Gutierrez, Venus Abigail D.
Hermosura, Richelle B.

ChE- 5201

Engay, Marie Joy M.

Factor, Shannelle Joy C.
Fiestada, Glezile F.
Ilao, Christine Joy F.

ChE- 5202

Dr. Eufronia M. Magundayao

Instructor, ChE-530

January 23, 2017

 WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT

WHAT IS WASTE WATER?

Waste water or sewage is the byproduct of many uses of water. There are the household
uses such as showering, dishwashing, laundry and, of course, flushing the toilet. Additionally,
companies use water for many purposes including processes, products, and cleaning or rinsing of
parts. After the water has been used, it enters the wastewater stream, and it flows to the
wastewater treatment plant.

POSSIBLE RISKS OF UNTREATED WASTEWATER

- Health risk
- Environmental risk

MAJOR SOURCES OF WASTEWATER

- Inadequately treated domestic wastewater or sewage (48%)

- Agricultural wastewater (37%)
- Industrial wastewater (15%)
- Non-point sources such as rain and groundwater run-offs from solid waste or garbage
deposits which is also known as leachate

Two types of industrial waste water

- Organic industrial wastewater
 contains organic industrial waste flow from those chemical industries and
large-scale chemical works, which mainly use organic substance for
chemical reactions

- Inorganic industrial wastewater

 Produced mainly in the coal and steel industry, in the non-metallic
minerals industry, and in commercial enterprises and industries for the
surface processing of metals

METHODS FOR TREATING WASTEWATER FROM INDUSTRY

Technologies for treating Industrial Wastewater according to its characteristics are
generally divided into three categories: biological methods, chemical methods, and physical
methods.

1. Biological methods of wastewater treatment

The principal applications of the biological processes are: carbonaceous organic material
representing in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal, nitrification, denitrification,
stabilization, and phosphorous removal. It can be classified as Aerobic or Anaerobic. Aerobic
biological processes are commonly achieving high degree of treatment efficiency, while
anaerobic uses the concept of resource recovery and utilization with achieving objective of
pollution control.

2. Chemical methods of wastewater treatment:

This treatment can be used for removing substances through:

1) producing insoluble solids and gas,
2) producing coagulation of a colloidal suspension,
3) producing biological degradable substances from nonbiodegradable,
 4) destroying or deactivating chelating agents, and
5) producingnonobjectionable substances that can be removed more easily.
3. Physical methods of wastewater treatment:

This treatment accomplishes removal of substances by use of naturally occurring forces,

such as gravity, electrical attraction, and van der Waal forces, as well as physical barriers.
Physical methods of WWT include sedimentation, flotation, and adsorption, as well as barriers
such as bar racks, screens, deep bed filters, membranes, electro dialysis and ion exchange.

INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Industrial wastewater treatment covers the mechanisms and processes used to treat
waters that have been contaminated in some way by anthropogenic industrial or commercial
activities prior to its release into the environment or its re-use.

Primary Treatment

- involves the separation of macrobiotic solid matter from the wastewater.

- Primary treatment is done by pouring the wastewater into big tanks for the solid matter to
settle at the surface of the tanks. The sludge, the solid waste that settles at the surface of
the tanks, is removed by large scrappers and is pushed to the center of the cylindrical
tanks and later pumped out of the tanks for further treatment.

Secondary Treatment

- a biological treatment process used to stabilize the dissolved solids. Microorganisms

(e.g., bacteria) feed on the organic solids (food) in the wastewater and convert the
organics into a cellular or biological mass that can later be removed. These biological
processes are aerobic processes. Oxygen must be provided for these aerobic organisms to
work properly and efficiently.

Tertiary Treatment

- Disinfection means the inactivation of disease-causing organisms. In disinfection, the

wastewater following secondary treatment is usually treated in one of two ways: (1)
chlorination or (2) ultra-violet radiation.
 Chlorination involves the use of chlorine, either in the form of a gas (less common
today), or as a liquid (sodium hypochlorite). The chlorine oxidizes the microorganisms.
Some chlorination systems also have dechlorination systems to remove any residual
chlorine.
 Ultraviolet(UV)disinfection systems contact the treated secondary wastewater with UV
light bulbs that are encased in clear housings. The UV light kills pathogenic organisms by
using a germicidal photochemical wavelength.

WASTEWATER TREATMENT METHODS

PHYSICAL TREATMENT METHODS

1. Screening – treatment used for the removal of coarse and settleable solids by interception.
2. Comminutors – devices that cut up solids into smaller and more uniform sizes.
3. Grit Chamber – an enlarged channel where the velocity of wastewater flow is controlled
to allow only the heavier solids to settle out
4. Skimming – method of removing impurities that float on the surface of the wastewater.
5. Sedimentation Tank – consists of cylindrical or rectangular tanks where settleable solids
are removed by gravity
6. Flotation – removal of finely divided solids and grease by floating them to the surface
CHEMICAL PRETREAMENT METHODS
1. Neutralization – acids or bases are added to the influent wastewater in order to neutralize
any acids or bases present and thus control pH.
2. Chemical Precipitation – addition of chemicals for the express purpose of improving
plant performance and removing specific components in wastewater
3. Coagulation – electrochemical process used in the removal of colloidal matter in
wastewater through the addition of coagulating agents allowing solids to cluster.
4. Chemical Flocculation – a physic-chemical process used in the removal of finely divided
solids, a polyelectrolyte is added to wastewater which can form bridges that will join
together the solids.
5. Disinfection – refers to destruction of water forms pathogens (bacteria, viruses, amoebic
cysts) for the sole purpose of preventing transmission of disease through water
6. Ozonization – capable of oxidizing 200 to 300 times more than chlorine. It can reduce
complex taste, odor and color but has no lasting effect and is quite expensive and found
to be toxic to fishes.
7. Chlorination – addition of Cl2 and its compounds (Cl- and HClO-) for disinfecting
wastewater.

BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT METHODS

- Duplication of nature’s self-purification process under contained and controlled
conditions
- Use microorganisms to reduce the biodegradable organic content of the wastewater
1. Activated Sludge Process – continuous re-circulating aerobic biochemical process that
keeps cells in suspended growth
2. Trickling Filters – a fixed bed where wastewater is intermittently discharged and
contacted with biological slimes that have grown in filter media
3. Stabilization Ponds – a large shallow lagoon divided by thermal stratification into an
aerobic surface and anaerobic bottoms
4. Aerated Lagoon – stabilization ponds provided with surface aerators
5. Anaerobic Digestion or Decomposition – generally employed for treatment of organic
sludges and concentrated organic industrial wastes

TREATMENT OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER WITH

DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES

TYPES OF INDUSTRY POLLUTANTS TREATMENT

Power Industry and Cooling
Tower
Pulp and Paper Industry
TECHNOLOGY
 Ammonia cyanide, To control the quality of the
thiocyanate, recirculating stream, water is
 Sulfides removed as blowdown water,
 Wide variety of and water is added to the
complex recirculating stream as make-
hydrocarbons up water to compensate for
 Cyanide at high and loss of water through blow-
low concentrations down, evaporation and drift.
 Chlorinated Anaerobic biological
lignosulphonic acids processes are widely preferred
 Chlorinated resin treatment options in pulp and
acids paper industry effluents
 Chlorinated phenols
 Chlorinated
hydrocarbon in the
effluent
Food and Beverage Industry
Pharmaceutical Industry
Petroleum and Chemicals
Industry
Textile Industry
 Grease and oils MBRs of microfiltration
 Sludge hollow fibre were used for the
treatment of industrial oil
contaminated wastewater with
high removal efficiency
 Antibiotics  Physical treatment
 Trace metals processes include gravity
 Resins separation, phase change
systems, such as air and steam
stripping of volatilesfrom
liquid wastes, and various
filtering operations, including
carbon adsorption.
 Chemical treatment
transforms waste into less
hazardous substances using
such techniques as pH
neutralisation, oxidation
or reduction, and
precipitation. Biological
treatment uses
microorganisms to degrade
organic compounds in the
waste stream.
 Phenols and Organic In order to ensure good
acid quality water, new techniques
 Formic acid and have been developed such a
Acetic acid Biofiltration, MBR(Membrane
 Methanol and heavy Biological Reactor),
alcohols MBBR (Moving Bed Biofilm
 Crude Reactor), ultrafiltration and
reverse osmosis.
 Surfactants Primary Treatment - After
 Pesticides and the removal of gross solids,
phosphates gritty materials and excessive
quantities of oil and grease,
the next step is to remove the
remaining suspended solids as
much as possible.
Secondary Treatment -The
main purpose of secondary
treatment is to provide BOD
removal beyond what is
achievable by simple
sedimentation.

PHILIPPINES REGULATIONS ON WASTEWATER

Clean Water Act of 2004 (RA 9275)
 The State shall pursue a policy of economic growth in a manner consistent with the
protection, preservation and revival of the quality of the country’s fresh, brackish and
marine waters. (Sec. 2)
 One objective of the Clean Water Act is to formulate a holistic national program of water
quality management that recognizes that water quality management issues cannot be
separated from concerns about water sources and ecological protection, water supply,
public health and quality of life. (Sec. 2, c)
 Local Government Units are the key players in the Water Quality Management Areas
designated by DENR in accordance with Sec. 5
 In areas where there are no existing facilities, the LGUs, water districts or water utilities
may adopt septage management program or other sanitation alternatives (Sec. 8.6)
 Table 1. Effluent Standards
EFFLUENT STANDARDS OF
INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
PARAMETERS Standards
pH range 5.0-9.0
COD 200 mg/L
BOD5 (20°C) 120 mg/L
Total Suspended Not more than 30
Solids mg/L increase
Source : DENR DAO #35

REFERENCES:

Conserve Energy Future. (2018). What is Wastewater Treatment and Process of

Wastewater Treatment - Conserve Energy Future. [online] Available at:
https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/process-of-wastewater-treatment.php [Accessed
25 Feb. 2018].

Olano, S. (2012). Reviewer for Chemical Engineering Licensure Examination. 3rd ed.
MRII.