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Contents
Chapter 1 Overview of Inter-RAT Roaming and Handover ...........................................................7
Chapter 2 Inter-RAT Roaming..........................................................................................................7
2.1 Definition of Roaming ............................................................................................................7
2.2 PLMN Selection and Reselection..........................................................................................8
2.2.1 PLMN Selection and Reselection Flow.......................................................................8
2.2.2 PLMN Selection/Reselection Effect in the Inter-RAT Roaming ................................12
2.3 Cell Reselection...................................................................................................................13
2.3.1 3G to 2G Cell Reselection Process ..........................................................................13
2.3.2 2G to 3G Cell Reselection Procedure.......................................................................17
Chapter 3 Inter-RAT Handover in CS Domain ..............................................................................18
3.1 WCDMA-GSM Handover.....................................................................................................18
3.2 GSM–WCDMA Handover....................................................................................................20
Chapter 4 Inter-RAT Handover in PS Domain ..............................................................................24
4.1 WCDMA –GPRS Handover.................................................................................................24
4.2 GPRS –WCDMA Handover.................................................................................................27
Chapter 5 Common Radio Parameters and Data Configuration ................................................29
5.1 3G -2G Cell Reselection Parameters ..................................................................................29
5.2 2G - 3G Cell Reselection Parameters .................................................................................31
5.3 3G -2G Handover Parameters ............................................................................................32
5.3.1 Handover Decision Process .....................................................................................32
5.3.2 Handover Parameters...............................................................................................33
5.4 Upgrade Required for GSM-WCDMA Cell Reselection ......................................................34
5.5 Data Configuration for Supporting Roaming and Handover between WCDMA and
GSM/GPRS ...............................................................................................................................38
5.5.1 2G MSC Data Configuration .....................................................................................38
5.5.2 Data Configuration Added by BSC ...........................................................................38
5.5.3 Data Configuration Added by 3G MSC.....................................................................39
5.5.4 Data Configuration Added by RNC...........................................................................39
Chapter 6 Inter-RAT Roaming and Handover Strategies ............................................................40
6.1 Common Inter-RAT Handover Strategies ...........................................................................40
6.1.1 Coverage Based Handover ......................................................................................40
6.1.2 Load Based Handover ..............................................................................................40
6.1.3 Service Based Handover ..........................................................................................41
6.1.4 Huawei Inter-RAT Roaming and Handover Strategies.............................................41
6.2 Inter-RAT Roaming and Handover Application Strategies..................................................43
6.2.1 Difficult Reselection and Handover to a 2G Network ...............................................43
6.2.2 Easy Reselection and Handover to a 2G Network ...................................................43
Chapter 7 FAQs ...............................................................................................................................44
7.1 Inter-RAT Ping-pong Reselection........................................................................................44
7.1.1 Phenomenon Description .........................................................................................44
7.1.2 Problem Analysis ......................................................................................................44
7.1.3 Solutions ...................................................................................................................45
7.2 Inter-RAT Ping-pong Handover of PS .................................................................................45
7.2.1 Phenomenon Description .........................................................................................45
7.2.2 Problem Analysis ......................................................................................................45
7.2.3 Solutions ...................................................................................................................46
7.3 Failure in handover from 3G to 2G Network .......................................................................47
7.3.1 Phenomenon Description .........................................................................................47
7.3.2 Problems Analysis ....................................................................................................47
7.3.3 Solution .....................................................................................................................48
Chapter 8 Appendix 1: 2G Measurement by UE...........................................................................49
8.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................49
8.2 Measurement on a GSM System in the CELL DCH State ..................................................50
8.2.1 Measurement of RSSI in GSM Cell Carrier ..............................................................51
List of Tables
Table 1 CN common GSM-MAP NAS system information .................................................................9
Table 2 PS domain system information ............................................................................................10
Table 3 EFLOCI content ...................................................................................................................10
Table 4 EFPSLOCI content...............................................................................................................10
Table 5 Timing for cell reselection by UE .........................................................................................14
Table 6 Parameters in WCDMA S rule .............................................................................................15
Table 7 Parameters in WCDMA R rule .............................................................................................15
Table 8 3G–2G cell reselection parameters .....................................................................................29
Table 9 2G–3G cell reselection parameter .......................................................................................31
Table 10 3G–2G handover parameters ............................................................................................33
Table 11 New added table: Description of 3G neighbor cells...........................................................34
Table 12 Modified table: system information data (added field) .......................................................35
Table 13 Filling method of fields in SI2quater...................................................................................35
Table 14 Filling method of fields modified in SI3 ..............................................................................37
Table 15 Number of GSM carrier RSSI ............................................................................................51
Table 16 Combination of TGL1, TGL2, and TGD in GSM ................................................................51
Table 17 Combination of TGL1, TGL2, and TGD in UTRAN............................................................52
Table 18 Gap length and maximum time difference .........................................................................53
Table 19 Nidentify_abort values of sample sequence in compression mode ..........................................53
Table 20 Values of Nre-confirm_abort and Tre-confirm_abort in patterns..........................................................54
Table 21 Relationship between length of measurement occasion and number of GSM carrier RSSI
samples .............................................................................................................................................57
Table 22 Relationship between measurement occasion length and max. time difference...............57
Table 23 Parameter and meanings...................................................................................................61
List of Figures
Figure 1 Roaming in core network ......................................................................................................8
Figure 2 UE flow in the idle mode .......................................................................................................9
Figure 3 PLMN auto selection/reselection ........................................................................................12
Figure 4 WCDMA–GSM handover signaling flow .............................................................................19
Figure 5 WCDMA–GSM handover signal tracing .............................................................................19
Figure 6 GSM–WCDMA handover flow ............................................................................................21
Figure 7 GSM–WCDMA handover signaling tracing.........................................................................21
Figure 8 WCDMA–GPRS handover flow (1).....................................................................................24
Figure 9 WCDMA–GPRS handover flow (2).....................................................................................25
Figure 10 WCDMA–GPRS handover signaling tracing ....................................................................25
Figure 11 GPRS–WCDMA handover (1) ..........................................................................................27
Figure 12 GPRS–WCDMA handover (2) ..........................................................................................27
Figure 13 Indoor 3G RSCP distribution ............................................................................................48
Figure 14 Frames in compression mode ..........................................................................................59
Figure 15 CMSS parameters ............................................................................................................60
Abstract: This document describes the roaming and handover between WCDMA and GSM, including the
detailed process, radio parameters configuration, and strategy, and lists the present problems
and solutions.
SB Synchronization Burst
UE User Equipment
When UE is powered on or is roaming, UE first must search a network and acquire the
service from the network.
In the idle mode, the behaviors of UE contain PLMN selection and reselection, cell selection
and reselection, and location registration. Figure 2 shows their relationship.
PLMN Selection
Indication
and Reselection
to user Location PLMNs
Registration available
response
PLMN
selected
NAS Control
Cell Selection
and Reselection
Radio measurements
Registration
Area
changes
CM requests
Location
Registration
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
LAC octet 1
octet 2
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
RAC octet 1
If the location registration or update fails (for example, the network rejects UE), or UE leaves
the coverage areas of the PLMN, UE reselects a usable PLMN.
PLMN selection/reselection aims to select a usable PLMN. To select a usable PLMN, UE
keeps a PLMN list. The PLMNs are arranged in the list based on the priority, and UE
searches a PLMN with the highest priority. UE can select/reselects automatically and
manually the PLMN. The auto selection/reselection of PLMN means that UE selects
automatically a PLMN based on the priority. The manual selection/reselection of PLMN
means that the system provides all the PLMNs for a user and the user selects a PLMN.
In the RLMN list, registered PLMN (RPLMN) has the highest priority. RPLMN is the
successfully registered PLMN last time. UMTS Subscriber identity module (USIM) contains
“EFLOCI” and “EFPSLOCI”, and the two files record the RPLMN information.
Table 3 EFLOCI content
1 to 4 TUEI M 4 bytes
5 to 9 LAI M 5 bytes
10 RFU M 1 byte
1 to 4 P-TUEI M 4 bytes
In the two files, LAI (= MCC + MNC + LAC) and RAI (=LAI+RAC) contain Mobile
Country Code (MCC) and Mobile Network Code (MNC), that is, RPLMN.
Whatever UE selects a PLMN automatically or manually, after UE is powered on, UE first
attempts to select a RPLMN. If succeeded, the succeeding operations are not present. If failed,
UE generates a PLMN list (the PLMNs are arranged based on the priority) as follows:
1) HPLMN
2) PLMN in the “User Controlled PLMN Selector with Access Technology” of USIM file
3) PLMN in the “Operator Controlled PLMN Selector with Access Technology” of USIM
file
4) PLMN (arranged randomly) with better signal quality
5) Other PLMNs (arranged based on the signal quality from good to bad)
In the USIM, the file “EFIMSI” records IMSI (MCC+MNC+MSIN), and UE obtains the
HPLMN.
2) and 3) are EFPLMNwAcT and EFOPLMNwACT in the USIM. 4) and 5) are searched
by UE based on the frequency.
UE searches the PLMN one by one based on the PLMN list, and attempts a location
registration.
Although UMTS evolves from GSM, their access technologies are UTRAN and GERAN
respectively. Therefore, specify the preferential access technology for each PLMN. The
priority of access technologies are specified in the file “...with Access Technology”. If the
priority is not specified, select GERAN.
In the following two cases, reselect a PLMN:
Reselect the PLMN required by a user:
z Under any conditions, a user can manually initiate a PLMN reselection.
z Reselection when a user registers VPLMN: After a user registers in a VPLMN due to
the handover/roaming, UE can judge that VPLMN and HPLMN have the same MCC
but a different MNC. At that time, UE tries to return to HPLMN. The solution is that UE
finds HPLMN periodically. The period is specified by USIM defined in the file
“EFHPLMN”. It ranges from six minutes to eight hours. The operators can disable this
function by setting 0 to this period in the file “EFHPLMN” .
Switch Off
C Trying A B
RPLMN
Registration Registration
success failure
E On PLMN A Trying
PLMN
Registration
Registration failure, more in list
successful
On VPLMN of
home country Loss of radio Registration
and timeout coverage of C failure, no moreB
occurs selected PLMN ** User D
in list
D re-selection
The PLMN selection/reselection can realize the Inter-RAT roaming without upgrading GSM
network and WCDMA network.
A user can return to a WCDMA network from a GSM network through the PLMN reselection.
To ensure a smooth transition from a GSM network to WCDMA network within WCDMA
network coverage areas for a WCDMA user, the WCDMA network and GSM network have a
different PLMN, and the WCDMA network is set as a HPLMN in the USIM. The operators
determine the PLMN selection time.
The strategy for reselection and handover between 3G and 2G network in the project of S
commercial office is like this. When meet Inter-RAT measurement initiation conditions and
the signal in 2G network is better than in 3G network, UE reselects from 3G to 2G network
by system information configuration parameters. UE returns to 3G network from 2G network
by periodical reselection of HPLMN. The detailed strategy is as following.
The handover between 2G and 3G includes following situations:
1) In idle state, UE hands off from 3G network to 2G network in two ways.
z If the UE drops from 3G network, it reselects 3G network or 2G network in several
minutes. During the dropping, the UE only use limited emergency services, without
normal services.
z If the UE reselects a 2G network from a 3G network, it returns to 3G network by
periodical reselection of HPLMN.
2) When the UE enjoys services, it hands off to 2G network in two ways.
z The UE hands off to 2G network. It stops services then. It camps on 2G network.
z The UE keeps using services in 3G, without handover to 2G. It stops services in 3G
network. and then returns to idle state. In this state, the UE returns to 2G network.
3) When the UE camps on 2G, it returns to 3G by periodical reselection of HPLMN in idle
state. If the 3G cell to be camped on satisfies the residing conditions, it returns to 3G
network six minutes later. In USIM card the period for HPLMN reselection is six minutes.
When a UE is powered on, it first selects a PLMN. Then it selects the first cell in the PLMN.
After the UE enters the Camped Normally state, it measures.
I. Inter-RAT Measurement
In the serving cell, the UE measures CPICH Ec/Io and CPICH RSCP at least once in each
DTX period (as the following table).
If in the serving cell Squal>SsearchRAT, the UE need not measure the Inter-RAT cells.
Otherwise, the UE starts to measure. In this equation,
z Squal = CPICH_EcNo measure – Qqualmin
z CPICH_EcNo is the measured value of pilot in the serving cell.
z SsearchRAT and Qqualmin are parameters in system information.
After the UE starts to measure the inter-RAT signal, according to the measurement controlled
information in the system information of the serving cell, it measures the signal strength of
the GSM BCCH carrier of each GSM neighboring cell at least in every TmeasureGSM. It
will confirm the BSICs of four strongest GSM BCCHs at least every 30 seconds, and sorts
the confirmed BSICs in order according to reselection criterio (R criterion). If the UE detects
a BSIC not defined in the SI, it does not consider this GSM BCCH when cell reselection. If
the UE fails to decode the BSIC in a GSM BCCH carrier, it does not consider the GSM
BCCH carrier yet.
If Treselection value is not 0 and the signal of a GSM cell is better than that of the serving
cell, the UE evaluates the GSM cell in Treselection period. If the GSM cell remains optimal
during the period, the UE reselects this cell.
The UE measures GSM cells in a time related to DRX period. The relationship is showed in
Table 5. UE must confirm the BSIC of the cell before reselection in Treselection.
Table 5 Timing for cell reselection by UE
Nserv TmeasureFDD [s] TevaluateFDD [s] TmeasureTDD [s] TevaluateTDD [s] TmeasureGSM [s]
DRX cycle
[number of (number of (number of (number of (number of (number of
length [s]
DRX cycles] DRX cycles) DRX cycles) DRX cycles) DRX cycles) DRX cycles)
0.64 (8 DRX 2.56 (32 DRX 0.64 (8 DRX 2.56 (32 DRX 2.56 (32 DRX
0.08 4
cycles) cycles) cycles) cycles) cycles)
0.16 4 0.64 (4) 2.56 (16) 0.64 (4) 2.56 (16) 2.56 (16)
0.32 4 1.28 (4) 5.12 (16) 1.28 (4) 5.12 (16) 5.12 (16)
0.64 4 1.28 (2) 5.12 (8) 1.28 (2) 5.12 (8) 5.12 (8)
1.28 2 1.28 (1) 6.4 (5) 1.28 (1) 6.4 (5) 6.4 (5)
2.56 2 2.56 (1) 7.68 (3) 2.56 (1) 7.68 (3) 7.68 (3)
5.12 1 5.12 (1) 10.24 (2) 5.12 (1) 10.24 (2) 10.24 (2)
Wherein,
Measured cell quality value. The quality of the received signal expressed in
CPICH Ec/N0 (dB) for FDD cells.
Qqualmeas
Applicable only for FDD cells.
Measured cell RX level value. This is received signal, CPICH RSCP for FDD
Qrxlevmeas cells (dBm), P-CCPCH RSCP for TDD cells (dBm) and the averaged
received signal level as specified in [10] for GSM cells (dBm).
Minimum required quality level in the cell (dB). Applicable only for FDD
Qqualmin cells.
UE_TXPWR_MAX_R Maximum TX power level an UE may use when accessing the cell on RACH
ACH (read in system information) (dBm)
In all cells that accord with S rule, UE adopts the R rule as following to list cells in order.
Rs = Qmeas,s + Qhysts
Rn = Qmeas,n - Qoffsets,n
Qoffset1s,n This specifies the offset between the two cells. It is used for TDD and GSM
cells and for FDD cells in case the quality measure for cell selection and
re-selection is set to CPICH RSCP.
Qoffset2s,n This specifies the offset between the two cells. It is used for FDD cells in case
the quality measure for cell selection and re-selection is set to CPICH Ec/No.
Qhyst1s This specifies the hysteresis value (Qhyst). It is used for TDD and GSM cells
and for FDD cells in case the quality measure for cell selection and re-selection
is set to CPICH RSCP.
Qhyst2s This specifies the hysteresis value (Qhyst). It is used for FDD cells if the
quality measure for cell selection and re-selection is set to CPICH Ec/No.
Quality value. The quality value of the received signal derived from the
averaged CPICH Ec/No or CPICH RSCP for FDD cells, from the averaged
P-CCPCH RSCP for TDD cells and from the averaged received signal level for
Qmeas GSM cells. The averaging of these measurement quantities are performed as
specified in [10] and [11]. For FDD cells, the measurement that is used to
derive the quality value is set by the
Cell_selection_and_reselection_quality_measure information element.
UE lists cells in order according to the R rule above. In FDD and GSM cells, UE uses CPICH
RSCP and GSM BCCH RSSI respectively to obtain Qmean, s and Qmean, n, and then calculates R
value. UE uses the offset parameter Qoffset1s, n to calculate Rn and uses the hysteresis
parameter Qhyst1s to calculate Rs.
With calculation to the R value above:
1) If the R value of a GSM neighboring cell is larger than that in the serving cell, and UE
satisfies confirmation and requirement on Treselection, UE reselects the GSM cell.
2) If the R value in an FDD cell is the largest,
z And quality measurement target is CPICH RSCP in selection and reselection of cell, UE
reselects the FDD cell.
z And quality measurement target is CPICH Ec/No, the UE needs to list all FDD cells in
order the second time according to the R rule and selects the best FDD cell. Qmeas,n
and Qmeas,s can be got from CPICH Ec/No and then FDD cells’ R values can be
calculated where Qoffest2s, n is instead of Qoffsets, n to calculate Rn and Qhyst2s is
instead of Qhysts to calculate Rs.
If UE selects a new cell, it needs to satisfy the following conditions:
z The new cell is better than the serving cell in Treselection.
z UE has camped on the serving cell for over one second.
I. Inter-RAT measurement
For UE in Multi_RAT, 3G cell reselection list includes other access technology cells and
frequency. If RLA_C in the serving cell is compared with Qsearch_I threshold, the parameter
Qsearch_I (Qsearch_I means the idle state of CS domain, Qsearch_C_Initial means building
the connection phase of CS domain and Qsearch_P means GPRS domain.) controls whether
to start Inter-RAT measurements.
If 3G cell reselection list includes only one UTRAN frequency, UE can identify within 30s
and reselects a new UTRAN cell. When a different UTRAN frequency appears in the list, 30s
adds to the allowable time. If the same frequency appears in the list, no extra time adds to the
allowable time.
An UE in a Multi_RAT can monitor 64 UTRAN cells. Depending on capacity of UE, the
cells are divided as follows:
z FDD cells include at most three FDD frequencies. Each frequency can be used in 32
cells at most.
z TDD cells include at most three TDD frequencies. Each frequency can be used in 32
cells at most.
II. Algorithm for Reselection from GSM to UTRAN
If 3G cell reselection list in GSM cell system information includes UTRAN frequency, UE
needs to update RLA_C (average received level) in the serving cell and at least six strongest
non-serving GSM cells at least every other 5s.
If in 5s, RSCP measured in UTRAN cell by UE is XXX_Qoffset larger than RLA_C in the
serving cell and non-serving GSM cells, and Cpich_EcNo in the UTRAN cell (in FDD type)
is not less than FDD_Qmin, the UE reselects the UTRAN cell. XXX_Qoffest increases 5 dB
15 seconds before the UE reselects cell.
Note: FDD_Qmin and XXX_Qoffset are from BCCH broadcast in the serving cell. XXX
means different radio technique and mode.
UE can not reselect UTRAN cell until 5 seconds after the UE reselects a proper GSM cell. If
more than one UTRAN cell satisfies criterions above, UE selects the cell with the strongest
RSCP.
TGL, TGD, TGPL, compression method, downlink compression frame type, and power control
parameters in the compression mode.
3. NodeB returns a “RL RECONFIG READ” message to RNC after the resources are ready.
4. RNC delivers again a “PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIG” message to a UE to prepare the
compression mode. This message includes activation time, CMSS and related parameters. They
are TGCFN, TGMP, TGSN, TGL, TGD, TGPL, RPP, ITP, compression method, downlink
compression frame type, and power control parameters in the compression mode.
5. After confirming that UE received the “PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIG” message, RNC
delivers a “RL RECONFIG COMMIT” message to NodeB and tells the time to start
compression mode.
6. After the data configuration, the UE returns a “PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIG
COMPLETE” message to RNC. At that time, compression mode starts.
7. RNC immediately delivers the measurement control and UE performs inter-RAT measurement.
The measurement control message includes related parameters such as GSM cell list, cell
frequency information, and measurement filter coefficient.
8. UE reports RSSI measurement value of each GSM cell.
9. UE reports BSIC Ack. of each GSM cell.
10. If the handover conditions are satisfied, RNC sends a transition request to CN. The request
includes transition type (Inter-RAT handover requires UE), transition cause (often relocation
desirable for radio reasons), source PLMN, source SAI and destination CGI (including
destination PLMN, and LAC).
11. After assigning the related resources at the GSM side, CN delivers a “RELOCATION
COMMAND” message to RNC, which includes layer 3 information, cell, and GSM allocation
related resources.
12. RNC delivers a “HANDOVER FROM UTRAN COMMAND” message to UE. This message
includes RAB ID, activation time, GSM frequency, and GSM message in the BIT form.
13. Because UE disables the transmission when performing GSM configuration, no signal is in the
downlink and NodeB reports a “SIR ERROR” message. This message is optional in the flow.
14. After UE accesses GSM, CN again delivers an “IU RELEASE COMMAND” message to notify
RNC of releasing the resources of UE in the WCDMA.
15. RNC immediately returns an “IU RELEASE COMPLETE” message to CN. The radio resources
of NodeB are released in the following two messages. The air interface does not send a “RNC
connection release” message, because the UE is not present in the WCDMA system.
whether to start inter-RAT handover signaling flow based on the result. GSM adopts TDMA,
so the inter-RAT measurement is performed in idle timeslot, and the GSM system has no
problems of supporting compression mode.
information, IU signaling connection ID, handover cause, RAB configuration information, and
user plane related information.
2. The RNC allocates radio resources for this transition, and configures the NodeB by executing
command RL SETUP. The NodeB transmits and receives radio signals.
3. After establishing the RL successfully, the NodeB returns a “RL SETUP RESPONSE” message.
4. The RNC allocates radio resources and other parameter packets for UE. They are U-RNTI, RAB
information, transmission layer information and physical layer information. The parameters are
configured for UE through the following three modes:
a. Complete configuration: define the parameters at each layer
b. Pre-configuration (pre-definition): several parameter templates are broadcast through
the SI16 and the template sequence and necessary parameters are configured for the UE. The
UE monitors the SI of UTRAN and obtains the parameter configuration based on the
template sequence.
c. Pre-configuration (by default): the 25.331 specifies 10 types of default parameters,
and sets an ID for each type of default parameter. The RNC configures default configuration
ID and other necessary information for the UE.
RNC forwards the information in a “RELOCATION REQUEST ACKNOWLEGE”
message (in the RNC Container cell) of IU interface to BSS by the CN, and then to the UE.
According to RNC-configured default parameter ID, the UE obtains related access
parameters from the pre-configuration (by default) in the SI. It synchronizes directly with
the NodeB in the downlink and the uplink radio transmission is performed after the
synchronization.
5. After detecting the uplink synchronization, the NodeB sends a “RL RESTORE IND” message to
RNC.
6. After receiving a “RL RESTORE IND” message from the NodeB, the RNC sends a
“RELOCATION DETECT” message to CN, and notifies UE of 2G–3G handover. This message
includes no other contents.
7. The UE sends a “HANDOVER TO UTRAN COMPLETE” message to RNC, and it indicates
that terminal handover completes. This messasge also contains CN domain encryption sequence
and activation time.
8. The RNC sends a “UTRAN MOBILITY INFORMATION” message to UE after receiving the
“HANDOVER TO UTRAN COMPLETE” message, and sends the values of timer, CN domain
related information, and UE ID to the UE.
9. After receiving a “HANDOVER TO UTRAN COMPLETE” form the UE, the RNC returns a
“RELOCATION COMPLETE” message to CN while sending a “UTRAN MOBILITY
INFORMATIO” to the UE. This message includes no contents. After the RNC receives an ACK
of SI17 from UE, 2G–3G handover flow completes.
The messages later are a measurement and control process for UE and NodeB and a
process of capability query.
4. RNC delivers again a “PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIG” message to the UE to prepare the
compression mode. This message includes activation time, compression mode sequence and
related parameters. They are TGCFN, TGMP, TGSN, TGL, TGD, TGPL, RPP, ITP, compression
methods, downlink compression frame type, and power control parameters in compression
mode.
5. After the UE receives a “PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIG” message, the RNC delivers a
“RL RECONFIG COMMIT” message to the NodeB, and notifies NodeB of start time of
compression mode.
6. After the UE completes the related configuration based on new data configuration, it returns a
“PHYSICAL CHANNEL RECONFIG COMPLETE” message to the RNC. The compression
mode starts.
7. The RNC immediately delivers the measurement and control to notify the UE of measurement
on other system. It carries GSM cell list, frequency information of each cell, and measurement
filter coefficients.
8. The UE reports RSSI measurement value of each GSM cell based on the measurement report.
9. The UE reports BSIC verification of each GSM cell based on the measurement report.
10. If the handover conditions are satisfied, the RNC initiates a transition flow. It sends a “CELL
CHANGE ORDER FROM UTRAN” message to the UE, and notifies the UT side to initiate a
cell reselection process and hands over to a GPRS system. This message includes destination cell
BSIC, BAND IND (900 M network or 1800 M network), BCCH ARFCN, and NC mode.
11. The UE requires cell reselection to GPRS cell and disables WCDMA transmission. The “SIR
ERROR” report from NodeB is not a mandatory message in the flow.
12. The UE requires cell reselection to GPRS cell, and disables WCDMA transmission. The “RL
FAILURE” from NodeB is not a mandatory message in the flow.
13. After the UE accesses the cell of other system, if the restore of PDP content is not required, the
RNC can receive directly an “IU RELEASE COMMAND” message of IU interface. If the
restore is required, the RNC obtains the SRNS CONTEXT information from the RNC, and the
source RNC receives a “SRNS CONTEXT REQUEST” of IU interface. This message includes
RAB ID.
14. The RNC returns a “SRNS CONTEXT RESPONSE” message to CN and notifies the
uplink/downlink SN of GTP and PDCP in the RAB ID.
15. The CN sends a “SRNS DATA FORWARD COMMAND” message to RNC and notifies the user
plane of data transmission. In this message, the CN notifies RNC of destination transmission
layer address and tunnel ID of each RAB data forwarding.
16. After the data transmission, the CN delivers an “IU RELEASE COMMAND” message to notify
RNC of releasing the UE.
17. The RNC immediately returns an “IU RELEASE COMPLETE” message to CN. The radio
resources of NodeB are released in the following two messages. The air interface does not send a
“RNC connection release” message, because the UE is not present in the WCDMA system.
1. The UE selects the cell of UTRAN after the reselection, and initiates a RRC connection setup
flow in the UTRAN cell. The setup cause is “INTERRAT CELLRESELECTION”
2. After the RRC connection setup, the UE initiates automatically an INIT DT flow to establish the
SCCP connection of IU interface and signaling connection of CN NAS layer. UE NAS layer
exchanges the messages with CN NAS layer during the DT.
3. The CN sends a “RAB ASSIGNMENT REQUEST” message through IU interface to notify RNC
of allocating related resources. This message carries RAB ID, QoS parameter, GPT-U
uplink/downlink SN, and PDCP SN.
4. RNC allocates related resources and notifies NodeB by executing command RL SETUP.
5. The RNC sends a “RB SETUP REQUEST” message to the UE. This message carries PDCP
downlink SN.
6. The UE returns a “RB SETUP COMPLETE’ message to RNC. This message carries UE side
downlink PDCP SN. The RNC configures PDCP uplink SN sent by CN and PDCP downlink SN
returned by UE for the PDCP example corresponding to the specified RAN.
7. The RNC returns a “RAB ASSIGNMENT RESPONSE” message to CN.
8. During the service flow restore, RNC PDCP example discards the datagram with small downlink
PDCP SN of downlink PDCP SN from the CN corresponding to the UE. The UE must discard
the datagram whose uplink PDCP SN is smaller than uplink PDCP SN configured by
UTRAN/CN.
and modification by
executing command
MOD
INTERFREQCELL.
For Inter-RAT cell
reselection, setting by
executing command
ADD
INTERRATNCELL,
query by executing
command LST
INTERRATNCELL,
and modification by
executing command
MOD
INTERRATNCELL
Value range:
Integer(-32..20), with the
step of 2, and unit of dB
physical unit: s
Qrxlevmin_GSM GSM cell reselection -50, that is, -99dBm Setting by executing Cell
minimum access level command ADD
INTERRATNCELL,
query by executing
command LST
INTERRATNCEL, and
modification by
executing command
MOD
INTERRATNCEL
For the meanings and adjustment effect of parameters, see Guide to WCDMA RNP System Parameter
Setting.
In addition, three time parameters are fixed in UE and determine the frequency of reselection from 2G
to 3G.
1. The cell reselection to 3G only when 3G cell RSCP in the FDD is higher the RLA_C+
XXX_Qoffset of 2G serving cell and other non-serving cells, and the timer for Ec/No exceeding
FDD_Qmin keeps 5 seconds continuously.
2. In case of a cell reselection occurring within the previous 15 seconds, XXX_Qoffset is increased
by 5 dB
3. Cell reselection to UTRAN shall not occur within 5 seconds after the UE has reselected a GSM
cell from an UTRAN cell if a suitable GSM cell can be found.
The network planning and optimization engineers use the parameters in the following table during the
cell reselection. The RNC version is subject to C03B130.
InterRATCSThdFOR2DEcNo, Ec/No is other -24, that is, -24dBm For cell oriented other
InterRATPSThdFOR2DEcNo, system system handover
InterRATSigThdFOR2DEcNo, measurement algorithm parameter,
InterRATCSThdFor2FEcNo, start/stop threshold
Adding by executing
InterRATPSThdFOR2FEcNo, and of measurement
command ADD
InterRATSigThdFOR2FEcNo value (CS, PS and
CELLINTERFREQHO
single signaling)
, query by executing
HYSTTHD This parameter and 4 command LST
other system CELLINTERFREQHO
quality threshold , and modification by
determine whether executing command
to trigger MOD
Inter-RAT CELLINTERFREQHO
handover decision.
This value
decreases in the
areas with small
shadow fading and
Note:
1. This table sets compression mode start/stop threshold, and Inter-RAT handover threshold based on signaling, CS,
and PS respectively.
2. The new protocol CR specifies that the UE does not report GSM measurement not verified.
MP_CHANGE_ Whether neighbor cell list information After the neighbor cell relation or SI
MARK changes changes, the digit of the first example
is a reverse value of the digit when
SI2quater is delivered. In other
circumstances, the value of this digit is
the same when SI2quater is sent last
time. Under any conditions, the value
of this digit is the same as that in the
first example
SERVING_BAN The measurement report includes at least Used in EMR, and fill in “0”
D_REPORTING the number of neighbor GSM cells with
the same band with serving cell
Qsearch_I The threshold of 3G cell search Fill in “3G cell search threshold in idle
mode”
For specific meanings, see 3GPP 0508
protocol
FDD_Qoffset Cell reselection offset: reselect 3G cell Fill in “3G cell reselection level offset”
only when average received level of 3G
cell is FDD_QoSffset larger than serving
cell
FDD_Qmin 3G cell reselection level threshold: Fill in “3G cell reselection level
reselect the candidate cell only when threshold”
received level of 3G cell must larger than
FDD_Qmin
Qsearch_P Cell reselection level threshold in the Fill in “cell reselection threshold in
packet idle mode idle mode”
For specific meanings, see 3GPP 0508
protocol
3. Modify SI3
Whether SI2tquater message and whether UE reports a “UTRAN CLASSMARK
CHANGE” message are added to the “Rest Octet”IE of SI3 defined in the 3GPP 04.18
protocol, so the SI3 must be modified.
Table 14 Filling method of fields modified in SI3
z Add the records of 3G MSC/VLR number in the cell table of location area. RNC ID
= MCC + MNC + LAC + RNC-ID, location area class is “GCI”, and location area
type is “neighbor VLR area”.
z Add related LAI record, 3G MSC/VLR number. LAI = MCC + MNC + LAC, the
location area class is “LAI”, and location area type is “neighbor VLR area”.
z Change MAP version to “PHASE 2PLUS” in MAP function flow configuration
table.
z Configure MTP layer data to ensure signaling transmission between 2G MSC and 3G
MSC.
z Configure SCCP layer data, and the records of 3G MSC in GT table, SCCP SSN
table and SCCP DSP table to ensure inter-MSC MAP handover related signaling
transmission.
z Configure inter-MSC trunk data, and it is the same as common data configuration
When the roaming from GSM to WCDMA is supported, the GSM BSS must deliver the
following SI:
z Add WCDMA cell and configure the data, including downlink frequency number,
primary scramble, diversity identification, MCC, MNC, LAC, RNC-ID, and
CELL-ID.
z Add other system cell measurement and roaming control messages related to UE in
the IDLE mode, including Qsearch_I, FDD_Qoffset, and FDD_Qmin.
z The above messages are sent to UE through SI 2ter and 2quater.
z UE reselects other system cells based on the above messages.
When the handover from GSM to WCDMA is supported, the GSM BSS must deliver the
following SI:
z Add WCDMA cell and configure the data, including downlink frequency number,
primary scramble, diversity identification, MCC, MNC, LAC, RNC-ID, CELL-ID,
and level threshold for handover to the cell.
z Add other system cell measurement and control messages in Connect sate, including
Qsearch_C.
z The above messages are sent to UE through SI MEASUREMENT INFOMATION.
z When the level of serving cell meets Qsearch_C, the UE measures the 3G cells and
reports periodically the result to BSC.
z BSC initiates a handover to a WCDMA system.
z Add 2G MSC neighbor location cell information in 3G MSC location cell table.
LAI = MCC + MNC + LAC, the location area class is “LAI”, and location area
type is “neighbor VLR area”.
z Add related 2G MSC/VLR number, GCI=MCC+MNC+LAC+CI, location area class
is “GCI”, and location area type is “neighbor VLR area”.
z Add related 2G MSC/VLR number.
z Configure MTP layer data to ensure signaling transmission between 2G MSC and 3G
MSC
z Configure SCCP layer data, and the records of 2G MSC in GT table, SCCP SSN
table and SCCP DSP table to ensure inter-MSC MAP handover related signaling
transmission.
z Configure inter-MSC trunk data, and it is the same as common data configuration
If the roaming from WCDMA to GSM/GPRS is supported, UTRAN must deliver the
following SI:
z Add GSM cell and configure the data, including MCC, MNC, LAC, GSM CELL ID,
NCC, BCC, FREQ_BAND, Frequency Number and CIO;
ADD GSMCELL: MCC="460", MNC="10", LAC="0x0fa0", CID="0x0102", NCC=0,
BCC=0, BCCHARFCN=60, BANDIND=DCS1800_BAND_USED,
RATCELLTYPE=GSM;
ADD INTERRATNCELL: CELLID=123, MCC="460", MNC="10", LAC="0x0fa0",
CID="0x0102", CELLINDIVIDALOFFSET=50, QOFFSET1SN=-50, QRXLEVMIN=-58;
z Configure FACH measurement occasion, and configure whether perform FDD
measurement on other system, TDD measurement on TDD and measurement on
other system in the FACH measurement occasion. If the roaming on other system is
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WCDMA RNO Special Guide Inter-RAT Roaming and Handover Internal Open
required, the measurement on other system starts in the FACH measurement occasion.
Otherwise, RNC does not deliver GSM neighbor cell information through the SIB11.
MOD CELLMEAS: CELLID=123, INTERFREQINTERRATMEASIND=INTER_RAT,
FACHMEASIND=REQUIRE, FACHMEASOCCACYCLELENCOEF=3;
z Execute command MOD CELLSELRESEL to configure the SsearchRAT of GSM
system.
z After the data configuration, SsearchRAT and GSM neighbor cell information are
sent in SIB3 and SIB11 respectively.
If the handover from WCDMA to GSM/GPRS is supported, UTRAN must deliver the
following SI:
z Add the GSM cell and configure the information, including MCC, MNC, LAC, GSM
CELL ID, NCC, BCC, FREQ_BAND, Frequency Number, and CIO.
z Execute command MOD CELLMEAS to configure measurement and control on
other system.
In the coverage areas without 3G system, the coverage based handover or cell
reselection is required for smooth transition from GSM to WCDMA.
In the areas with 3G coverage only, the GSM system also support coverage based
handover or cell reselection to ensure handover between GSM and 3G and cell reselection,
and smooth transition to 3G without a GSM system.
Load based handover or cell reselection is used for load sharing between GSM and
WCDMA. The handover is trigger based on the cell load measured by a GSM or WCDMA
network.
For example, whatever the GSM network load is, non-transparent CS data hands over to
WCDMA network to ensure better throughput. When the GSM system load is heavy, partial
voice and transparent data hand over to a WCDMA network. Load based handover adopted
in a GSM network early helps reduce the high load of a GSM network and extra investment
on the GSM network for the operators.
In the packet switched domain, the network controls the cell reselection to realize the
service and load cause based cell reselection, that is, the network can order the terminal to
change the cell or system.
Load based handover and cell reselection aim to use fully two systems to avoid the extra
usage of the other system when one system has idle capacity.
Load balancing strengthens the capacity of the overall system. The capacity of the
overall system is greater than the sum.
Service based handover introduces the service stream in a GSM system or WCDMA
system. Even though the source cell has no overload, the service based load is performed.
During the load based handover/cell reselection or call setup, the service information can be
used. The operators introduce the voice to a GSM system through the function, and all the
VPs and packet data to a WCDMA system to reduce the investment on a 3G circuit network
and a 2G packet network.
The service priority information is saved in the CN (MSC/VLR or SGSN), and tells the
GSM system and radio access part of a 3G system through Iu_PS, Iu_CS, A, or Gb interface.
The complete service handover is performed by CN and access network together. The
CN indicates the access network to hand the service over to a GSM system through optional
cell “service handover” in RAB assignment message, or requires it in a 3G network, or has
no requirement. According to the protocol, “service handover” has three possibilities:
z Handover to GSM should be performed
z Handover to GSM should not be performed.
z Handover to GSM shall not be performed.
If the access network performs Inter-RAT handover based on the requirement of
“service handover”, the CN control Inter-RAT handover is more flexible. The services
handover to a GSM system help the operators make good use of 2G devices.
To reduce the effect of GSM network and signaling exchange, improve the handover
success ratio, and avoid ping-pong handover cell reselection, Inter-RAT interoperation
strategies are as follows:
z The voice service supports the handover from WCDMA to GSM, instead of from
GSM to WCDMA. The GSM network has a good coverage, the operators need not
hand a call over to a WCDMA network through the Inter-RAT handover.
Consequently, the GSM system can avoid frequent ping-pong handover and signal
exchange between WCDMA and GSM without the upgrade.
When the coverage in a 3G network is better than that in a 2G network, the UE must
reside in the 3G network.
If an UE is in IDLE state, and 2G level is better than 3G Delta dB, the UE reselects the
2G network. Delta dB is determined by Qoffset1sn. According to WCDMA R criterion,
Qoffset1sn is a key adjustment parameter and configurable in the network. If Qoffset1sn
(ranging from -50 to 50dB, and defaulted to 0) increases, handover to a 2G network is
difficult, for example, it is set to 50dB.
If an UE is in Connect state, CellIndividualOffset (ranging from -50 to 50dB, and
defaulted to 0) increases to avoid handover to a 2G network, for example, it is set to -50 dB.
The 3G network has better coverage than 2G network in some areas, for example, the
2G network has DAS in the indoors but 3G network does not. When a connected UE moves
from a 3G coverage area to 2G coverage area, it must transit smoothly to a 2G network
without call dropped. When the UE is in IDLE state, it transits smoothly to a 2G network
without call dropped, and Qoffset1sn is set to 0.
When the UE is in Connect state, you can increase the start/stop threshold of
compression mode and start early the compression mode to measure 2G signals (such as
-90/-85dBm), and set CellIndividualOffset to 0. This operation aims to increase the overlay
areas of 3G and 2G and fast handover to 2G when the 3G signal decreases fast from outdoors
to indoors.
Chapter 7 FAQs
3) When the signal quality Ec/Io of the 3G cell is greater than or equal to FDD_Qmin
threshold, the 3G cell can serve as the target cell to be reselected.
4) In the cells that satisfy the previous conditions, the UE select the cell of best quality as
the target cell to be reselected.
Therefore, the key parameter in from 2G network to 3G is FDD_Qmin. The default
configuration is -12 dB.
7.1.3 Solutions
The UE performing PS domain services hands off between 3G network and 2G network.
For Inter-RAT handover of CS and PS, the services for CS and PS are different in handover
between 2G to 3G network.
1) In CS service, after handover from 3G network to 2G network and after release of
services in 2G network, the UE reside again in 3G cell through reselection from 2G
network to 3G network or reselection of PLMN.
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WCDMA RNO Special Guide Inter-RAT Roaming and Handover Internal Open
7.2.3 Solutions
In the office building of a commercial deployment, when the UE makes a voice call in areas
covered by 3G network and moves towards the areas covered by 2G network, the call drops
easily. The call succeeds one or two times every ten times.
The 2G neighbor cells configuration of the 3G network cells that cover the office building in
the WCDMA network parameters is examined. The 2G cells that cover office building need
to be confirmed in the 2G neighbor cells list. UMTS outdoor macrocells are used to perform
3G coverage in the office building, the test route is switched by passing two iron doors. After
the operator opens the door, enters, and closes the door, the signal attenuates sharply. Figure
13 shows the UMTS signal distribution observed by a Scanner.
The signal attenuates sharply, so the handover is not performed in time, and then the call
drops. The key solution is to adjust the Inter-RAT switching parameters. This leads to an
earlier and faster handover.
The operator does as follows:
1) Change the cell independent offset (CIO) in the GSM neighbor cell from 0 dB to 5 dB.
The UE hands off to the GSM cell more easily. Call still drops in test.
2) Change 2D RSCP Threshold from -95 dBm to -85 dBm to -75 dBm. The Inter-RAT
measurement starts earlier. Call still drops in test.
3) Change GSM RSSI Thd from -90 dBm to -95 dBm. The UE hands off to GSM cells
more easily. Call still drops in test.
4) Change 2D Trigger Time from 640ms to 320ms to 0ms. The Inter-RAT measurement
starts more easily. Call still drops in test. Change the parameter back to 640ms.
5) Change the cell location attribute from “carrier border” to “carrier center” (the
associated measurement changes from RSCP to Ec/Io). Change 2D Ec/Io Threshold
from -24 dB to -10 dB. Call still drops in test.
6) Change Inter RAT handover trigger time from 5000ms to 2000ms. The UE performs
Inter-RAT more quickly. Calldrop is improved.
7) Recover the parameter changed in Step 5 as it was.
8) Change Inter RAT handover trigger time from 2000ms to 1000ms. The UE performs
Inter-RAT handover more quickly. Calldrop is solved.
The adjustment results in that the change to the parameter Inter RAT handover trigger time is
the most effective to complete Inter-RAT handover. Now the parameter is changed to
TimeToTrigForVerify in RNC C03B130. The default is 0. This triggers handover more easily.
7.3.3 Solution
8.1 Introduction
The network side must decide whether to measure a GSM system according to the UE
capability. If a UE does not support the cell channel number in a neighbor GSM system or
GSM/GPRS systems, the UE cannot measure the GSM system and the services cannot hand
over to a GSM system or GSM/GPRS systems. If the UE supports the channel numbers in
these neighbor cells, the UE capability decides whether to start the compression mode to
measure a GSM system.
z If the UE requires a compression mode, the UE starts a compression mode to measure a
GSM system in transmission gaps.
z If the UE does not require a compression mode, the UE may have two set of transceivers
and can measure directly a GSM system.
The measurement on a GSM system includes GSM carrier RSSI measurement, initial
confirmation of BSIC measurement, and BSIC reconfirmation measurement. The three
measurements use three different sample sequences in compression mode. Wherein, the BSIC
consists of network color code (NCC) and base station color code (BCC). The BSIC
discriminates neighbor cells. The NCC identifies the network. The BCC discriminates cells
that use the same BCCH channel number at different network borders. When the UE accesses
GSM cells randomly, the random access signaling includes the BSIC value of the GSM cell
to be accessed. The BSS compares the BSIC value with that of the serving cell. If the two
values are different, the BSS rejects the access request. During the measurement on other
system, the UE can measure observation time difference as follows:
T (GSM-SFN) = T(RXGSMj) - T(RXSFNi)
wherein,
z T (RXSFNi) is the starting time of the frame (SFN = 0) on P-CCPCH in the UTRAN
cell i. The transmission of SFN on P-CCPCH is a timing reference on all physical
channels.
z T (RXGSMj) is the starting time of a 51 multiframe on GSM BCCH carrier j. The
multiframe is the closest to T (RXSFNi). If T (RXGSMj) is equal to T (RXSFNi), T
(GSM-SFN) is equal to 0.
The GSM measurement may need three CMSSs simultaneously. The compression mode
affects the system capacity, so how to use compression mode sequence is also important.
In the serial compression mode, the UE does as follows:
1) Measure the GSM RSSI.
The UTRAN side must configure the CMSS for GSM RSSI measurement. The combination
of TGL1, TGL2, and TGD in each compression mode sequence satisfies Table 16.
Table 16 Combination of TGL1, TGL2, and TGD in GSM
14 - undefined
3 3 15…269
4 4 15…269
5 5 15…269
7 7 15…269
10 10 15…269
14 14 15…269
When the UE is in the CELL DCH state, the measurement period of GSM RSSI (TMeasurement
Period, GSM) is 480ms. The measurement precision of GSM RSSI by the UE must satisfy the
specifications in the TS45.008 protocol. In a measurement period, the UE can sample at least
three GSM RSSI values for each centralized GSM carrier. If the UE cannot sample enough
values of each GSM carrier, it measures as more GSM carriers as possible within a
measurement period. If time is limited, the UE must sample at least three values. The GSM
carriers not measured in this period are measured in the next measurement period. Namely,
the period reported to higher level by L1 is an integer times of measurement period.
The BSIC confirmation in GSM cell includes initial confirmation of BSIC and
reconfirmation of BSIC.
The network side measures GSM cells through BSIC confirmation and non-BSIC
confirmation.
If BSIC confirmation is adopted, the UE reports GSM cell verified by BSIC and measures
the ”BSIC initial confirmation” and “BSIC reconfirmation” within the respective gaps.
If the CMSSs of “BSIC reconfirmation” and “BSIC initial confirmation” are not activated
simultaneously, or CMSS of “BSIC reconfirmation” is not activated within one frame after
CMSS of “BSIC initial confirmation” is deactivated, the BSIC is taken as the
non-confirmation BSIC after the UE reports related measurement information. The UE
evaluates the event and submits event trigger reports after BSIC confirmation. The periodical
reports are submitted within a specified interval. Even though the BSIC is not confirmed, the
report indicates BSIC is not confirmed. A GSM cell is taken as a confirmed cell after at least
one “BSIC initial confirmation”. The GSM cell must reconfirm the BSIC within Tre-confirm_abort.
Otherwise, the BSIC is taken as a non-confirmed cell. In a compression gap, if the middle
time point of GSM synchronization burst and that of valid compression gap satisfy the
requests in Table 18, the UE must decode BSIC.
Table 18 Gap length and maximum time difference
Note:
Nidentify_abort is the number of UE attempting to decode BSIC at least twice.
Tidentify_abort is the duration corresponding to Nidentify_abort CMSSs.
2) BSIC Reconfirmation
The UE traces and decodes the BSIC passing BSIC initial confirmation. The UE starts BSIC
reconfirmation within the transmission gap for CMSS of “GSM BSIC reconfirmation”. The
UE maintains the timing relationship of eight confirmed GSM cells during the “BSIC
reconfirmation” using the timing information of each GSM cell of “BSIC initial
confirmation”. The UE updates the timing relationship when succeeding in decoding BSIC.
In each CMSS for “GSM BSIC reconfirmation”, the UE tries to decode the GSM cell BSIC
within the transmission gap.
z If the UE can decode more than one GSM BSICs within a transmission gap, the UE first
decodes the recently-decoded BSIC in the GSM cell.
z If the UE fails to decode the BSIC twice, or it cannot complete “GSM BSIC
reconfirmation” within Tre-confirm_aborts, it aborts the “GSM BSIC reconfirmation”, and
takes the GSM cell as a cell without the “BSIC initial confirmation”.
The UE performs “BSIC reconfirmation” to the eight GSM cells with maximum GSM RSSI.
Table 20 lists the values of Nre-confirm_abort and Tre-confirm_abort from pattern 1 to pattern 15.
Table 20 Values of Nre-confirm_abort and Tre-confirm_abort in patterns
Note:
Nre-confirm_abort is the repeated times of CMSS within Tre-confirm_abort
A UE need measure several items during the GSM cell measurement. The UE measures these
items within transmission gap. Therefore, the transmission gaps for each measurement items
must not be overlapped. Namely, the UE cannot measure RSSI and confirm BSIC within one
transmission gap. This adds requests to the selection of CMSS. Since the sample sequences
are periodical, the UE must not overlap the measurement transmission gaps during repeated
measurement items. In addition, The UE needs to increase the probability of obtaining
measurement item results.
z In the CELL FACH state, the UE must continuously measure confirmed intra-frequency
cells and search new intra-frequency or inter-frequency cells indicated by the network.
z If the intra-frequency cells are configured in monitor set, and the signals satisfy that
CPICH Ec/Io is equal to or greater than -20 dB and SCH_Ec/Io is equal to or greater
than -20 dB, the UE must detect the signal within Tidentify,intra (defined in the protocol
25.133).
z If the inter-frequency cells are configured in a monitor set, the signals satisfy that
CPICH Ec/Io is equal to or greater than -20 dB and SCH_Ec/Io is equal to or greater
than -17 dB, the UE must detect the signal within Tidentify,inter (defined in the protocol
25.133).
The measurement occasion is specified SIB11 or SIB12.
z If the parameter “FACH Measurement occasion cycle length coefficient” is provided in
the “FACH measurement occasion info”:
z When the UE does not support the measurement while monitoring SCCPCH, the
UE performs inter-frequency measurement or Inter-RAT measurement at specified
measurement occasion.
z When the UE supports the measurement while monitoring SCCPCH, the UE
performs inter-frequency measurement or Inter-RAT measurement at different
time.
z If the parameter “FACH Measurement occasion cycle length coefficient” is not provided
in the “FACH measurement occasion info”, the UE performs measurement while
receiving SCCPCH only according to its capability.
The measurement occasion is calculated as follows:
SFN div N = C_RNTI mod M_REP + n * M_REP
wherein,
z M_REP = 2^k. K is “FACH Measurement occasion cycle length coefficient”, and its
value ranges from 1 to 12 (integer).
z N is the number of frames included in the maximum TTI on SCCPCH monitored by
UE.
z C_RNTI is the C_RNTI allocated by CRNC, and it is not empty.
z N = 0, 1, 2…, the SFN must be smaller than maximum value.
From the previous formula,
z C_RNTI mod M_REP decides the offset of measurement occasion in a measurement
period.
z M-REP decides measurement period.
z n is a temporary variable for the convenience of understanding.
If the UE decides a measurement on other system after the cell reselection and evaluation, it
performs the measurement at the SFN point that satisfies the previous formulas.
The protocol 25.133 defines the following rules in the GSM measurement occasion:
z One of every two measurement occasions is allocated to measurement on “Initial
confirmation of BSIC measurement”.
z In the remaining measurement occasions, 3/4 of them are allocated to RSSI
measurement and 1/4 of them are allocated to “BSIC reconfirmation measurement”.
The measurement period of GSM carrier RSSI is 480ms. The measurement precision of GSM
RSSI by UE must follow the protocol TS45.008. The UE can sample at least three GSM
RSSI values for each centralized GSM carrier. If there are too many carriers and the
measurement cannot be completed within a period, the measurement continues in the next
period and each carrier is sampled for at least three times. Different length of measurement
occasion decides different sampling number, so the number of carriers measured in a
measurement period is different.
Table 21 Relationship between length of measurement occasion and number of GSM carrier RSSI samples
4 ± 19100
8 ± 39100
One frame
(10 ms) Transmission gap available for
inter-frequency measurements
In the Figure 14, since the data transmission ratio of compression frames is higher, the power
need be increased. In the idle period the measurement of different frequency is performed.
In the downlink compression mode, if the UE uses the uplink frequency all the time and the
frequency to be measured is close to the uplink frequency, the uplink frequency may interfere
the frequency to be measured. To assure the validity of measurement, the UE must stop
transmitting in uplink. This is the uplink compression mode. In the duel-transceiver scheme,
if the frequency to be measured is close to the uplink frequency, the uplink compression
mode is necessary.
Figure 15 shows the CMSS parameters according to the protocol.
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #TGPRC
TG pattern 1 TG pattern 2 TG pattern 1 TG pattern 2 TG pattern 1 TG pattern 2
TG pattern 1 TG pattern 2
Transmission
Transmission Transmission Transmission gap 2
gap 1 gap 2 gap 1
TGSN TGSN
TGD TGD
TGPL1 TGPL2
The Compression mode sequence consists of pattern 1 and pattern2 alternately. Each pattern
includes one or two transmission gaps. The UTRAN allocates the parameters in compression
mode to UE through signaling.
Figure 15 includes parameters for gap orientation as follows:
z TGCFN is the connection frame number of the radio frame where the first gap of CMSS
is. Namely, it is the starting point of compression mode.
z TGSN is the starting timeslot number of radio frame of which the connection frame
number is TGCFN. A radio frame includes 15 timeslots.
z TGL1 and TGL2 are the durations of the first and second gap respectively by timeslots.
z TGD is the distance of starting points between gap 1 and gap 2 (unit: slot).
z TGPL1 and TGPL2 are the length of pattern 1 and pattern 2 respectively (unit: slot).
The starting point of the first gap is defined through TGCFN and TGSN. The starting point of
the second gap is determined by TGCFN, TGSN, and TGD. The starting point of each pattern
is determined by TGCFN, TGSN, TGD, TGPL1, and TGPL2.
The compression mode includes dual-frame mode and single-frame mode according to
transmission gap length.
z In the single-frame mode, all timeslots of the transmission slot are in the same frame.
z In the dual-frame mode, the timeslots of a transmission slot are in two frames.
According to the protocol, two transmission slots cannot exist in the same frame
simultaneously. The gap length over seven timeslots must adopt dual-frame mode.
There are three ways to realize compression mode: puncturing, the spreading factor reduction,
higher layers dispatching.
The compression mode sample command (SET TGPSCP) is set as an internal one. With it
CMSS is changed. The parameter often needs no change.
ID Name Meaning
ID Name Meaning
TGMP Compression Value range: FDD_MEASUREMENT,
mode target GSM_CARRIER_RSSI_MEASUREMENT,
GSM_INITIAL_BSIC_IDENTIFICATION,
GSM_BSIC_RE-CONFIRMATION
Physical unit: none
Content: the aim to perform measurement in compression mode
Recommended value: none
NIDABORT The maximum Value range: 1–128
repeated times
of coding BSIC Physical unit: none
by UE Content: the maximum repeated times of initial confirmation of BSIC in a
GSM cell
Recommended value: none
TRECONFAB The allowable Value range: 1–20
ORT maximum time
for Physical value range: 0.5–10.0, the step is 0.5
reconfirmation Physical unit: s
of BSIC
Content: the maximum times for reconfirmation of BSIC in a GSM cell
Recommended value: none
TGSN TGSN Value range: 0–14
Physical unit: slot
Content: the starting timeslot number of the first gap in the first
compressed frame in CMSS
Recommended value: none
TGL1 TGL1 Value range: 1–14
Physical unit: slot
Content: the length of gap 1, in the unit of slot
Recommended value: none
TGL2 TGL2 Value range: 1–14
Physical unit: slot
Content: the length of gap 2, in the unit of slot
Recommended value: none
TGD TGD Value range: 15–270
Physical unit: slot
Content: the starting timeslot position offset of compression slot 2
compared with TGSN. 270 indicates undefined. If only one compression
slot is in CMSS, the configuration is undefined, namely, 270
Recommended value: none
ID Name Meaning
TGPL1 TGPL1 Value range: 1–144
Physical unit: frame
Content: the length of CMSS 1, in the unit of frame
Recommended value: none
TGPL2 TGPL2 Value range: 1–144
Physical unit: frame
Content: the length of CMSS 2, in the unit of frame
Recommended value: none
RPP RPP Value range: MODE0, MODE1
Physical unit: none
Content: MODE0 indicates the mode 0, and MODE1 indicates the mode 1.
Recommended value: none
ITP ITP Value range: MODE0, MODE1
Physical unit: none
Content: MODE0 indicates the mode 0, and MODE1 indicates the mode 1.
Recommended value: none
DLFRAMETY Downlink Value range: A, B
PE frame type
Physical unit: none
Content: the frame of type A is the common frame in compression mode,
and for the frame of type B, the TPC bit is inserted in compression mode
to optimize power control capacity
Recommended value: none
NODEBDELT NodeB Value range: Valid, Invalid
ASIR2VALID DeltaSIR2 valid
identity Physical unit: none
Content: valid means that NodeB DeltaSIR2 value is valid, and namely,
the NodeB DeltaSIR2 value may not be equal to the NodeB DeltaSIR1
value; Invalid means that the NodeB DeltaSIR2 value is invalid, and
namely the NodeB DeltaSIR2 value is equal to NodeB DeltaSIR1 value.
Recommended value: none
NODEBDELT NodeB Value range: Valid, Invalid
ASIRAFTER2 DeltaSIRAfter2
VALID valid identity Physical unit: none
Content: valid means that NodeB DeltaSIRAfter2 value is valid, and
namely, the NodeB DeltaSIRAfter2 value may not be equal to the NodeB
DeltaSIRAfter1 value; Invalid means that the NodeB DeltaSIRAfter2
value is invalid, and namely the NodeB DeltaSIRAfter2 value is equal to
NodeB DeltaSIRAfter1 value.
Recommended value: none
ID Name Meaning
NODEBDELT NodeB Value range: 0–30
ASIR1 DeltaSIR1
Physical range: 0–3, the step is 0.1
Physical unit: dB
Content: the added value of downlink target (SIR) of the frame where
TGL1 is
Recommended value: none
NODEBDELT NodeB Value range: 0–30
ASIRAFTER1 DeltaSIRAfter1
Physical range: 0~3, the step is 0.1
Physical unit: dB
Content: the added value of downlink target (SIR) of the next frame where
TGL1 is
Recommended value: none
NODEBDELT NodeB Value range: 0–30
ASIR2 DeltaSIR2
Physical range: 0–3, the step is 0.1
Physical unit: dB
Content: the added value of downlink target (SIR) of the frame where
TGL2 is
Recommended value: none
NODEBDELT NodeB Value range: 0–30
ASIRAFTER2 DeltaSIRAfter2
Physical unit: 0–3, the step is 0.1
Physical unit: dB
Content: the added value of downlink target (SIR) of the next frame where
TGL2 is
Recommended value: none
UEDELTASIR UE DeltaSIR2 Value range: Valid, Invalid
2VALID valid identity
Physical unit: none
Content: valid means that UE DeltaSIR2 value is valid, and namely, the
UE DeltaSIR2 value may not be equal to the UE DeltaSIR1 value; Invalid
means that the UE DeltaSIR2 value is invalid, and namely the UE
DeltaSIR2 value is equal to UE DeltaSIR1 value.
Recommended value: none
UEDELTASIR UE Value range: Valid, Invalid
AFTER2VALI DeltaSIRAfter2
D valid identity Physical unit: none
Content: valid means that UE DeltaSIRAfter2 value is valid, and namely,
the UE DeltaSIRAfter2 value may not be equal to the UE DeltaSIRAfter1
value; Invalid means that the UE DeltaSIRAfter2 value is invalid, and
namely the UE DeltaSIRAfter2 value is equal to UE DeltaSIRAfter1
value.
Recommended value: none
ID Name Meaning
UEDELTASIR UE DeltaSIR1 Value range: 0–30
1
Physical range: 0–3, the step is 0.1
Physical unit: dB
Content: the added value of uplink target (SIR) in the frame where TGL 1
is
Recommended value: none
UEDELTASIR UE Value range: 0–30
AFTER1 DeltaSIRAfter1
Physical range: 0–3, the step is 0.1
Physical unit: dB
Content: the added value of uplink target (SIR) in the next frame where
TGL 1 is
Recommended value: none
UEDELTASIR UE DeltaSIR2 Value range: 0–30
2
Physical range: 0–3, the step is 0.1
Physical unit: dB
Content: the added value of uplink target (SIR) in the frame where TGL 2
is
Recommended value: none
UEDELTASIR UE Value range: 0–30
AFTER2 DeltaSIRAfter2
Physical range: 0–3, the step is 0.1
Physical unit: dB
Content: the added value of uplink target (SIR) in the next frame where
TGL 2 is
Recommended value: none
10.1 Event 2d: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency
is below a certain threshold
A UE shall be able to perform this measurement and the corresponding event reporting
without requiring compressed mode.
When an inter-frequency measurement configuring event 2d is set up, the UE shall:
1> create a variable TRIGGERED_2D_EVENT related to that measurement, which
shall initially be set to FALSE;
1> delete this variable when the measurement is released.
When event 2d is configured in the UE within a measurement, the UE shall:
1> if equation 1 below has been fulfilled for the used frequency during the time
"Time to trigger":
2> if the variable TRIGGERED_2D_EVENT is set to FALSE:
3> set the variable TRIGGERED_2D_EVENT to TRUE;
List of references: