Construction 1: SWELL: Soil Increases in Volume When Loose / Excavated

CONSTRUCTION 1
SWELL : soil increases in volume when loose / excavated CERM 80‐2

  100%  % Swell 
Vloose     VBANK  VBANKLOADFACTOR
  bank density    100% 
% Swell    1   100% 
Density
Volume
1
loose density
   Load Factor  1  % Swell 
 loose density   100 
Load Factor  
 bank density Bank Volume  Loose Volume  Load Factor


SHRINKAGE : soil decreases in volume when it’s compacted CERM 80‐2
  bank density    100%  % Shrinkage 
Volume
% Shrinkage  1    100%
Density
  compacted density  Vcompacted     VBANK

  100% 
 % Shrinkage
Shrinkage Factor  1  Compacted Volume  Bank Volume  Shrinkage Factor
 100
NATURAL STATE → bank, in situ, in-place, virgin

TRANSPORT → loose, sluffed, ‘swell’, bulk compacted
total unit weight Note:
DRY UNIT WEIGHT  In decimal: CERM 35‐18 Conversion
1  water content 6.5% = 0.065 8.33 lb/gal
field dry density (pcf)
RELATIVE COMPACTION   100
laboratory maximum dry density (pcf)
(95% save time money vs 100% compaction) field compaction CERM 35‐18
Excavated volume  required fill  % compaction  RC

1
modified proctor 95%

END AREA VOLUME
 A1  A2  L  ABASE
V L if A = 0 (or small)  V 
2 3
Cut → payment usually for cut

CERM 80‐2
Fill → payment usually for fill METHODS OF COORDINATES CERM 78‐17
STOCK PILE
1 n
 = angle of repose A
2
 y x
i 1
1 i 1  x i 1 
V  LA
r = radius of stock pile
h = height of repose with angle
h  r 2h
r  max height V 
tan  or radius 3
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CONSTRUCTION 2
BORROW PIT average depth – measuring material based on adding/removing from a pit
8.4’ 9.2’ 7.9’

CERM 80‐5 LOOSE 2500
50 8.4  1 9.2  2 7.9  1  4  27
Surface area 50
 A 

V yd3   h i, j
n 
 4  27 
# of corners
LEVELING CERM 78‐10 MASS HAUL DIAGRAM CERM 80‐6

BM + BS = HI
cut
HI – FS = TPELEV volume distance
fill
ENGINEERING ECONOMICS CERM 87‐16

P/F known
given i = % annualy
unknown i/12 = % monthly
?
UNIFORM SERIES
PW FACTOR NPW = PWbenefits – PWcosts
 1  i   1  n Salvage is cost
P  A  P | A, i,n  A   Benefit-Cost Ratio Capitalized costs = PW
 i 1  i n 
 
FW FACTOR B PWbenefits
 >1.0 (GOOD)
 1  i n  1  C PWcos ts
F  A  F | A, i,n  A  
 L 
 
CRANE SAFETY CERM 83‐9

SAFE WORKING LOAD – calculated as a fraction of the weakest components actual breaking
BS Breaking/ultimate strength
strength
FS PL
Elastic Stretch 
Rope 6 x 7 FC AE
Construction Stretch + Elastic Stretch = Total Stretch
BUNDLES STRANDS
Cycle Capacity Cycle Capacity

PRODUCTIVITY Rate   Time 
Time Rate
Pday 
3 yd  8 hr  3600 sec/hr   2160 yd
3
3
Tactual 
Cycle Time
 Pday  2160 Factors 
40 sec Factors
CAPACITY CYCLE TIME
CONSTRUCTION 3
SCHEDULE CERM 86‐17 EARNED VALUE MANAGEMENT

SCHEDULE VARIANCE = BCWP – BCWS BCWS = Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled = Planned Cost
ACWP = Actual Cost of Work Performed = Actual Spent
COST VARIANCE = BCWP – ACWP
BCWP = Budgeted Cost of Work Performed = EARNED VALUE
Area
DURATIONactivity =
Productivity  Crew Size
Precedence Diagram (PDM) Arrow Diagrams (AOA)

- Activity on Node (AON) - Activity on Arrows (AOA)
- Can have any kind of precedence - Activity on Branch
(computer) - FINISH TO START PRECEDENCE (people)
- May have dummy tasks (for logic, doesn’t
consume time) dashed line builds relationship
Activity
Duration
CRITICAL PATH – the earliest possible date of project completion (longest path)
ES DURATION EF
TASK zero float slack
LS FLOAT LF
FORWARD PASS – CRITICAL PATH EF = ES + DURATION (choose larger # when )

BACKWARD PASS LS = LF – DURATION (choose smaller # when )
TOTAL FLOAT TF = LF – ES – DURATION
FREE FLOAT
FINISH TO FINISH FFAB = ESB – EFA (for multiple, choose the smallest)
RESOURCE LEVELING CERM 43‐3 FREE FLOAT
To address overallocation (i.e., situations that demand more resources than are available).
Common ways:
1) Delay the tasks (either by postponing the start dates or extending the completion
dates) until resources become available
2) Split the task so that the parts are completed when planned and the remainders are
completed when resources becomes available
SLUMP CONCRETE CERM 49‐2

1. As WATER CONTENT ↑ STRENGTH ↓
2. As HIGHER SLUMP ↑ STRENGTH ↓
3. Admixtures increase the slump without affecting slump
4. Superplasticizers increase the slump so concrete can be pumped
W ATER ratio CEMENT : SAND : GRAVEL ratio

C EMENT
CONSTRUCTION 4
Resisting Moments
Factor of Safety 
Overturning Moments
BRICK
Center on Center
Posts 250 ft length
26 posts CoC
25 infill panel
Rooks MORTAR
GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES
Xinside  X outside  2  THICKNESS

Yinside  Youtside  2  THICKNESS
OUTSIDE PERIMETER  2  XO  YO 
INSIDE PERIMETER  2  XI  YI 
CROSS SECTION AREA  2  THICKNESS   XO  YI   2  t   XO  YI 
RECESS
OUTSIDE PERIMETER  2 LENGTH  WIDTH  RECESS 

INSIDE PERIMETER  OUTSIDE PERIMETER   4 2     THICKNESS  
VOLUME
 THICKNESS 
use MEAN PERIMETER  OUTSIDE PERIMETER -  4 2   
 2 
VOLUME of CONCRETE  MEAN PERIMETER  HEIGHT  THICKNESS
CRANE OUTRIGGER STABILITY CERM 83‐8
GEOTECHNICAL 1
GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION CERM 35‐4
Coefficient of uniformity Coefficient of curvature

D D302 Mean grain size = D50
Cu  60 Cc  Effective grain size = D10
D10 D60 D10
RELATIVE DENSITY CERM 35‐8
emax  e
DR   100%  e  emax  DR  emax  emin 
emax  emin
    d min    d max   d min
DR   d    100%  d 
  d max   d min    d   D 
1   R    d max   d min 
  d max 
ATTERBERG LIMIT ≤ 0.425 mm (Sieve No. 40) CERM 35‐21
Liquid state
Liquid Limit (LL) Plastic Index (PI)
Increasing
Plastic state
moisture
Plastic Limit (PL) PI = LL - PL

Semisolid state
shrinkage limit
Solid state
SIEVE OPENING
AASHTO CLASSIFICATION CERM 35‐5
#200 ≤ 35% → use AASHTO classification table Plastic Index (PI)

Only if A-1 and A-3 are eliminated – Fig. 2.3 using LL and PI PI = LL - PL
#200 > 35% → “ “ column A-4 – Fig. 2.3 using LL and PI PGI = 0.01(#200 – 15)(PI – 10)
GROUP INDEX OR PARTIAL GROUP INDEX (below Table 35.4)
#200 → (sands & gravels) COARSE GRAIN

#100 → (finer sands, silt, clays) FINE GRAIN
USCS CERM 35‐6 GRAVEL : No. 100 - #4

SAND : #4 - #200
FINE : #200
#200 ≥ 50% → FINE GRAIN

Determine LL and PI
Fig. 2.5 Group Symbol PI < 4 → silt ML
#200 ≤ 50% → COARSE GRAIN
For soils ≤ 5% fine, determine Cu and Cc (Fig. 2.4 Group Symbol)
For soils ≥ 12% fine, determine LL or PI #40 (Fig. 2.6 Group Symbol)
For soils with 5%-12% fine , given
Cu  C c (Fig. 2.6 → Fig. 2.4) dual symbol
GEOTECHNICAL 2
USDA
1) Determine % sand, silt, clay ; % No. 10 ≤ 100% (Sample must be normalized)

2) Plot results on Fig. 2.7
SOIL SAMPLING
UNDISTURBED DISTURBED CERM 35‐32

 o.d.   i.d.
2 2
RQD 
 i
L  100 mm
 100% 
L i  4 in
 100%
Area Ratio   100% Lcore Lcore
 i.d.
2
RQD = Rock Quality Designation

Li  length of intact pieces of core
Lcore  length of core advance
STANDARD PENETRATION TEST CERM 35‐16
E Nm  FM N-value (blows per foot)

N60  Nm 
60
N60  N-value corrected for driving energy
pa
N60 Ncorr  N-value corrected for overburden pressure
v
E  hammer efficiency FM driving energy
pa  atmospheric pressure (14.7 psi ≈ 2000 psf)
 v'  effective overburden pressure
N-value  sum of blows for 2nd increment (6” to 12”) and
3rd increment (12” to 18”) blows per foot
Note:
1st increment → 0” to 6”
2nd increment → 6” to 12”
3rd increment → 12” to 18”
4th increment → 18” to 24”
PROCTOR LAB TEST CERM 35‐18
Theoretical Energy 
Wt   drop  blows  layers 
volume
Standard Proctor Test Modified Proctor Test
- Soil is compacted in 3 layers by 25 - Soil is compacted in 5 layers
hammer blows on each layer - Hammer mass = 10 lbm = 4.5 kg
- Hammer mass = 5.5 lbm = 2.5 kg - Hammer drop = 18 in = 457 mm
- Hammer drop = 12 in = 305 mm - Denser soil
SAND CONE CERM 35‐18
Wo  Wf  Wcone Wo  Wf
Vhole    Vcone
 sand  sand
 Whole
d  
1w Vhole 1  w 
GEOTECHNICAL 3
RELATIVE COMPACTION CERM 35‐18
field dry unit weight  dfield

RC    100%
max dry unit weight  d max
CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO CERM 35‐29

FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
actual stress
CBR   100%
standard stress
 0.1  0.2 CBR0.1 → CBR0.2 < CBR0.1
CBR0.1   100% CBR0.2   100 %
1000 psi 1500 psi RETEST → CBR0.2 > CBR0.1
RESILIENT MODULUS CERM 76‐20
MR psi  1500CBR only if CBR  10
MR psi  2555  CBR 0.64 AASHTO Eq. 1.5.1
FROST SUSCEPTIBILITY
Silt is the most susceptible to frost heave

hc  height of capillary rise (m)
0.15
hc m  D10  effective grain size
D10 mm
PERMEABILITY & SEEPAGE CERM 35‐23 CERM 21‐2

Q  VA  KiA
h
Hydraulic gradient  i 
L
Total head  hz  hp
SEEPAGE VELOCITY CERM 21‐4 FALLING HEAD PERMEABILITY TEST
Ki V hc  seepage velocity aL h0
Vs   K  ln CERM 35‐23
ne ne D10  average discharge velocity At h1
K  hydraulic conductivity h0 = head at start of test (t0)
i  hydraulic gradient
h1 = head at end of test (t1)
ne  effective porosity A = cross sectional area of specimen
a = cross sectional area of stand pipe
COEFFICIENT OF PERMEABILITY CERM 35‐23 t = t1 – t0
V = volume of water
VL t = duration of water connection
K 
hAt Δh = head difference
A = cross sectional area
L = length of specimen
GEOTECHNICAL 4
PORE WATER PRESSURE CERM 35‐14
u   w hp u = pore water pressure

 w = unit weight of water
hp = pressure head ( hp  h  hz )
TOTAL VERTICAL STRESS CERM 35‐14
v   z i i z1 1
z2  2  vA   1 z1   2 z2
A
EFFECTIVE VERTICAL STRESS CERM 35‐14
v'  v  u
pore water
vertical pressure
stress
GEOTECHNICAL 5
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION
POINT LOADS CERM 40‐1
Vertical stress
2.5
 
 3p   1  z = depth
   2  2  r = radial distance
 2 z   1  r
  
z


UNIFORM CIRCULAR CERM 40‐2
  qI Note: max increase

q = applied pressure vertical stress is at center
load  concVconc   wVw I = influence factor
q  x = 0 for influence table
area A
UNIFORM RECTANGULAR CERM 40‐2
B L
M  n
z z
q  Iq
Approximate method = 2V : 1H
Rectangular area:
qBL P
  
 B  2  L  2  B  2  L  2
qr 2 p
Circular area:   2
 2
 z  z
r  2   r  
   2
UNIFORM SQUARE/INFINITE
x
 ?  B Rectangular:
B  2.6  0.84
B

z    L

 ?  B     Note: use superposition
B CERM A‐82  
 1  method for large or
  ?  B (no tables)   q 1   B   various point loads
   B 
1.38  0.62
L  
  1   22   
OR USE EQUATIONS:      
 
Circular (D=B) Square Continuous
 
1.5
    
1.76
  
2.6
 
           
 1   1   1 
  q  1   2

    q 1   2

    q  1   1.38

 
  1   B      1   B      1   B   
           
   22       22       22   
GEOTECHNICAL 6
COMPACTION : increases the density of an unsaturated soil by reducing volume of air in

the voids.
CONSOLIDATION : a time related process of increasing the density of a saturated soil

by squeezing water from soil voids
(clays consolidate slower rate, low permeability)
SETTLEMENT
1) Immediate settlement Coarse grains (sand, gravel) undergo settlement

2) Primary consolidation out at faster rate due to high permeability
3) Secondary compression
NC = Normal Consolidated Clay – effective overburden pressure max
OC = Over-Consolidated Clays – effective overburden less than seen in recent past
Past max = pre-consolidation pressure
NC →  o'   c' ' NC → OCR = 1
OCR  c'
OC →  o'   c' o OC → OCR > 1
NC Sc  primary consolidation settlement
 Cc    f'   o'  initial effective overburden pressure (minus water)

Sc     H log  '   f'  Final effective overburden pressure
 1  eo   o 
H = Soil thickness
Cc  compression index
OC eo  initial void ratio
Case I:  f'   c' Case II:  f'   c'
 Cr    f'   C r    c'   Cc    f' 

Sc   1  e  H log  '  Sc    1  e  H log  '     H log  '  
 o   o   o   o   1  eo   o  
EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIPS CERM 40‐4
for CLAYS : Cc  1.15  eo  0.35  Cr  5%  10% of Cc Cc  0.009  LL  10 

compression initial recompression liquid
index void ratio index limit
RATE OF CONSOLIDATION
St St  settlement of the layer at t

U 
Sc Sc  total settlement
uo  u uo  initial excess pore pressure

U 
uo u  excess pore pressure at t
Cv t Tv  time factor
Tv  2
Hd Cv  coefficient H for one-way drainage
Hd  length of the drainage path
CERM 40‐5
H/2 for two-way drainage
GEOTECHNICAL 7
SHALLOW SPREAD FOOTINGS - spread and mat footings D < 10’
shear strength →   c '   ' tan  '  '  effective stress

 '  effective internal angle
c '  cohesion
GROSS BEARING PRESSURE ( qult )
→ total applied pressure of foundation acting on soil + Wc  Ws
Qg  gross bearing pressure

pg
qult  Qg  pg  pnet  Wc  Ws pg  gross vertical load
A
A  area of applied pressure
NET BEARING PRESSURE NET ALLOWABLE BEARING PRESSURE (FS)
Neglect Wc  Ws Neglect Wc  Ws , divided by FS

pnet qnet p net  all
Qnet  Q net  all 
A FS A
q
qnet  qult   Df q net  all  net  Q net  all or Qg,applied
FS
ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY → no Factor of Safety (FS) CERM 36‐3
for CONTINUOUS FOOTINGS → qult  cNc   Df Nq  0.5 BN c = cohesion

Df  depth of footing
for OTHER SHAPES → qult  cNc Sc   Df Nq  0.5 BN S B = width or diameter of footing
Nc , Nq , N  factors
qnet  qult   Df
SUPPLY DEMAND
qnet q = capacity → Q = force CERM 36‐3
 q(net )all
FS
BEARING CAPACITY IN CLAY CERM 36‐5
qult  cNc Sc   Df
qnet  cNc Sc cohesion
Unconfined
qu
undrained shear strength → su  c  compressive strength
2
BEARING CAPACITY IN SAND CERM 36‐7
qult   Df Nq  0.5 BN S
 
qnet   Df Nq  1  0.5 BN S
GEOTECHNICAL 8
EFFECT OF GROUND WATER ON BEARING CAPACITY
Case 1: Df  D  0
CERM 36‐8
 D'   D1   'D2   Df
 '   sat   w  
Case 2: B  d  0 Case 3: d  B
d  d
    1    ' groundwater is negligible   0
B  B
ECCENTRIC LOADS CERM 36‐9
M
e middle 1/3 of footing ( e  B 6 ):
P
P  6e  P  6e 
Qmin  1 Qmax  1
BL  B  BL  B 
Outside middle 1/3 ( e  B 6 ):
4P
Qmin  0 Qmax 
3L  B  2e 
qult  cNc   Df Nq  0.5 B' N
qnet  qult   Df B'  B  2eB or L'  L  2eL
qnet
q(net )all 
FS
UPLIFT OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
quplift  Fq A Df Fq = breakout factor

A = footing area
  unit weight of soil above footing
Df = depth to base
  D  D
Circular/square Fq  1  2 1  m  f   f Ku tan 
  B  B M = coefficient
Ku = nominal uplift coefficient
   D   B   D
Rectangular Fq  1   1  2m  f     1  f Ku tan 
   B   L   B
GEOTECHNICAL 9
ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE ACTIVE PRESSURE pushes soil forward
for a level backfill

CERM 37‐3
1 1
pa  K a H  2c K a Ra  pa H  K a H 2
2 2
PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE PASSIVE PRESSURE pushes soil backward
for level
CERM 37‐4
1 1
pp  K p H  2c K p Rp  pp H  K p H 2
2 2
CERM 37‐3
RANKINE EARTH PRESSURE COEFFICIENT
CERM 37‐4
Neglect the friction between wall and soil
 cos   cos2   cos2  

K a  cos   
 cos   cos2   cos2  
 
Sloping backfill
 cos   cos2   cos2  
K p  cos   
 cos   cos2   cos2  
 
1 1  sin   
Ka    tan2  45  
K p 1  sin   2
Level
1 1  sin   
Kp    tan2  45  
K a 1  sin   2
EARTH PRESSURE DIAGRAMS

CERM 37‐3
COULOMBS EARTH PRESSURE COEFFICIENT
CERM 37‐4
sin    
2
Ka  2
 sin     sin     
sin  sin     1 
2

 sin     sin     
 
  angle sloping backfill
sin2       inclination of wall face on back side
Kp  2
 sin     sin     
sin  sin     1 
2

 sin     sin     
 
 Ra v  Ra sin  90     
 Ra h  Ra cos  90     
STRUCTURES 1
LRFD CERM 45‐2 WIND

0.90 (FLEXURE) 0.75 (SHEAR)
Mu  1.2MD  1.6ML   Mnominal ↑ DEMAND ↓ RESISTANCE 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L
ASD CERM 45‐2
Apply service loads (no load factors)
fALL STRESS  FALLOWABLE STRESS Allowable stress per material
(ELASTIC)
STRAIN fy HOOKE LAW CERM 44‐2
  P
      E 
L E AE
STRESS CERM 44‐7 Average shear stress

Steel design b
P P VQ V V (web)
AXIAL → ft   SHEAR → fV  fV   h
A bh Ib A tw d
ft Ig My M bh3 I I bh2
CRACKING → Mcr  BENDING → fb   I  S   
yb I S 12 y h /2 6
Material
CONCRETE fc in psi properties
TENSILE STRENGTH → ft  10% of fc ft  7.5 fc CERM 48‐6 ACI 318

SHEAR STRENGTH → Vc  16% ~ 25% of fc in beams Vc  2 fc bd CERM 48‐6 ACI 318
MODULUS of ELASTICITY → Ec  w1.5 33 fc  57, 000 fc CERM 48‐5 ACI 318
# BAR
REBAR →  CERM 48‐8 ASTM
8
ULTIMATE FLEXURE STRENGTH CERM 50‐8 ACI 318
Cc  0.85fc ab Ts  As fy As  area of total bars in the section
Nominal Moment Capacity

H  0
 a
C T Mn  As fy  d   → rectangular section
 2
As fy
a For DESIGN, use  Mn (   0.90 )
0.85fc b
C Force – couple
parallel force
T same magnitude
STRUCTURES 2
T-SECTION 1) Calculate effective width be

CERM 50‐17 ACI 318
2) a  hf  design as reinforced beam
a  hf  CT  Cflanges  Cweb
total compression in concrete area
SHEAR RESISTANCE OF RC MEMBERS CERM 50‐21 ACI 318

Vn  Vc  Vs Vn = total nominal shear resistance
Vc = nominal concrete shear strength
Vc  2 fc bd Vs = nominal rebar shear strength
1
STIRRUPS REQUIRED Vu  Vc (prevents cracking) diagonal
2
Av fy d n = # stirrups (leg) each vertical segment
Vs  Av  stirrups area  n  Ab Ab = area of one stirrups bar
s
Vu Av fy
Vs(required )   Vc smax 
  0.75 50bw
SPACING (SHEAR DEMAND)
Av fy d d
s When: Vs( required )  2Vc  4 fc bw d → smax  but not greater than 24”
Vs(required ) 2
For: 4 fc bw d  Vs  8 fc bw d (prevents overturning)
FLOOR SLABS – REINFORCED CONCRETE
One-way design as 12” wide, find As in unit of in2/ft
Maximum bar spacing for flexure shall be less than 3h or 18”
A  Abar = area of one bar

s  12  bar  CERM 51‐3 ACI 318
 As  As = total steel area
b
TEMP STEEL RATIO
d As h
As
fy  60 ksi   0.0018
Ag
CERM 51‐2 ACI 318
STRUCTURES 3
COLUMN FOOTINGS CERM 55‐3 Gross soil pressure = footing weight

+
Select footing dimensions overburden soil
Considering axial load & +
net allowable soil pressure unfactored building loading
Gross soil pressure ≤ allowable soil pressure
3 FAILURE MODES
1) Bending shear (one-way)

service loads DL+LL
Vn   Vs  Vc   Vu Vs  0  allowable soil pressure
footing area
Vu  qu  tributary area Vc  2 fc bd
Pu Once footing is dimensioned not exceeding
qu    0.75 qallow , then use factor loads. This is used to
A
2) Punching shear (two-way) determine # of rebars, shear capacity
factored loads
3) Flexure (cantilever beam)  qu
Without load factor footing area
P such as 1.2, 1.6, etc
f  service  Fallowable soil pressure
A
qallow  soil capacity to resist pressure base of footing
Net allowable = to resist building loads

= gross qall – footing weight – soil weight above the footing
* No need to deduct footing or soil weight
4) Footings with eccentric columns
STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN CERM 58‐5 AISC

ASD – NO FACTOR LOADS LRFD – FACTOR LOADS
Required Strength ≤ Allowable Strength Required Strength ≤ Design Strength
Rn RL  required strength
RL  Ru   Rn
 Rn  nominal strength
Ru  required strength
Q i

fy or Fu
L  Rn  nominal strength
STRUCTURES 4
STRONG AXIS BENDING I-BEAMS CERM 59‐3
fy AISC
COMPACT SECTION : fb 
b
bf E
FLANGE :  0.38
2tf fy
h E
WEB :  3.76
tw fy
LATERALLY UNBRACED BEAMS CERM 59‐3 AISC
ry
Lp  300 Lp  max unbraced length
fy
E Lb  distance between compression flange bracing points

Lr   ry
0.7fy
DESIGN MOMENT CAPACITY CERM 59‐5 AISC

For compact beams with Lb  Lp :
M n  M p  fy Z x ASD:   1.67 LRFD:   0.90
For beams with Lp  Lb  Lr :

Mn  Cb Mp  BF Lb  Lp   BF = Bending Factor
For beams with Lb  Lr :

M n  fr S x  M p
Beam selection is based on bending moment, then checked for shear.

0.6fy
fv ,allowable   0.4fy (ASD)

fv ,ultimate   0.6fy  0.6fy (LRFD)
  1.5   1.0
Shear Capacity of Web:

Vallowable  0.4fy dw tw (ASD)
Vultimate  Vn  0.6fy dw tw (LRFD)
TRANSPORTATION 1
BEARINGS AND AZIMUTHS
AZIMUTH TO BEARING BEARING TO AZIMUTH
Azimuth is always
from North
BEARING A3 = A3 - 180° AZIMUTH = 180° - δ

BEARING A1 = A1 NE = AZIMUTH
BEARING A2 = 180° - A2 SE = 180° - SE
BEARING A4 = 360° - A4 SW = 180° + SW
NW = 270° + NW
LATITUDE AND DEPARTURE CERM 78‐13
NORTH/SOUTH EAST/WEST 1 STATION = 100 FT

+ - + -
PERCEPTION REACTION TIME PRT = 2.5 sec AASHTO Ch. 3
STOPPING SIGHT DISTANCE CERM 79‐10 SSD on GRADE AASHTO 3‐5
SSD = brake reaction time + braking distance

2
V 
  mph  G = 2% = 0.02 Downgrade (-) a
SSD  1.47V mpht  f
 a   t = 2.5 sec Upgrade (+) 32.2
30    G
 32.2   a = 11.2 ft/sec2 (deceleration)
LEVEL ROADWAY Break Reaction Time
Table 79.2
SSD
V2 Break Distance
SSD  1.47V mpht  1.075 AASHTO 3‐7
a
BRAKING OR SKIDDING DISTANCE DECISION SIGHT DISTANCE (DSD)
Vo2  V 2 a CERM 75‐6
D f PASSING SIGHT DISTANCE AASHTO 3‐9
 a  32.2
30   G
 32.2 
TRANSPORTATION 2
HORIZONTAL CURVES CERM 79‐2
5729.578 ft
R [US arc def
D deg
50 ft  50 ft 
R
D
[US CHORD DEF → Dc  2 sin1   
 R 
 
sin I = 180° – T1 – T2
2
2 RI 100 ft 60° 60°
L  RIRADIANS  I
360 D
SUPERELEVATION AASHTO 3‐32 CERM 79‐9 PT STA = PC STA + L
V2 PC STA = PI STA - T
Rmin  MIN RADIUS USING e + f
15  emax  fmax 
wp
TR 
SRR
w
L l
SRR
HORIZONTAL SSD CERM 79‐11

 28.65S 
HSO  R  1  cos  S = SSD
 R 
R  R  H SO  CL of INSIDE LANE
S   arccos 
28.65  R 
SPIRAL CURVES CERM 79‐18 COMPOUND CURVES AASHTO 3‐84
 
3
3.15 V mph
Ls  OPEN ROAD HIGHWAYS
RC
FLAT RADIUS → SHARPER RADIUS
ft
RAIL : C 1 (U.S.) INTERSECTIONS 1.5 : 1
sec3
RAPID CHANGES 2 : 1
ROAD : C  1  3 (1 to 3)
INTERCHANGE RAMPS
TRANSPORTATION 3
VERTICAL CURVES CERM 79‐12

G1 + G2 ‐
G2  G1 % Rx 2 CREST
R elev X   G1 x  elev BVC BVC
L 2
station SAG
G1 G1 ‐ G2 +
L  KA A  G2  G1 xturning 
point
R
AASHTO 3‐155 AASHTO 3‐161
SSD PSD HSD
CREST CREST SAG
K factor →
CERM 79-16 AASHTO 3-157 CERM 79-18
Condition SSD PSD HSD
CREST CREST SAG Note:
SL AS2 AS 2 AS 2 Assume S < L first,
L L L then solve it. If no,
2158 2800 400  3.5S
solve for S > L
SL 2158 2800 400  3.5S
L  2S  L  2S  L  2S 
A A A
FIXED POINT CERM 79‐13
elev E  elevG
s
elev E  elev F
2d  s  1
L
s 1
TURNING POINT CERM 79‐14
2   G2  G1    elevPVI  elevTP  2   G2  G1    elev BVC  elevTP 

L L
G1G2 G12
Turning Point
decimal
TRANSPORTATION 4
INTERSECTION DESIGN AASHTO 3‐103 MODIFY COLUMNS FOR

EDGE CONDITIONS
TURNING ROADS DESIGN WIDTHS OF PAVEMENT
ISD (INTERSECTION SIGHT DISTANCE) a1 = 18’ + 6’ = 24’ a2 = 18’ + 12’ + 6’ = 36’
SIGHT TRIANGLES AASHTO 9‐30 A = 14.5’ to 18’

t g = time gap for minor road
ISD  1.47Vmajor t g AASHTO 9‐37
vehicle to enter major road
INTERSECTION CONTROLS AASHTO 9‐32
CASE B – INTERSECTIONS WITHOUT STOP CONTROL ON MINOR ROAD MULTIPLE CASES
B1 – LEFT TURN - DO NOT COUNT FIRST LANE, ADD MEDIAN
B3 – CROSSING - DO NOT COUNT FIRST TWO LANES, ADD MEDIAN
MINIMUM LENGTH BETWEEN RAMP TERMINAL/SPACING AASHTO 10‐106
KEY WORDS : - SUCCESSIVE ENTRANCE

EXIT
- SYSTEM / SERVICE
MAXIMUM ACCELERATION LENGTH FOR ENTRANCE TERMINAL AASHTO 10‐110

SPEED CHARACTERISTICS
Time Mean Speed St 

S i
S = speed of ith vehicle
n n = # of vehicle
nL L = length of segment
Space Mean Speed Ss 
 t1 t1 = time
85th percent Total # of observations 0.85 (look in that cum frequency)

Face 10 mph range of speed largest frequency (%)
Mode Modal Speed Highest frequency
Sample Size   = standard deviation
*  tolerance
N N = # of samples
* = no. standard deviation
(if no standard deviation given,
CERM 11‐13 assume 1)
TRANSPORTATION 5
Spacing
SPEED, FLOW, DENSITY CERM 73‐6 S
Headway – time between
v D = # of vehicle per hour per lane (vpmpl) successive
DENSITY → D  S = space mean speed (mph) vehicles (sec/veh)
S
v = flow/rate of flow/volume (vphpl) Spacing – distance between
common points on
successive
3600 sec/hr Spacing
Headway   vehicles (ft/veh)
(sec/veh) flow rate (veh/hr) S
5280 ft/mile
Spacing 
(ft/veh) D
UNIFORM ACCELERATION FORMULAS CERM 71‐4
Speed, distance, acceleration, time

S  Vt
ft SA  SB  solve for t first
5280 mph (1.47) = fps
mile  1.47 Add a to B
sec 1
3600 Vt  Vt  aB t 2  solve t first
hr 2
VOLUME PARAMETERS CERM 73‐4
DHV ADT = Average Daily Traffic

K   DHV  K  AADT
AADT
AADT = Average Annual Daily Traffic
D  peak direction = total year volume / 365
hourly volume = 24-hr count x daily variation factor x monthly factor
two-way hourly volume DHV = 30th highest hourly volume over
D = directional factor = 0.6
DDHV  D  DHV  D  K  AADT
K = 0.9 (urban) ; 0.10 (rural)
actual hour volume VPH DDHV = Directional Design Hour Volume
PHF   1
peak rate of flow 4  V15 min PHF = Peak Hour Factor
SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS CERM 73‐14
v y = length of yellow interval

y t
2a  2Gg
t = driver perception / reaction time (1.0 sec)
v = velocity approaching vehicle (fps)
a = deceleration rate (10 fps2)
G = acceleration (32.2 fps2)
g = grade of approach (in decimal)
TRANSPORTATION 6
CLEARANCE INTERVAL HCM
wL P = width of intersection = w

r  - NO PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC
v
L = length of vehicle (20 ft)
PL v = speed of vehicle through intersection (fps)

r  - PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC
v r = length of red clearance interval
w = width of intersection, length of the vehicle path
from departure stop line to the far side of the
farthest conflicting traffic lane
TRAFFIC SAFETY CERM 75‐7
ACCIDENT ANALYSIS
R = crash rate
A  106 A = # of crashes
INTERSECTION → Rint 
365  T  V
T = time period of analysis (years)
A  108 V = Average Daily Traffic / ADT (veh/day)

ROADWAY SEGMENT → Rseg 
365  T  V  L L = length of segment
SEVERITY INDEX = deaths / accidents
INTERSECTION – CONFLICT POINTS
TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
TRANSITION TAPER MUTCD 6C‐2 6C‐4
WATER RESOURCES 1
FLUID PROPERTIES CERM A‐15 → Absolute viscosity, kinematic viscosity

Surface tension
DENSITY  weight volume Vapor pressure heat
Water: 62.4 lb/ft3 at 50F   8.34 lb/gal 7.48 gal/ft3  

SPECIFIC GRAVITY CERM 15‐15 KINEMATIC VISCOSITY
liquid  absolute viscosity

SG    
water  mass density
FLUID STATICS
Hydrostatic pressure Conversion: 2.31 ft/psi = (144 in2/ft2)/(62.4 lb/ft3)

p
p  h  h 

Pressure head
Pressure on 1
R  pA  lb CERM 15‐6 vertical plane pavg    h1  h2 
2
CERM 15‐6 R  pavg A
FLOW CERM 16‐5
A D CERM 16‐6 CERM A‐21
R R  for or
P 4
 A, P, R for circular pipes
A  0.7854D2  D2
4
P  wetted perimeter
De or Dh  hydraulic diameter  4R
DeV CERM 16‐7
Re  Laminar ≤ 2100 Critical = 2100~4000

BERNOULLI CERM 16‐2
 p  V2   p  V2  KE = energy accelerate stationary body

      z 1         z 2
  1  2g 1   2  2g 2 pE = pressure added when substance pressure is compressed
pE = work performed elevating-body potential
pressure potential
kinetic hA = head added by pump
energy energy
energy
ft ft hE = head by turbine
ft
2 2
p V p V hF = head loss due to friction (ALWAYS DOWN STREAM)
  z1  hA    z2  hE  hF
1 2g1  2 2g2
EGL = POTENTIAL + PRESSURE + KINETIC
DIFFERENCE EGL POINT AND DOWNSTREAM EGL POINT = hF(EF)
HGL = PRESSURE + POTENTIAL
HGL – EGL = KINETIC ENERGY
TOTAL HEAD = Ep + Ev + E2 “without friction” = ft
TOTAL PRESSURE =  H  lb/ft3    ft   lb/ft 2
or  H  / 2.31 ft/psi  psi
WATER RESOURCES 2
FLUID DYNAMICS
HEAD LOSS DUE TO FRICTION CERM 17‐8
fLv 2
DARCY: hf 
2Dg
3.022 Vfps  L 10.44   L  Qgpm 
1.85 1.85
HAZEN WILLIAMS: hf  hf 
  C 1.85  d10 
1.165 4.8655
C 1.85 Dft
pA1V1  pA2V2  A1V1  A2V2
E p  hp  p /  pressure head or static head
DARCY Ev  hv  V 2 /2g  velocity head or dynamic head or kinetic head

E z  hz  z  potential head or elevation head
  specific roughness
 D  relative roughness HAZEN‐WILLIAMS USE NOMOGRAPH CERM A‐48
D  outer diameter of pipe
De  inside diameter of pipe C = H‐W constant C‐values CERM A‐41
g  32.2 ft/sec2 V = fluid velocity (ft/sec)
Q = fluid flow rate (gpm)
Lt  Lpipe   Le
MINOR LOSSES Dord = inside pipe diameter (ft or in)
fLe
K 
CERM 17‐12 V  1.318  C   R 
D  Sf 
0.63 0.54
 fps

Q  0.285  C   d   Sf 
2.63 0.54
HYDRAULIC MACHINES  gpm

p V2 p V2
  z1  hA    z2  hE  hF Where: R = hydraulic radius
 2g  2g d = diameter (in)
Head at Sf = slope of EGL = hf/L (ft/ft)
SUCTION LIFT pump CERM 18‐6
Total suction head
hz  negative fluid source below pump Total discharge head
Total static head = z2  z1 Total head
HORSEPOWER CERM 18‐8
 lb   gal  lb
Mass Flow   8.34   flow
gal   
sec 
 SG 
sec
hA Q (gal/min) Q (ft3 /sec) Mass flow (lb/sec) 
hAQSG hAQSG hA mass flow   whp 
head from Pump Efficiency     100
pump 3956 8.814 550  bhp 
 bhp 
Motor Efficiency     100
Brake Horse Power (bhp) = whp / pump efficiency  ehp 
Electrical/Motor (mhp/ehp) = bhp / motor efficiency
Overall Efficiency  pump eff  motor eff 
Friction of Heat (fhp) = bhp – whp CERM 18‐10
Motor HP – Nema Motor Sizes  whp 
   100
Cost  mhp   0.7457 kW/hp  $/kWh  time in hours   ehp 
WATER RESOURCES 3
IMPELLER TYPES: CERM 26‐11

rpm gpm Radial Vane
SPECIFIC SPEED Ns  CERM 18‐21 Francis Vane
H 0.75
Mixed Flow
NPSHR = Net Positive Suction Head Required Axial or Propeller
NPSHA = Net Positive Suction Head Available
Above pump
hf  in suction pipe only CERM 18‐15
NPSHA =  hatm  hz  hf  hvp hz  above pump    or below pump   
CERM 18‐14 Below pump hvp  vapor pressure head
hatm  atmospheric pressure unless source pressurized
CAVITATION → NPSHA < NPSHR
rpm gpm
SUCTION SPEED Nss 
NPSHR 0.75
PUMP CHARACTERISTIC CURVES CERM 18‐17
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

n = roughness coefficient CERM A‐55
Q  AV S = geometric slope (ft/ft)
CHEZY-MANNING CERM 19‐3 D
Hydraulic radius → R 
V  1.49  R  4
S 
0.67 0.5
Circular channel:
RATIO CURVE CERM A‐47 Full → use CHEZY-MANNING
1.49 Partial → use RATIO CURVE
 A  R  S 
0.67 0.5
Q
n
NORMAL DEPTH CERM 19‐6
D S 
0.375 0.188
 nQfull  nQfull
Qfull  S 
0.375 0.5
D  1.335  0.5   Must be known :

1.335  n 
0.375 2.67
 S   D  Qfull n S
 1.335 
 
Froude Number: FR = 1 (critical flow)
FR < 1 (sub critical flow)
CERM 19‐18
FR > 1 (super critical flow)
HYDRAULIC JUMP CERM 19‐23

0.5
1  2 V 2 d d2
d1   d2    2 
2 2
2  g 4 
 
0.5
1  2 V 2 d d2
d2   d1    1 
1 1
2  g 4 
 
 gd 
V1    2d2   d1  d2 
2
 1
WATER RESOURCES 4
CULVERT CERM 19‐26
METHOD 1 METHOD 2
- Determine type - Determine culvert velocity
- Apply Q equations for that type - Determine diameter
→ given Qreq  Q  VA (neglect barrel friction)
CERM 19‐28
Vt  2gh Vt  theoretical velocity V2 V2  V 2 n2 L
H   Ke    CERM 19‐28
2g  2g  2.21  R 
1.33
C D  C c Cv C D  culvert geometry
CERM 17‐17 H = KE + entrance loss + barrel friction
H  h1  h4
0.5 CERM A‐58
 
  Critical Depth: Determine hc (known = Q, d)
H
V  
CERM 19‐28
 1  Ke Ln2 
   d A
 2g 2.21R1.23  Find A through AP  16 A   2
D D
HYDROLOGY PROBABILITY EQUATIONS
IN PIPE SHEET FLOW SHALLOW CONCENTRATED FLOW

sewer length 0.007  nL 
0.8 length L
tc  tc  
velocity tc  velocity V
p S 
0.4 CERM 20‐3
n = MANNINGS CERM A‐55
p = rainfall in inches 2 yr 24 hr
S = slope HGL
RAINFALL INTENSITY CERM 20‐5

Average depth
K Arithmetic method
i  or IDF CURVE or Isohyetal method
tb Thiessen
PEAK RUNOFF RATIONAL METHOD CERM A‐63
Q  CiA where Q (ft3/sec), C (coefficient), i (inches/hour), A (acres = 43,560 ft2/acres)
INLETS CERM 28‐5
Q  3.0   grate perimeter length  inflow depth

1.5
ft3 /sec
Q  0.7   curb opening length  inlet flow depth  curb inlet depression
1.5
RESERVOIRS = inflow – discharge – seepage – evaporation = volume CERM 20‐22
HYDROGRAPHS - shapes of hydrograph and factors

Hydrograph questions – Volume, Precipitation, Flow Rates
CERM 20‐13

Construction 1: SWELL: Soil Increases in Volume When Loose / Excavated

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Construction 1: SWELL: Soil Increases in Volume When Loose / Excavated

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CONSTRUCTION 1

SWELL : soil increases in volume when loose / excavated CERM 80‐2

  compacted density  Vcompacted     VBANK

NATURAL STATE → bank, in situ, in-place, virgin

Excavated volume  required fill  % compaction  RC

modified proctor 95%

Cut → payment usually for cut

8.4’ 9.2’ 7.9’

LEVELING CERM 78‐10 MASS HAUL DIAGRAM CERM 80‐6

ENGINEERING ECONOMICS CERM 87‐16

CRANE SAFETY CERM 83‐9

Cycle Capacity Cycle Capacity

SCHEDULE CERM 86‐17 EARNED VALUE MANAGEMENT

Precedence Diagram (PDM) Arrow Diagrams (AOA)

FORWARD PASS – CRITICAL PATH EF = ES + DURATION (choose larger # when )

RESOURCE LEVELING CERM 43‐3 FREE FLOAT

SLUMP CONCRETE CERM 49‐2

W ATER ratio CEMENT : SAND : GRAVEL ratio

Xinside  X outside  2  THICKNESS

OUTSIDE PERIMETER  2 LENGTH  WIDTH  RECESS 

CRANE OUTRIGGER STABILITY CERM 83‐8

GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION CERM 35‐4

Coefficient of uniformity Coefficient of curvature

RELATIVE DENSITY CERM 35‐8

Plastic Limit (PL) PI = LL - PL

AASHTO CLASSIFICATION CERM 35‐5

#200 ≤ 35% → use AASHTO classification table Plastic Index (PI)

GROUP INDEX OR PARTIAL GROUP INDEX (below Table 35.4)

#200 → (sands & gravels) COARSE GRAIN

USCS CERM 35‐6 GRAVEL : No. 100 - #4

#200 ≥ 50% → FINE GRAIN

1) Determine % sand, silt, clay ; % No. 10 ≤ 100% (Sample must be normalized)

UNDISTURBED DISTURBED CERM 35‐32

RQD = Rock Quality Designation

STANDARD PENETRATION TEST CERM 35‐16

E Nm  FM N-value (blows per foot)

PROCTOR LAB TEST CERM 35‐18

SAND CONE CERM 35‐18

RELATIVE COMPACTION CERM 35‐18

field dry unit weight  dfield

CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO CERM 35‐29

RESILIENT MODULUS CERM 76‐20

MR psi  1500CBR only if CBR  10

MR psi  2555  CBR 0.64 AASHTO Eq. 1.5.1

Silt is the most susceptible to frost heave

PERMEABILITY & SEEPAGE CERM 35‐23 CERM 21‐2

SEEPAGE VELOCITY CERM 21‐4 FALLING HEAD PERMEABILITY TEST

PORE WATER PRESSURE CERM 35‐14

u   w hp u = pore water pressure

TOTAL VERTICAL STRESS CERM 35‐14

EFFECTIVE VERTICAL STRESS CERM 35‐14

POINT LOADS CERM 40‐1

UNIFORM CIRCULAR CERM 40‐2

  qI Note: max increase

UNIFORM RECTANGULAR CERM 40‐2

COMPACTION : increases the density of an unsaturated soil by reducing volume of air in

CONSOLIDATION : a time related process of increasing the density of a saturated soil

1) Immediate settlement Coarse grains (sand, gravel) undergo settlement

NC Sc  primary consolidation settlement

 Cc    f'   o'  initial effective overburden pressure (minus water)

Case I:  f'   c' Case II:  f'   c'

 Cr    f'   C r    c'   Cc    f' 

EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIPS CERM 40‐4