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Symmetry is an oft-used term though not always in the same precise way.
Symmetry
with determines
simple tools and defines the shape and many of the properties
associated with shape – this is particularly true in crystallography and the
physics of natural materials and phenomena.
Symmetry is about
beauty
aesthetics
…
symmetry is immunity to change
That is, we can flip the left and right sides about the axis and get the
same shape or figure.
an object may have many axes of bilateral symmetry
a page from
Owen Jones’
Grammar of Ornament
patterns and designs with symmetry
Leaf-shaped element,
cotton print block. India
One-dimensional design on a
shard Santa Fe black-on-white
Two-dimensional pattern on a
shard American Southwest
Ceramic design,
Cochlti Pueblo
• combine motions
isometric and perspective
interested in specific kinds of motions
(From the Greek, iso means same, and metron, measurement or length)
notation
ƒ-1 image
s ƒ(s)
ƒ-1(ƒ(s))
classifying rigid motions
dimension
Translation
Reflection
1-D
(along the line) (about the line)
Rotation Glide-Reflection
+ Screw
3-D
transformation
a study in isometric operation: the Villa Rotunda
repeat
mirror
rotation
translation
Human footprints
illustrating a glide reflection
A spatial pattern with glide-reflection
symmetry
However,
I R R2 R3 S RS R2S R3S
I I R R2 R3 S RS R2S R3S
R R R2 R3 I RS R2S R3S S
R2 R2 R3 I R R2S R3S S RS
R3 R3 I R R2 R3S S RS R2S
S S R3S R2S RS I R3 R2 R
RS RS S R3S R2S R3 I R R2
R2S R2S RS S R3S R2 R I R3
R3S R3S R2S RS S R R2 R3 I
group
element I R R2 R3
what is a group?
I I R R2 R3
• closure
R R R2 R3 I
• identity
R2 R2 R3 I R
R3 R3 I R R2 • inverse
• associativity
k translated figure
P (x, y)
direction of shift
figure
reflection denoted by Sm
P
figure
m: mirror or axis of reflection
figure
θ
C: center of rotation
half-turn - rotation through 180°denoted by HP
B'
A'
P: point of rotation
figure
B
glide-reflection denoted by Gc
B translation
figure
A
reflection
c: axis of glide
A''
B''
translations
two translations
S (x+h+u, y+k+v)
TP, S = TQ,S TP, Q = TR,S TP, R
R (x+u, y+v)
Q(x+h, y+K)
T P,S
P (x, y)
T P,R = T Q,S
T P,Q = T R,S
translation = two reflections in ||l axes
B A B' A'
l m
two reflections do not commute
f Sl (f) Sm Sl (f)
Sl Sm (f) f Sm Sl (f)
l m
three reflections in ||l axes
f Sn Sm Sl (f) = Sp (f)
f Sm Sl Sn (f) = Sq (f)
l m p n q
rotations
product of two half-turns = translation
HP (f)
Q HQ HP (f) = T (f)
P
f
product of three half-turns = half-turn
HP (f)
Q
HQ HP (f) = T (f)
P
f
R
RC, θ (f)
φ
θ
C
f = figure
reflections in two intersecting (90°) axes = half-turn
reflections in two intersecting axes = a rotation
RC, 2θ =
Sm Sl (f) = Sq Sp (f)
m
p
q
L'
Sl (f)
M'
θ
C L l
M
f = figure
Sp (f)
reflections in three intersecting axes = reflection
Sm Sl (f)
p m
n
q Sl (f)
C l
f = figure
B
φ
m
θ+φ
θ
A l C: constructed center
figure f
B
φ = 180- θ
m
θ
A l
figure f
center of rotation
reflections
three reflections
figure l
m
glide revisited
Q
P
M: midpoint of QQ' axis of glide c
midpoint of PP'
P'
a b p q
Q'
more on glide
axis of glide c
B A
glide-reflected
figure
Sa (f)
axis of glide c
A B
glide-reflected
figure
b a
three reflections
Sa (f) b
a
p
Sp (f) Sb Sa (f)
P c
Reflection Reflection
Reflection
Reflection • Reflection • Reflection
Glide-reflection
• two kinds:
Actual friezes are always bounded at each end; but the analysis assumes
that they continue indefinitely at each end
1 otherwise
1 otherwise
1 otherwise
Conway’s naming convention
http://www.maa.org/sites/default/files/images/upload_library/
4/vol1/architecture/Math/seven.html
Hop
Sidle
Jump
Step
Spinning Hop
Spinning Sidle
Spinning Jump
in dance steps!
https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=hxLXQDq4zAc
flowchart
F6 Jump
F7 Spinning Jump
F3 Sidle
F5 Spinning sidle
F4 Spinning hop
F1 Hop
F2 Step
Frieze groups