Professional Documents
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Biosignals
Assoc. Prof. Katarína Kozlíková, RN., PhD.
IMPhBPhITM FM CU in Bratislava
katarina.kozlikova@fmed.uniba.sk
Biosignals - Content
Definition of biosignals
Types of biosignals
Electric
Non-electric
Processing of biosignals
Registration of biosignals
Transducers
Amplification and treatment of biosignals
Display and storage of measured values
Scheme of a diagnostic system
Biosignals and their sources
Mediated
Proper
Types Of Biosignals
Non-electric biosignals
– The majority of signals
– Complicated transfer as well as processing
– Therefore, transformation by means of suitable
transducers into electric signals
Electric biosignals
– Action potentials
– Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields
– Electric current
Biosignals – Processing
Biosignals – Registration
Transducers – Role
Transducers – Properties
Biosignals – Amplification
An amplifier
– Amplification
– Filtration
A typical amplifier for biosignal registration
– The differential amplifier
Graphical (pictorial)
– Temporary
Screen
– CRT (Cathode Ray Tube), LCD (Liquid Crystal
Display), plasma, LED (Light Emitting Diode)
– Permanent
Graphical inscription
– Thermal paper
Photography
Printed record
Video record
Digital
– Temporary
Screen
– Permanent
Memory media (transferable)
– Magnetic (tape)
– Optic (CD, DVD, BD)
Central database
– Computer network
Hospital information system
analogue biosignal
display
biological sensor amplification and
(electrode, and filtration storage
information
transducer) of signals (graphical,
digital)
processing
analogue
and signal
to digital
analysis
converter
(computer)
digital biosignal
Proper – body-generated
– Originate in the organism due to its own activity
Mediated – body-modulated
– Modulated
– The organism only influences (by its structure or
its activity) an energetic impulse sent into the
organism from an external source
Radiation
– Ionising
Nuclear - SPECT, PET
X-rays - scintigraphy, sciascopy, sciagraphy, CT
– Non-ionising
Light – endoscopy
Endoscopy.
[Cit.: 26. 3. 2009]
Computer tomograph. Available at:
[Cit.: 26. 3. 2009] http://www.clevelandc
Available at: linic.org/health/health-
http://www.impactscan. info/nih%2520images/
org/images/Siemens_Sy 06197_4%2520endosc
mbia_SPECT-CT.jpg ope.gif
Mechanic waves
– Ultrasound
Electromagnetic field
– MRI
Electric current
– Plethysmography
Measurement of changes in the
volume of organs or other body
parts resulting mainly from
blood flow (change of electric
resistance) Principle of pletysmography.
[Cit.: 26. 3. 2009]
– Chronaximetry Available at
http://www.j-circ.or.jp/english/sessions/reports/64th-
ss/figures/shimokawa-4.jpg&imgrefur
Mechanical manifestation
– Motion, velocity, pressure, volume, power
Spirometry
– Lung volumes and capacities
Phonocardiography
– Heart sounds
Apexcardiography
– Motion of the heart muscle
– Velocity and volume
of heart filling
Tonometry Spirometry. [Cit.: 26. 3. 2009] Available at:
http://www.cvrti.utah.edu/~macleod/bioen/be6000/labno
tes/resp/figures/spirometer.jpg
Tonometry.
[Cit.: 26. 3. 2009] Available at: – Intraocular pressure
http://www.alleyesonglaucoma.com/
English/Images/About/Tonometry2.j
pg
Ergometry
– Physical work activity
Thermal manifestation
– Body core temperature,
surface temperature
distribution, emission
of infrared radiation Thermometry. [Cit.: 26. 3. 2009] Available at:
http://www.eluox.com/windows/b5.htm
Thermometry
Contact thermography (imaging)
Thermovision (imaging)
Metabolic measurements
Electric manifestation
– EKG, ECG (electrocardiogram)
– EMG (electromyogram)
– EEG, ECoG (electroencephalogram, electrocorticogram)
– EGG (electrogastrogram)
– ERG (electroretinogram)
– EOG (electroocculogram)
Magnetic manifestation
– MKG. MCG (magnetocardiogram)
– MMG (magnetomyogram)
– MEG (magnetoencephalogram)
Literature
KOZLÍKOVÁ, K.
Biological Signals In Medical Diagnostics.
In: AIP Conference Proceedings 1204, 2009, pp. 147-150.
Appendix
Nyquist theorem
Aliasing:
– If the original signal involves frequencies higher
than is the NF, these are changed („aliased“) when
digitisation is used
– Consequence:
It is not possible to distinguish among different signals
– Original signal: combined 10 Hz and 20 Hz, blue
– Reconstructed signal: red
Aliasing.
[Cit. 19. 4. 2010]
Available at
www.blinkdagger.com/tutorials/
MATLAB/fourier/sampling/sampl
ing_05.png