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Biological Signals -

Biosignals
Assoc. Prof. Katarína Kozlíková, RN., PhD.
IMPhBPhITM FM CU in Bratislava
katarina.kozlikova@fmed.uniba.sk

The presentation is a part of the project KEGA 004UK-4/2011 (MESR&S SR):


„Electromagnetic biosignals a electromagnetic radiation – electronic education
of Medical Biophysics (creation of e-learning courses)“
Principal investigator: Assoc. Prof. Katarína Kozlíková, RN., PhD.
KEGA 004UK-4/2011

Biosignals - Content

 Definition of biosignals
 Types of biosignals
 Electric
 Non-electric
 Processing of biosignals
 Registration of biosignals
 Transducers
 Amplification and treatment of biosignals
 Display and storage of measured values
 Scheme of a diagnostic system
 Biosignals and their sources
 Mediated
 Proper

© Katarína Kozlíková, 2011 2011/12 Biosignals 2


KEGA 004UK-4/2011

Biological Signal - Biosignal

 A material carrier of the information about


the state of the analysed biological system
 Gives more detailed characteristics about
the system
 The basis of all diagnostic methods

© Katarína Kozlíková, 2011 2011/12 Biosignals 3


KEGA 004UK-4/2011

Types Of Biosignals

 Non-electric biosignals
– The majority of signals
– Complicated transfer as well as processing
– Therefore, transformation by means of suitable
transducers into electric signals
 Electric biosignals
– Action potentials
– Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields
– Electric current

© Katarína Kozlíková, 2011 2011/12 Biosignals 4


KEGA 004UK-4/2011

Biosignals – Processing

 Three main steps


– Registration of biosignals
– Amplification and treatment of signals
– Display and storage of measured values

© Katarína Kozlíková, 2011 2011/12 Biosignals 5


KEGA 004UK-4/2011

Biosignals – Registration

 Registration using different types of sensors


(detectors):
– Electric biosignals
 Sensor is an electrode
– Non-electric
 Sensor is a transducer

Respiration sensor for monitoring chest or


abdomen movement during breathing.
[Cit.: 26. 10. 2011] Available at:
http://www.delsys.com/products/biosignal.html

© Katarína Kozlíková, 2011 2011/12 Biosignals 6


KEGA 004UK-4/2011

Transducers – Role

 Transformation of the original energy


impulse into an electric signal
 Transducers
– Mechano-electric
– Thermo-electric
– Photo-electric
– Radio-electric

© Katarína Kozlíková, 2011 2011/12 Biosignals 7


KEGA 004UK-4/2011

Transducers – Properties

 They have to be biologically inert


– The material does not have to interact
with tissues in contact
– The material does not have to
influence any tissue in contact

© Katarína Kozlíková, 2011 2011/12 Biosignals 8


KEGA 004UK-4/2011

Biosignals – Amplification

 An amplifier
– Amplification
– Filtration
 A typical amplifier for biosignal registration
– The differential amplifier

Differential amplifier symbol.


[Cit.: 26. 10. 2011] Available at:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_amplifier

© Katarína Kozlíková, 2011 2011/12 Biosignals 9


KEGA 004UK-4/2011

Biosignals – Electronic Treatment

 An analog-to-digital converter (ADC)


– Digitisation of a signal
 Sampling
– The higher the sampling frequency, the truer
the conversion, the closer the digital form of
the signal to the original analogue form
– Nyquist frequency (see Appendix)
 Signal analysis
– Time
– Amplitude
– Frequency

© Katarína Kozlíková, 2011 2011/12 Biosignals 10


KEGA 004UK-4/2011

Biosignals – Display And Storage


(1)

 Graphical (pictorial)
– Temporary
 Screen
– CRT (Cathode Ray Tube), LCD (Liquid Crystal
Display), plasma, LED (Light Emitting Diode)
– Permanent
 Graphical inscription
– Thermal paper
 Photography
 Printed record
 Video record

© Katarína Kozlíková, 2011 2011/12 Biosignals 11


KEGA 004UK-4/2011

Biosignals – Display And Storage


(2)

 Digital
– Temporary
 Screen
– Permanent
 Memory media (transferable)
– Magnetic (tape)
– Optic (CD, DVD, BD)
 Central database
– Computer network
 Hospital information system

 Ambulatory information system

© Katarína Kozlíková, 2011 2011/12 Biosignals 12


KEGA 004UK-4/2011

A Scheme Of A Diagnostic System

analogue biosignal
display
biological sensor amplification and
(electrode, and filtration storage
information
transducer) of signals (graphical,
digital)

processing
analogue
and signal
to digital
analysis
converter
(computer)
digital biosignal

© Katarína Kozlíková, 2011 2011/12 Biosignals 13


KEGA 004UK-4/2011

Biosignals – Their Sources

 Proper – body-generated
– Originate in the organism due to its own activity
 Mediated – body-modulated
– Modulated
– The organism only influences (by its structure or
its activity) an energetic impulse sent into the
organism from an external source

© Katarína Kozlíková, 2011 2011/12 Biosignals 14


KEGA 004UK-4/2011

Mediated Biosignals (1)

 Radiation
– Ionising
 Nuclear - SPECT, PET
 X-rays - scintigraphy, sciascopy, sciagraphy, CT
– Non-ionising
 Light – endoscopy

Endoscopy.
[Cit.: 26. 3. 2009]
Computer tomograph. Available at:
[Cit.: 26. 3. 2009] http://www.clevelandc
Available at: linic.org/health/health-
http://www.impactscan. info/nih%2520images/
org/images/Siemens_Sy 06197_4%2520endosc
mbia_SPECT-CT.jpg ope.gif

© Katarína Kozlíková, 2011 2011/12 Biosignals 15


KEGA 004UK-4/2011

Mediated Biosignals (2)

 Mechanic waves
– Ultrasound

Echocardiogram with Doppler effect.


[Cit.: 26. 3. 2009]
Available at:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/
UltraSonicCurvedArrayTransducer.png

© Katarína Kozlíková, 2011 2011/12 Biosignals 16


KEGA 004UK-4/2011

Mediated Biosignals (3)

 Electromagnetic field
– MRI

Inside of MRI tomograph.


[Cit.: 26. 3. 2009]
Available at:
http://www.magnet.fsu.ed
u/education/tutorials/magn
etacademy/mri/images/mri
-scanner.jpg

Effect of magnetic field and radio-


frequency impulse on spins.
[Cit.: 26. 3. 2009]
Available at:
http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/educat
ion/tutorials/magnetacademy/mri/i
mages/mri-scanner.jpg

© Katarína Kozlíková, 2011 2011/12 Biosignals 17


KEGA 004UK-4/2011

Mediated Biosignals (4)

 Electric current
– Plethysmography
 Measurement of changes in the
volume of organs or other body
parts resulting mainly from
blood flow (change of electric
resistance) Principle of pletysmography.
[Cit.: 26. 3. 2009]

– Chronaximetry Available at
http://www.j-circ.or.jp/english/sessions/reports/64th-
ss/figures/shimokawa-4.jpg&imgrefur

 Measurement of chronaxie when


stimulating muscles and nerves

Rheobase and chronaxy.


[Cit.: 4. 4. 2011]
Available at:
http://www.bbraun.sk/bbecho/r2002/bbe_jan2002a.htm

© Katarína Kozlíková, 2011 2011/12 Biosignals 18


KEGA 004UK-4/2011

Proper Biosignals (1)

 Mechanical manifestation
– Motion, velocity, pressure, volume, power
 Spirometry
– Lung volumes and capacities
 Phonocardiography
– Heart sounds
 Apexcardiography
– Motion of the heart muscle
– Velocity and volume
of heart filling
 Tonometry Spirometry. [Cit.: 26. 3. 2009] Available at:
http://www.cvrti.utah.edu/~macleod/bioen/be6000/labno
tes/resp/figures/spirometer.jpg
Tonometry.
[Cit.: 26. 3. 2009] Available at: – Intraocular pressure
http://www.alleyesonglaucoma.com/
English/Images/About/Tonometry2.j
pg
 Ergometry
– Physical work activity

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KEGA 004UK-4/2011

Proper Biosignals (2)

 Thermal manifestation
– Body core temperature,
surface temperature
distribution, emission
of infrared radiation Thermometry. [Cit.: 26. 3. 2009] Available at:
http://www.eluox.com/windows/b5.htm

 Thermometry
 Contact thermography (imaging)
 Thermovision (imaging)
 Metabolic measurements

Thermometry. - camera. [Cit.: 26. 3. 2009]


Available at
http://www.goodprice.com/images/PANABODY.gif
© Katarína Kozlíková, 2011 2011/12 Biosignals 20
KEGA 004UK-4/2011

Proper Biosignals (3)

 Factors of internal medium


– Acidity
 pH
– Partial pressures
 p02, pC02

pH meter. [Cit.: 4. 4. 2011] Available at:


http://www.microscopesblog.com/2009/06/ph-meter.html

Partial pressures of gases in blood of the vessels and in the alveoli.


[Cit.: 26. 3. 2009] Available at
http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C14/C14Links/www.mtsinai.org/pulmonary/ABG/Fig5-1.gif

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KEGA 004UK-4/2011

Proper Biosignals (4)

 Electric manifestation
– EKG, ECG (electrocardiogram)
– EMG (electromyogram)
– EEG, ECoG (electroencephalogram, electrocorticogram)
– EGG (electrogastrogram)
– ERG (electroretinogram)
– EOG (electroocculogram)

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KEGA 004UK-4/2011

Proper Biosignals (5)

 Magnetic manifestation
– MKG. MCG (magnetocardiogram)
– MMG (magnetomyogram)
– MEG (magnetoencephalogram)

© Katarína Kozlíková, 2011 2011/12 Biosignals 23


KEGA 004UK-4/2011

Literature

 KOZLÍKOVÁ, K.
Biological Signals In Medical Diagnostics.
In: AIP Conference Proceedings 1204, 2009, pp. 147-150.

 KOZLÍKOVÁ, K., MARTINKA, J.


Theory And Tasks For Practicals On Medical Biophysics.
Brno : Librix, 2010. 248 p.
ISBN 978-80-7399-881-3

 Electronic sources listed directly in the text.


Comment:
If not stated else, the author of figures is the author of the text.

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KEGA 004UK-4/2011

Appendix

Nyquist theorem

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KEGA 004UK-4/2011

Shannon-Nyquist Theorem (1)

 Nyquist frequency (NF)


– The highest frequency that can be exactly
reproduced when digital coding of a signal is
used
– Theoretically the half of the sampling frequency
– An example:
 Sampling frequency: 4.2 kHz
 Nyquist frequency: 2.1 kHz

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KEGA 004UK-4/2011

Shannon-Nyquist Theorem (2)

Aliasing:
– If the original signal involves frequencies higher
than is the NF, these are changed („aliased“) when
digitisation is used
– Consequence:
 It is not possible to distinguish among different signals
– Original signal: combined 10 Hz and 20 Hz, blue
– Reconstructed signal: red

Aliasing.
[Cit. 19. 4. 2010]
Available at
www.blinkdagger.com/tutorials/
MATLAB/fourier/sampling/sampl
ing_05.png

© Katarína Kozlíková, 2011 2011/12 Biosignals 27

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