Power System Quality Tutoria –Resonance

Question # 1
Investigate the resonance in a series RLC circuit with Xc=1.6 Ω and XL=0.064 Ω, and R= 0.0032 Ω.
XC 1 .6
h   5, f r  hf 1  5  50  250 Hz
XL 0.0064
L
Xr  XL  XC   0.064  1.6  0.32 
C
X 1.6
 hX L  5  0.064  C   0.32 
h 5
X 0.32
Qs  r   Q s  100
R 0.0032

Question # 2
Investigate the resonance in a parallel RLC circuit with Xc=60 Ω and XL=0.495 Ω, and R= 16.35 Ω

XC 60
h   11.01  11 , f r  hf 1  11  50  550 Hz
XL 0.495
L
Xr  XL  XC   0.495  60  5.45 
C
60 1.6
 hX L  11 0.495    5.45 
11 5
R 5.45
Qp    Qp  3
X r 16.35

1
Question # 3
A three-phase Y-Y-connected 230/13.8-kV 80-MVA transformer with reactance XT = 19% is
supplying a 50-MVA load at a lagging PF of 0.9. At the low-voltage bus of 13.8 kV, a three-phase
Y-connected capacitor bank is to be connected to the PF to 0.95. A distribution engineer is asked to
investigate the problem, knowing that the short-circuit MVA at the 230-kV bus is 1600 MVA. Use
a MVA base of 100 MVA and determine the following:
a. The current bases for the high- and low-voltage sides in amps.
b. The impedance bases for the high- and low-voltage sides in Ohms.
c. The transformer impedance in pu and Ohms.
d. The short-circuit reactance of the power system at the 230-kV bus in pu and Ohms.
e. The short-circuit reactance of the power system at the 13.8-kV bus in pu and Ohms.
f. The short-circuit MVA at the 13.8-kV bus in pu and MVA.
g. The real power of the load at the lagging PF of 0.9 in pu and MW.
h. The size of the capacitor bank needed to correct the PF to 0.95 lagging in pu and MVAR
i. The reactance of the capacitor per phase in pu and Ohms.
j. The resonant harmonic at which the interaction between the capacitors bank and system
inductance initiates resonance.
k. The reactance of the capacitor per phase in pu and Ohms if the capacitor bank is connected in
delta.

Solution:
1 MVASC 1600
MVASC Pu    16 pu
X spu MVABase 100
1 1
X spu    0.0625 pu
MVASCpu 16 pu
MVABase 100  10 6
I BaseHV    251 A
3V LLBaseHV 3  230  10 3
MVABase 100  10 6
I BaseLV    4183.7 A
3V LLBaseLV 3  13.8  10 3

Z BaseHV 
2
VLLHV


230  103 
 529 
2

MVABase 100  106

Z BaseLV 
2
VLLLV


13.8  103 2

 1.9 
MVABase 100  106
MVAnewBase 19 100
ZTpu  % ZT     0.2375 pu
MVAoldBase 100 80
ZTLV  ZTpu  ZTBaseLV  1.9  0.2375  0.451 
ZTHV  ZTpu  ZTBaseHV  529  0.2375  125.6 
1 1
X SC 230 kV  pu    0.0625 pu , or
MVASC 230 kV 16 pu

X SC 230 kV 
VLL
2

230kV 
2
 33.0625, X SC 230 kV  pu 
X SC 230 kV 33.0625
  0.0625 pu
MVASC 230 kV 1600 MVA Z BaseHV 529

2
X SC 13.8 kV  pu  X SC 230 kV  pu  X T  pu  0.0625  0.2375  0.30 pu , or
X SC 13.8 kV  X SC 13.8 kV  pu  Z Base  LV  0.30 pu  1.9  0.57 
1 1
MVASC 13.8 kv  pu    3.33 pu
X SC 13.8 kV  pu 0.30
MVASC 13.8 kv  MVASC 13.8 kv  pu  MVABase  3.33 pu  100MVA  333 MVA
PL  MW 45
PL  MVAL * PF  50 MVA * 0.9  45 MW , PL  pu    0.45 pu
MVA Base 100
1  cos 1 (0.9)  25.8,  2  cos 1 (0.95)  18.2
QC  PL tan(1 )  tan( 2 )  PL tan(25.8)  tan(18.2)  6.96 MVAR
QC  MVAR 6.96
QC  pu    0.0696 pu
MVABase 100

X C Y 
2
VCLL

13.8kv 2  27.36 , C  1  1
 96.95 F
X C Y 260   27.36
Y
QC 6.96 MVAR
X C  27.36 1 1
X C  pu    14.4 pu , or X C  pu    14.4 pu
Z BaseLV 1.9 QC  pu 0.0696
XC 14.4
hr    48  6.93  7
XL 0.3
1 1
X C    3 X C Y  3 * 27.36  82 , C     32.32 F
X C   260  82
X C  pu  3 X C Ypu  3 * 14.4 pu  43.2 pu, or
X C   82
X C  pu    43.2 pu
Z BaseLV 1.9

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Question # 4
A simple circuit consists of a 1000 V, AC supply consisting of a pure sine wave serving a parallel and series
combination of resistors, inductors and capacitors as shown in Fig. Q4. Values of the circuit elements are as
follows: R1 = 1, R2 = 30. At 60 Hz, the reactances of the inductor and capacitor are XL = 0.491  and XC =
4.421.
a. For this circuit, what are the minimum and maximum impedances seen by the source in the frequency
range from 0 – 300 Hz?
b. What is the resonant frequency, fo of this circuit in Hz and the harmonic order of resonance, hr?
c. Plot the magnitude of the impedance (in Ohms) seen by the source as a function of frequency (in Hz)
from 0 – 300 Hz.
Impedance Frequency Responce

35.00

30.00

25.00

Impedance Z(f)
20.00

15.00

10.00

5.00

0.00

Fig. Q4
0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 700.0 800.0
frequency (Hz)

Solution:

1 1
Z ()  R1   R1 
1  1 1  1  1 
 j     j  C  
R2  XC XL  R2  L 
1 1
Z (  0)  R1   R1 , Z (  )  R1   R1
1  1  1  1 
 j 0  C    j   C  
R2  0 L  R2   L
 1  1
At resonance j  C  0
 L  LC
1 1
Zresonannce  R1   R1   R1  R2
   
   
1  1 1  1 1 
 j
C
 j C  
R2  LC 1  R2  L L
 L  
 LC   C
Z min  R1  1 
a. Z max  R1  R2  1  30  31 
 1  1
At resonance j  o C    0  o 
  o L  LC
X XL 0.491
L L    1.302 mH
60 2  60 2  60
1 1 1
b. C     600 F
60 X C 2  60  X C 2  60  4.421
1 1 1
o     1.131 krad / s
LC 1.302  10  600  10 
3 6
7.812  10 7

o 1.131  10 3
f o 180
fo    180 Hz, hr    3  3 rd harmonic
2 2 f1 60