Structural Analysis and Design of A Six Storey Hostel

UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
Structural Analysis and Design of a Six Storey Hostel
By Rotich Kevin Kipkemboi

F16/1489/2012
A final year project submitted as a partial fulfilment for the requirement

for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

JUNE 2017
ABSTRACT
Provision of affordable and quality healthcare is one of the key social pillars in Kenya’s
Vision 2030. Kenya intends to be a regional centre for provision of world class medical
services.
The Kabarak University is constructing a Teaching and Referral Hospital; the first of its kind
in the private sector. It also intends to construct hostels for visitors to the hospitals, e.g.
caregivers and relatives for the patients. This report outlines the structural design of these
hostels in accordance with Eurocode requirements.
The structural material was reinforced concrete, therefore Eurocode 2 was used. All elements
were designed to resist all the loads that they would be subjected to during the life of the
structure, and to be able to withstand the environmental conditions e.g. exposure to moisture.
Drawings were prepared by AutoCAD and are found in the Appendix of the report.
i
DEDICATION
To my family who have supported me throughout and enabled this project to be successful.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am grateful to God for his abundant grace and care.
I thank my supervisor S.K. Mutua for his good advice, criticisms and suggestions throughout
the whole project. His contribution has gone a long way in shaping this report.
I would also like to thank my family, especially my parents Mr. Z.T. Rotich and Mrs. Jane
Rotich for their support throughout my five years at the University.
My sincere gratitude also goes towards my fellow students Victor Nabibia, Aliyare
Mohamed, Abednego Matui, Benjamin Kyalo, Rosebrenda Karimi and Elizabeth Kavinya for
their support, advice and encouragement throughout the preparation of this report.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................ i
DEDICATION ...........................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................... iv
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................... ix
Latin Uppercase Letters ........................................................................................................ ix
Latin Lowercase letters ......................................................................................................... ix
Greek Lowercase Letters ....................................................................................................... x
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. xi
LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................xii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1
1.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Background Information ............................................................................................. 1
1.3 Problem Statement ...................................................................................................... 1
1.4 Objectives .................................................................................................................... 2
1.5 Project Significance..................................................................................................... 2
1.6 Methodology ............................................................................................................... 2
1.7 Design Information Sheet............................................................................................ 3
1.8 Structural Summary Sheet ........................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................... 6
2.1 Aim and Basis of Structural Design ............................................................................ 6
2.2 Structural Design Philosophies ................................................................................... 6
2.2.1 Permissible Stress Design .................................................................................... 7
2.2.2 Load Factor Design .............................................................................................. 7
2.2.2 Limit State Design Philosophy ............................................................................ 8
2.3 Structural Design Process............................................................................................ 9
iv
2.4 Structural Modelling ................................................................................................. 10
2.4.1 Plane versus Space Structure ............................................................................. 11
2.4.2 Line Diagram ..................................................................................................... 11
2.4.3 Connections........................................................................................................ 11
2.4.4 Supports ............................................................................................................. 12
2.5 Structural Analysis Methods ..................................................................................... 12
2.5.1 Linear Elastic Analysis ...................................................................................... 12
2.5.2 Linear Elastic Analysis with Redistribution ...................................................... 12
2.5.3 Plastic Analysis .................................................................................................. 12
2.6 Structural Design Criteria.......................................................................................... 13
2.6.1 Loading .............................................................................................................. 13
2.6.2 Strength and Stability......................................................................................... 14
2.6.3 Stiffness and Drift Limitations........................................................................... 14
2.6.4 Creep, Shrinkage and Temperature Effects ....................................................... 15
2.6.5 Fire ..................................................................................................................... 15
2.6.6 Comfort of occupants ......................................................................................... 15
2.7 Materials .................................................................................................................... 15
2.7.1 Concrete ............................................................................................................. 15
2.7.2 Steel.................................................................................................................... 16
2.8 Structural Design Codes ............................................................................................ 17
2.9 Structural Design Packages ....................................................................................... 18
2.10 Structural Detailing Packages ................................................................................ 18
CHAPTER 3: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN .................................................. 19
3.1 Structural Arrangement and Loading ........................................................................ 19
3.1.1 Column Layout .................................................................................................. 19
3.1.2 Beam Layout ..................................................................................................... 19
3.2 Preliminary Member Sizing ...................................................................................... 20
v
3.2.1 Floor Slab ........................................................................................................... 20
3.2.2 Beams ................................................................................................................. 21
3.2.3 Columns ............................................................................................................. 22
3.3 Lateral Load Analysis ............................................................................................... 23
3.3.1 Wind Load Analysis .......................................................................................... 23
3.3.2 Earthquake Load Analysis ................................................................................. 28
3.3.3 Distribution of Lateral Loads to Storeys ............................................................ 31
3.4 Water Tank Slab Analysis and Design...................................................................... 33
3.5 Water Tank Beam Analysis and Design ................................................................... 35
3.5.1 Water Tank Beam 1 (WTB1) ............................................................................. 35
3.6 Typical Floor Slab Analysis and Design ................................................................... 38
3.7 Roof Beams Analysis and Design ............................................................................. 42
3.7.1 Roof Beam 1 (RB1) ........................................................................................... 42
3.7.2 Roof Beam 2 (RB2) ........................................................................................... 43
3.7.3 Roof Beam 3 (RB3) ........................................................................................... 44
3.7.4 Roof Beam 4 (RB4) ........................................................................................... 45
3.7.5 Roof Beam 5 (RB5) ........................................................................................... 46
3.7.6 Roof Beam 6 (RB6) ........................................................................................... 47
3.8 Floor Beams Analysis and Design ............................................................................ 48
3.8.1 Floor Beam 1 (FB1) ........................................................................................... 48
3.8.2 Floor Beam 2 (RB2)........................................................................................... 49
3.8.3 Floor Beam 3 (FB3) ........................................................................................... 50
3.8.4 Floor Beam 4 (FB4) ........................................................................................... 51
3.8.5 Floor Beam 5 (FB5) ........................................................................................... 52
3.8.6 Floor Beam 6 (FB6) ........................................................................................... 53
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3.9 Staircase Analysis and Design .................................................................................. 54
3.9.1 Flight Type A ..................................................................................................... 54
3.9.2 Flight Type B ..................................................................................................... 56
3.10 Staircase Beams Analysis and Design ................................................................... 58
3.10.1 Stair Beam 1 (SB1) ............................................................................................ 58
3.10.2 Stair Beam 2 (SB2) ............................................................................................ 60
3.11 Column Analysis and Design ................................................................................ 62
3.11.1 Column 1 (C1) ................................................................................................... 62
3.11.2 Column 2 (C2) ................................................................................................... 63
3.11.3 Column 3 (C3) ................................................................................................... 64
3.11.4 Column 4 (C4) ................................................................................................... 65
3.11.5 Column 5 (C5) ................................................................................................... 66
3.12 Pad Footing Analysis and Design .......................................................................... 67
3.12.1 Base 1 (B1) ........................................................................................................ 67
3.12.2 Base 2 (B2) ........................................................................................................ 68
3.12.3 Base 3 (B3) ........................................................................................................ 69
3.12.4 Base 4 (B4) ........................................................................................................ 70
3.13 Lift Shaft Analysis and Design .............................................................................. 71
3.13.1 Lift Shaft Wall Design ....................................................................................... 71
3.13.2 Lift Shaft Base ................................................................................................... 73
CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION................................................................................................... 74
4.1 Structural Modelling and Analysis ............................................................................ 74
4.2 Loads ......................................................................................................................... 74
4.3 Structural Design ....................................................................................................... 74
4.4 Structural Design Codes ............................................................................................ 75
4.4.1 Costs of Adopting Eurocodes ............................................................................ 75
4.4.2 Benefits of Adopting Eurocodes ........................................................................ 75
vii
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................. 77
5.1 Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 77
5.2 Recommendations ..................................................................................................... 77
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 78
APPENDICES ......................................................................................................................... 79
viii
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Latin Uppercase Letters
A Cross sectional area
Ac Cross sectional area of concrete
As Cross sectional area of reinforcement
As,min Minimum cross sectional area of reinforcement
Asw Cross sectional area of shear reinforcement
EI Bending stiffness
Gk Characteristic permanent action
I Second moment of area of concrete section
L Length
M Bending moment
MEd Design value of the applied internal bending moment
N Axial force
NEd Design value of the applied axial force (tension or compression)
Qk Characteristic variable action
SLS Serviceability limit state
ULS Ultimate limit state
V Shear force
VEd Design value of the applied shear force
Latin Lowercase letters

b Overall width of a cross-section, or actual flange width in a T or L beam
bw Width of the web on T, I or L beams
d Effective depth of a cross-section
dg Largest nominal maximum aggregate size
e Eccentricity
fcd Design value of concrete compressive strength
fck Characteristic compressive cylinder strength of concrete at 28 days
fctm Mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete
fy Yield strength of reinforcement
fyd Design yield strength of reinforcement
ix
fyk Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement
fywd Design yield of shear reinforcement
h Overall depth of a cross-section
l (or L) Length; Span
l0 effective length or lap length
m Mass
r Radius
1/r Curvature at a particular section
t Thickness
u Perimeter of concrete cross-section, having area Ac
x Neutral axis depth
z Lever arm of internal forces
Greek Lowercase Letters

α Angle ; ratio
γ Partial factor
γC Partial factors for concrete
γF Partial factors for actions, F
γM Partial factors for a material property, taking account of uncertainties in the
material property itself, in geometric deviation and in the design model used
γQ Partial factors for variable actions, Q
ρl Reinforcement ratio for longitudinal reinforcement
ρw Reinforcement ratio for shear reinforcement
x
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Typical Floor Layout .................................................................................................. 4
Figure 2: Typical Section ........................................................................................................... 5
Figure 3: Relationship between stress and strength ................................................................... 6
Figure 4: Idealized and Design Stress-Strain Diagrams for Reinforcing Steel ....................... 17
xi
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Partial safety factors for materials ............................................................................... 9
Table 2: Eurocodes .................................................................................................................. 18
xii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
Provision of affordable and quality healthcare is one of the key social pillars in Kenya’s
Vision 2030. With the support of the private sector, Kenya also intends to become the
regional provider of choice for highly specialized health care. This will be achieved by
setting up a robust network of health infrastructure countrywide, improving quality of health
service delivery, promotion of partnerships with the private sector and providing access to all.
Improvement of service delivery will be achieved by increasing the number of doctors and
other medical personnel being trained in the country, and providing them with a platform for
research. Currently, there are only 11 approved medical and dental schools within the
country, and 73 approved internship training centres for medical students. This means that
more universities have to set up medical schools in order to be able to achieve this goal.
1.2 Background Information

Kabarak University was founded in 2002 with the intention of making it a Christian, liberal
arts and science university. In 2014 the university launched their School of Medicine and
Health Sciences. The university collaborated with local hospitals in the Rift Valley region to
train their students.
The university is constructing a 500-bed teaching and referral hospital. Since it is located
near Nakuru, this hospital will not only serve as a teaching facility for students, but also
improve care to the local community and the wider Rift Valley region.
1.3 Problem Statement

The proposed Kabarak University Hospital is expected to serve patients from all over the
country. These patients will have travelled far from their homes, and might also need to be
accompanied by a relative or a care giver. The hospital might also receive other visitors e.g.
visiting students from other universities, visiting doctors, etc. There is a need to provide
affordable accommodation for these visitors to save them from the inconvenience of looking
for accommodation in the nearby Nakuru town.
1
1.4 Objectives
The objectives of this project are:
1. To analyse, design and detail the proposed six storey hostel in accordance with
Eurocode 2 (EN 1992-1-1:2004) guidelines.
2. To come up with detailed drawings and specifications for all structural elements of
the building.
1.5 Project Significance

Once this project is implemented, visitors to the hospital will be offered with affordable on-
site accommodation, which is a more convenient alternative to hotels. The university will
also be able to generate extra income.
1.6 Methodology
The following steps were taken to carry out the project:
1. The structure was modelled and analysed using Staad.Pro and Prokon Software.
2. Structural elements were designed using hand calculations and design software.
3. All structural elements were detailed using AutoCAD.
2
1.7 Design Information Sheet
Designed by:- Client:
Kevin Rotich University of Nairobi
Relevant Building Codes and 1. Eurocode 1: Actions on structures – Part 1
Regulations 2. Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-1
3. Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design - Part 1
4. Code of Practice for the Design & Construction of
Buildings and Other Structures in Relation to
Earthquakes (1973)
Intended use of structure Hostel
Fire Resistance requirements 1 hour for all elements
General loading conditions Floor (Imposed) – 2.0 kN/m2
Floor (Finishes) – 1.5 kN/m2
Floor (Partitions) – 1.2 kN/m2
Staircase (Imposed) – 3.0 kN/m2
Staircase (Finishes) – 1.5 kN/m2
Exposure conditions Foundation – Class XC2
Other elements – Class XC1
Subsoil conditions Soil Density = 18 kN/m3
Allowable bearing pressure = 400 kN/m2
Foundation types RC footings to columns and walls
Material data Concrete:
Grade 25 (fck = 25 N/mm2), Max. Aggregate size = 20mm
Reinforcement:
fyk = 460 N/mm2 for main bars and links
Other relevant information Self-weight of concrete = 24 kN/m3
Density of cladding = 18.8 kN/m3
3
1.8
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N
1
Figure 1: Typical Floor Layout

5100
2
Structural Summary Sheet
4
6600
4
5
3800
3800
5100
6
3800 4200 4200 4200 4200 4200 4200 4200 4200 3800
25mm Expansion
Joint
1 2 5 6
WT
+21000
Roof
+18000
5th Flr
+15000
4th Flr
+12000
3rd Flr
+9000
2nd Flr
+6000
1st Flr
+3000
Grd. Flr
+0000
5100 6600 5100
Fdn
-2000
Figure 2: Typical Section
5
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Aim and Basis of Structural Design

The aim of design is the achievement of an acceptable probability that structures being
designed will perform satisfactorily during their intended life, while ensuring the structures
are economical. With an appropriate degree of safety, the structures should sustain all the
loads and deformations of normal construction and use and have adequate durability and
resistance to the effects of misuse and fire.
2.2 Structural Design Philosophies

As far as the design of structures for safety is concerned, it is seen as the process of ensuring
that stresses due to loading at all critical points in a structure have a very low chance of
exceeding the strength of materials used at these critical points. Figure 3 illustrates this in
statistical terms. In design there exist within the structure a number of critical points (e.g.
beam mid-spans) where the design process is concentrated. The normal distribution curve on
the left of Fig. 3 represents the actual maximum material stresses at these critical points due
to the loading. Because loading varies according to occupancy and environmental conditions,
and because design is an imperfect process, the material stresses will vary about a modal
value – the peak of the curve. Similarly the normal distribution curve on the right represents
material strengths at these critical points, which are also not constant due to the variability of
manufacturing conditions.
Figure 3: Relationship between stress and strength

(Source: Design of Structural Elements – Chanakya Arya)
6
The overlap between the two curves represents a possibility that failure may take place at one
of the critical points, as stress due to loading exceeds the strength of the material. In order for
the structure to be safe the overlapping area must be kept to a minimum. The degree of
overlap between the two curves can be minimized by using one of three distinct design
philosophies, namely:
1. Permissible stress design
2. Load factor method
3. Limit state design.
2.2.1 Permissible Stress Design

In permissible stress design, sometimes referred to as modular ratio or elastic design, the
stresses in the structure at working loads are not allowed to exceed a certain proportion of the
yield stress of the construction material, i.e. the stress levels are limited to the elastic range.
By assuming that the stress–strain relationship over this range is linear, it is possible to
calculate the actual stresses in the material concerned. Such an approach formed the basis of
the design methods used in CP 114 (the forerunner of BS 8110) and BS 449 (the forerunner
of BS 5950).
However, although it modelled real building performance under actual conditions, this
philosophy had two major drawbacks. Firstly, permissible design methods sometimes tended
to overcomplicate the design process and also led to conservative solutions. Secondly, as the
quality of materials increased and the safety margins decreased, the assumption that stress
and strain are directly proportional became unjustifiable for materials such as concrete,
making it impossible to estimate the true factors of safety.
2.2.2 Load Factor Design

Load factor or plastic design was developed to take account of the behaviour of the structure
once the yield point of the construction material had been reached. This approach involved
calculating the collapse load of the structure. The working load was derived by dividing the
collapse load by a load factor. This approach simplified methods of analysis and allowed
actual factors of safety to be calculated. It was in fact permitted in CP 114 and BS 449 but
was slow in gaining acceptance and was eventually superseded by the more comprehensive
limit state approach.
7
2.2.2 Limit State Design Philosophy
The aim of limit state design is to achieve acceptable probabilities that a structure will not
become unfit for its intended use during its design life, that is, the structure will not reach a
limit state. There are many ways in which a structure could become unfit for use, including
excessive conditions of bending, shear, compression, deflection and cracking. Each of these
mechanisms is a limit state whose effect on the structure must be individually assessed.
Some of the above limit states, e.g. deflection and cracking, principally affect the appearance
of the structure. Others, e.g. bending, shear and compression, may lead to partial or complete
collapse of the structure. Those limit states which can cause failure of the structure are termed
ultimate limit states. The others are categorized as serviceability limit states. The ultimate
limit states enable the designer to calculate the strength of the structure. Serviceability limit
states model the behaviour of the structure at working loads. In addition, there may be other
limit states which may adversely affect the performance of the structure, e.g. durability and
fire resistance, and which must therefore also be considered in design.
The designer cannot be certain about either the strength of the material composing the
member or, indeed, the load which the member must carry. The material strength may be less
than intended because of
1. Its variable composition,
2. The variability of manufacturing conditions during construction and other effects
such as corrosion.
Similarly the load in the member may be greater than anticipated because of
1. The variability of the occupancy or environmental loading,
2. Unforeseen circumstances which may lead to an increase in the general level of
loading, errors in the analysis, errors during construction, etc.
In each case, item (1) is allowed for by using a characteristic value. The characteristic
strength is the value below which the strength lies in only a small number of cases. Similarly
the characteristic load is the value above which the load lies in only a small percentage of
cases.
8
In the case of strength the characteristic value is determined from test results using statistical
principles, and is normally defined as the value below which not more than 5% of the test
results fall. However, at this stage there are insufficient data available to apply statistical
principles to loads. Therefore the characteristic loads are normally taken to be the design
loads from other codes of practice.
The overall effect of items under (2) is allowed for using a partial safety factor: γm for
strength and γf for load. The design strength is obtained by dividing the characteristic strength
by the partial safety factor for strength:
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ =
𝛾𝑚
The design load is obtained by multiplying the characteristic load by the partial safety factor
for load:
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 × 𝛾𝑓
In general, once a preliminary assessment of the design loads has been made it is then
possible to calculate the maximum bending moments, shear forces and deflections in the
structure. The construction material must be capable of withstanding these forces otherwise
failure of the structure may occur.
Table 1: Partial safety factors for materials

Limit state γC for concrete γS for steel
Ultimate 1.5 1.15
Serviceability 1.0 1.0
(based on Table 2.1N, EC 2)
2.3 Structural Design Process

The structural design process can be divided into two stages:
• A feasibility study involving a comparison of the alternative forms of structure and
selection of the most suitable type
• A detailed design of the chosen structure.
The success of stage 1, the conceptual design, relies to a large extent on engineering
judgement and instinct, both of which are the outcome of many years’ experience of
designing structures.
9
Stage 2, the detailed design, also requires these attributes but is usually more dependent upon
a thorough understanding of the codes of practice for structural design. These documents are
based on the amassed experience of many generations of engineers, and the results of
research. They help to ensure safety and economy of construction, and that mistakes are not
repeated. The design process, including design for durability, construction and use in service
should be considered as a whole. The realization of design objectives requires conformity to
clearly defined criteria for materials, production, workmanship and also maintenance and use
of the structure in service.
Once the form of the structure has been established, the design process follows a well-defined
iterative procedure:
1. Preliminary calculations for member sizes based on gravity loads, and augmented by
an arbitrary increment to account for lateral loads.
2. The members are loaded and bending moments and shear forces are obtained.
3. Checks are made for the effects of lateral loads.
4. Adjustments are made to the member sizes if necessary.
This procedure is repeated until a satisfactory solution is obtained.

In the design process, a thorough knowledge of structural components and their modes of
behaviour is a prerequisite to devising and appropriate load-resisting system.
2.4 Structural Modelling

A structural model is a simplified representation, or an idealization, of a real structure for the
purpose of analysis. The objective of the model is to simplify the analysis of a complicated
structure. The structural model represents, as accurately and as practically possible, the
behavioural characteristics of the structure of interest to the analyst, while discarding much of
the detail about the members, connections, and so on that is expected to have little effect on
the desired characteristics. Establishment of the structural model is one of the most important
steps of the analysis process; it requires experience and knowledge of design practices in
addition to a thorough understanding of the behaviour of structures. It is important to note
that the structural response predicted from the analysis of the model is valid only to the extent
that the model represents the actual structure. Development of the structural model generally
involves consideration of the following factors:
10
2.4.1 Plane versus Space Structure
If all the members of a structure as well as the applied loads lie in a single plane, the structure
is called a plane structure. The analysis of plane, or two-dimensional, structures is
considerably simpler than the analysis of space, or three-dimensional, structures. Fortunately,
many actual three-dimensional structures can be subdivided into plane structures for analysis.
2.4.2 Line Diagram

The structural model of the two or three-dimensional body selected for analysis is represented
by a line diagram. On this diagram, each member of the structure is represented by a line
coinciding with its centroidal axis. The dimensions of the members and the size of the
connections are not shown on the diagram.
2.4.3 Connections
Two types of connections are commonly used to join members of structures:
• Rigid connections
• Flexible or hinged connections.
A third type of connection, termed a semi rigid connection, although recognized by structural
steel design codes, is not commonly used in practice
A rigid connection or joint prevents relative translations and rotations of the member ends
connected to it; that is, all member ends connected to a rigid joint have the same translation
and rotation. In other words, the original angles between the members intersecting at a rigid
joint are maintained after the structure has deformed under the action of loads. Such joints
are, therefore, capable of transmitting forces as well as moments between the connected
members. Rigid joints are usually represented by points at the intersections of members on
the line diagram of the structure.
A hinged connection or joint prevents only relative translations of member ends connected to
it; that is, all member ends connected to a hinged joint have the same translation but may
have different rotations. Such joints are thus capable of transmitting forces but not moments
between the connected members. Hinged joints are usually depicted by small circles at the
intersections of members on the line diagram of the structure
11
2.4.4 Supports
Supports for plane structures are commonly idealized as either fixed supports, which do not
allow any movement; hinged supports, which can prevent translation but permit rotation; or
roller, or link, supports, which can prevent translation in only one direction.
2.5 Structural Analysis Methods

The analysis of structures or structural elements may be carried out using several methods i.e
• Linear Elastic Analysis
• Linear Elastic Analysis with Redistribution
• Plastic Analysis
2.5.1 Linear Elastic Analysis

The basic principle of linear elastic analysis is that the materials are fully elastic, i.e their
stress/strain relationships are linear. An assumption is made that the structure returns to its
original state once it is unloaded.
Calculations are made using equations of equilibrium, slope deflection and virtual work.
These can be done either by hand calculations, matrix methods or by computers.
The main disadvantage of this method is that it assumes the material fails immediately it
reaches the yield stress. This results in larger moments, shear forces and axial loads.
2.5.2 Linear Elastic Analysis with Redistribution

Redistribution refers to the behaviour of statically indeterminate structures that are not fully
elastic, but have some reserve plastic capacity. It allows the formation of plastic hinges at
some locations in the structure. This results in lower moments at the supports, which results
in more economical design.
2.5.3 Plastic Analysis

Elastic analysis does not give information about the loads that will actually collapse a
structure. An indeterminate structure may sustain loads greater than the load that first causes
yielding to occur at any point in the structure. In fact, a structure will stand as long as it is
able to find redundancies to yield. It is only when a structure has formed sufficient plastic
hinges and exhausted all of its redundancies will extra load causes it to fail.
12
Plastic analysis is the method through which the actual failure load of a structure is
calculated. This failure load can be significantly greater than the elastic load capacity.
2.6 Structural Design Criteria

The following criteria are used in the structural design process:
2.6.1 Loading
The structure must be designed to resist the gravitational and lateral forces, both permanent
and transient that the structure will be subjected to during construction and its subsequent
service life.
A structure is subjected to various loads. The main of loads are:
1. Dead loads
2. Imposed loads.
3. Wind loads.
4. Earthquake loads.
Other loads that a structure can be subjected to are those due to the effects of:
1. Settlement.
2. Fatigue.
3. Temperature difference.
4. Impacts.
Dead Loads
Dead loads are all the permanent loads acting on the structure including self-weight, finishes,
fixtures and partitions. The characteristic dead loads can be estimated using the schedule of
weights of building materials or from manufacturers’ literature. The symbols Gk and gk are
normally used to denote the total and uniformly distributed characteristic dead loads
respectively.
Imposed Loads
Imposed load, sometimes also referred to as live load, represents the load due to the proposed
occupancy and includes the weights of the occupants, furniture and roof loads including
snow. Since imposed loads tend to be much more variable than dead loads they are more
difficult to predict.
13
Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-1: General actions - Densities, self-weight,
imposed loads for buildings gives typical characteristic imposed floor loads for different
classes of structure, e.g. residential dwellings, educational institutions, hospitals, and parts of
the same structure, e.g. balconies, corridors and toilet rooms. The symbols Qk and qk are
normally used to denote the total and uniformly distributed characteristic imposed loads
respectively.
Wind Loads
Wind pressure can either add to the other gravitational forces acting on the structure or,
equally well, exert suction or negative pressures on the structure. Under particular situations,
the latter may well lead to critical conditions and must be considered in design. The
characteristic wind loads acting on a structure can be assessed in accordance with the
recommendations given in Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - General actions - Part 1-4:
Wind actions
Load Combinations and Design Loads

The design loads are obtained by multiplying the characteristic loads by the partial safety
factor for loads, γf. The value for γf depends on several factors including the limit state under
consideration, i.e. ultimate or serviceability, the accuracy of predicting the load and the
particular combination of loading which will produce the worst possible effect on the
structure in terms of bending moments, shear forces and deflections.
2.6.2 Strength and Stability

For the ultimate limit state, the prime requirement is that the structure should have adequate
strength to resist and to remain stable under the worst probable load actions that may occur
during the life of the structure.
2.6.3 Stiffness and Drift Limitations

Lateral deflections must be limited to prevent second order effects, and to allow for proper
functioning of non-structural components e.g. lifts, doors, etc, and to avoid extra stresses on
the structure which might lead to loss of stiffness and therefore redistribution of load to non-
load-bearing elements like partitions.
14
The structure must also be sufficiently stiff to prevent dynamic motions being large enough to
cause discomfort to occupants or affect sensitive equipment.
2.6.4 Creep, Shrinkage and Temperature Effects

The cumulative movements due to creep and shrinkage may be sufficiently large to cause
significant stresses in the structure. For members which are exposed to different temperatures
e.g. exterior columns and interior columns, the temperature difference will cause relative
deformations, and any restraint to these deformations will induce stresses in the members
concerned.
2.6.5 Fire
The yield stresses and elastic moduli of materials are generally inversely proportional to
temperature. Therefore the structure must be designed to remain stable when exposed to fire
for a specified minimum time to allow for evacuation.
2.6.6 Comfort of occupants

Motions, vibrations and deflections that have psychological effects on the occupants must be
avoided. Such motions result in an otherwise acceptable structure becoming undesirable.
2.7 Materials
The two materials whose properties must be known are concrete and steel reinforcement. In
the case of concrete, the property with which the designer is primarily concerned is its
compressive strength. For steel, however, it is the tensile strength capacity which is
important.
2.7.1 Concrete
Concrete is a mixture of water, coarse and fine aggregate and a cementitious binder (normally
Portland cement) which hardens to a stone like mass. As can be appreciated, it is difficult to
produce a homogeneous material from these components. Furthermore, its strength and other
properties may vary considerably due to operations such as transportation, compaction and
curing.
15
The compressive strength of concrete is usually determined by carrying out compression tests
on 28-day-old, 100 mm cubes which have been prepared using a standard procedure laid
down in BS EN 12390-1 (2000). An alternative approach is to use 100 mm diameter by 200
mm long cylinders.
Irrespective of the shape of the test specimen, if a large number of compression tests were
carried out on samples made from the same mix it would be found that a plot of crushing
strength against frequency of occurrence would approximate to a normal distribution. For
design purposes it is necessary to assume a unique value for the strength of the mix.
However, choosing too high a value will result in a high probability that most of the structure
will be constructed with concrete having strength below this value. Conversely, too low a
value will result in inefficient use of the material. As a compromise between economy and
safety, EC-2002 refers to the characteristic strength (fck) which is defined as the value below
which not more than 5 per cent of the test results fall.
2.7.2 Steel
Reinforcement generally consists of deformed bars and welded steel mesh fabric.
Reinforcement usually relies on the alkaline environment provided by a durable concrete
cover for its protection against corrosion. Reinforcing bars are usually denoted by their
nominal sizes, which is the diameter of a circle with an area equal to the effective cross-
section of the bar. All bars are produced by a hot-rolling process.
Reinforcing bars in a member should either be straight or bent to standard shapes. These
shapes must be fully dimensioned and listed in a schedule of reinforcement which is used on
site for the bending and fixing of bars. During fixing, the bars need to be tied together to
prevent being displaced and to provide a rigid system. Bar assemblies and fabric
reinforcement should be supported by spaces to ensure that the required cover is achieved and
kept during the subsequent placing and compaction of concrete.
Stress-Strain curves
For hot-rolled reinforcement, the stress-strain relationship in tension is linear up to yield,
where there is a pronounced increase of strain at constant stress. Cold processed steel shows
continuous yielding behaviour with no defined yield point.
16
The characteristic strength is defined as the 0.2% proof stress (the stress which, on unloading
would result in a 0.2% residual strain). For design purposes, the stress-strain curves are
idealized to a bilinear curve as shown below.
Figure 4: Idealized and Design Stress-Strain Diagrams for Reinforcing Steel

(Source: EC-2)
2.8 Structural Design Codes

Structural design codes are a set of rules that specify the standards for constructed objects e.g.
buildings. The main purpose of these codes is to protect public health, safety and general
welfare of the occupants of the structures during construction and operation. Design codes are
usually enacted by government authorities and all structural work within the jurisdiction must
conform to them.
Examples of structural design codes are: British Standards (BS), Codes of Practice (CP),
South African Bureau of Standards (SABS), Eurocodes (EC), etc.
The Eurocodes are a family of ten European codes of practice for the design of building and
civil engineering structures in concrete, steel, timber and masonry, amongst other materials.
Table 2 lists the reference numbers and titles of the ten Eurocodes.
17
Table 2: Eurocodes
EuroNorm
Title of Eurocodes
Reference
EN 1990 Eurocode: Basis of structural design
EN 1991 Eurocode 1: Action on structures
EN 1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures
EN 1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures
EN 1994 Eurocode 4: Design of composite structures (concrete and steel structures)
EN 1995 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures
EN 1996 Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures
EN 1997 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design
EN 1998 Eurocode 8: Design of structures to earthquakes
EN 1999 Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures
2.9 Structural Design Packages

The use of structural design packages in becoming increasingly common. These packages
enable the user to model the structure, input all the necessary parameters and design the
members. The advantages of using these packages are:
1. They save time and money.
2. There is greater flexibility during the planning and construction stages.
3. There are fewer errors when analysing and designing the structure.
However, these packages require the user to be proficient in them in order to avoid errors in
modelling and data input. In this project, Prokon was used to analyse and design structural
members.
2.10 Structural Detailing Packages

Structural detailing packages help the user come up with drawings and specifications. Their
main advantage is that their use is less tedious and time consuming than manual methods of
detailing, and that corrections and modifications can be made easily.
Nowadays most of the structural design packages come with their own in-built detailing
software. This enables the user to design and detail the structure within the same
environment. This reduces a lot of compatibility issues.
18
CHAPTER 3: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
3.1 Structural Arrangement and Loading
3.1.1 Column Layout
A B C D E F G
C1 C2 C2 C2 C2 C1 1
C3 C5 C4 C4 C4 C4 C2 2
C3 C5 C4 C4 C4 C4 C2 5
C1 C2 C2 C2 C2 C1 6
3.1.2 Beam Layout
A B C D E F G
Beam 5 1
Beam 3
Beam 2
Beam 3
Beam 3
Beam 6 2
Beam 1 3
Beam 4
Beam 7
Beam 4
Beam 1 4
Beam 6 5
Beam 3
Beam 3
Beam 2
Beam 3
Beam 5 6
19
FCE 590: STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF A SIX STOREY HOSTEL
PRELIMINARY
Designed by: ROTICH KEVIN KIPKEMBOI, F16/1489/2012 MEMBER SIZING
Supervised by: S.K. MUTUA
REFERENCE CALCULATION OUTPUT
EN 1992-1-1:2004 3.2 Preliminary Member Sizing
3.2.1 Floor Slab
Most critical panel for deflection
D E
4
4.2m
5.1m
Assume ρ=0.5%, (lightly stressed)

Table 7.4N Allowable l/d = 30
4200 Minimum d=
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ, 𝑑 = = 140𝑚𝑚
45
140mm
4.4.1 Concrete cover

Exposure conditions: Class XC1
cnom = cmin + Δcdev
cmin = max{ cmin,b; cmin,dur;10mm)
Assuming 12mm bars will be used,
Table 4.2 cmin,b = 12mm
Table 4.4N cmin,dur = 10mm
4.4.1.3 Δcdev = 10mm Cover =
cnom = 12 + 10 = 22mm, use 25mm 25mm
Overall depth of slab, h
∅ Adopt
ℎ=𝑑+ + 𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 140 + 6 + 25 = 171𝑚𝑚, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 175𝑚𝑚
2
175mm thick
solid slab
20
PRELIMINARY
EN 1992-1-1:2004 3.2.2 Beams
Longest beam span = 6600mm (Beam 4)
Assume ρ=1.5%, (highly stressed)

Table 7.4N Allowable l/d = 18
6600 Minimum d=
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ, 𝑑 = = 367𝑚𝑚
18
367mm
4.4.1 Concrete cover

Exposure conditions: Class XC1
cnom = cmin + Δcdev
cmin = max{ cmin,b; cmin,dur;10mm)
Assuming the largest bar size to be 16mm
Table 4.2 cmin,b = 16mm
Table 4.4N cmin,dur = 10mm
4.4.1.3 Δcdev = 10mm Cover =
cnom = 16 + 10 = 26mm, use 30mm 30mm
Overall depth of slab, h

∅ Adopt 450mm
ℎ=𝑑+ + 𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 367 + 8 + 30 = 405𝑚𝑚, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 450𝑚𝑚
2
deep beam
Thickness of web, b
The thickness of the beam shall be such that it is flush with Adopt
the masonry cladding, i.e. 250mm 450x250mm
beam
21
PRELIMINARY
EN 1992-1-1:2004 3.2.3 Columns
Consider interior column C4
Clear Storey height = 3000 mm
Number of storeys = 6
Total ULS axial load per floor = 390 kN
Total axial load at foundation = 390 x 6 = 2340 kN
Assume a self-weight of 4 kN/m
Total Self weight = 1.35 x 4 x 18 = 97.2 kN
Total load at base = 2340 + 97.2 = 2437 kN
Since it is an interior column, bending is relatively small
and can be ignored.
∴ 𝑁𝑢 = 0.567𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐴𝑐 + 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐴𝑠
9.5.2 As, min = 0.002Ac
As, max = 0.04Ac
Assume As = 0.02Ac at point of maximum loading.
2340000 = 0.567 × 25 × 𝐴𝑐 + 0.87 × 460 × 0.02𝐴𝑐
𝐴𝑐 = 105505.21 𝑚𝑚2
Since the structure is rectangular and has one plan
dimension longer than the other, a rectangular column is
more preferable to a square column.
Assume breadth of 300mm
105505.21
ℎ= = 351.68𝑚𝑚
300
Allow 100mm extra for any extra moments and
slenderness effects.
Adopt
500x300mm
Therefore adopt a 500mm x 300mm column
column
22
WIND LOAD
Designed by: ROTICH KEVIN KIPKEMBOI, F16/1489/2012 ANALYSIS
REFERENCE CALCULATIONS OUTPUT
3.3 Lateral Load Analysis

3.3.1 Wind Load Analysis
EN 1991-1-4:2004 Fundamental value of the basic wind velocity, vb,0
Clause 4.2 Basic wind speed, V3 (3 sec) = 40m/s
𝑣3
𝑣𝑏,0 = = 24.1
1.66
𝑣𝑏,0 = 24.1 𝑚/𝑠
Basic Wind Velocity, vb

Directional Factor, cdir = 1.0
Seasonal Factor, cseason = 1.0
Expression 4.1 𝑣𝑏 = 𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑛 ∙ 𝑐𝑑𝑖𝑟 ∙ 𝑣𝑏,0
𝑣𝑏,0
𝑣𝑏 = 1.0 × 1.0 × 24.1 = 24.1 = 24.1 𝑚/𝑠
Table 4.1 Terrain Category: II 𝑧0 = 0.05𝑚
𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2𝑚
Assumption: Effect of obstacles is negligible,

Displaced height, hdis = 0m
Height of building above ground = 19.0m 𝑧0 = 0.05𝑚
Terrain Roughness at 19.0m, cr(19.0)

𝑧
Expression 4.4 𝑐𝑟 (19.0) = 𝑘𝑟 ∙ ln( )
𝑧0
𝑐𝑟 (19.0) = 1.1
0.05 0.07 19.0
𝑐𝑟 (19.0) = 0.19 ∙ � � ∙ ln � � = 1.1
0.05 0.05
Clause 4.3.3 Orography factor, co (19.0) = 1.0

𝑣𝑚 (19.0) = 𝑐𝑟 (19.0) ∙ 𝑐𝑜 (19.0) ∙ 𝑣𝑏
𝑣𝑚 (19.0) = 1.1 × 1.0 × 24.1 = 26.51 𝑚/𝑠 𝑣𝑚 = 26.5𝑚/𝑠
Clause 4.4 Wind Turbulence

Turbulence Intensity, lv(19.0)
𝑘𝑙
Expression 4.7 𝑙𝑣 (19.0) = 𝑧
𝑐𝑜 (19.0) ∙ ln(𝑧 )
0
1.0
𝑙𝑣 (19.0) = = 0.17
19.0
1.0 × ln( )
0.05
23
WIND LOAD
Peak Velocity Pressure, qp
1
𝑞𝑝 (19.0) = (1 + 7 ∙ 𝑙𝑣 (19.0)) ∙ ∙ 𝜌 ∙ 𝑣𝑚 2
2
1
𝑞𝑝 (19.0) = (1 + 7 × 0.17) × × 1.25 ∙ 26.52 = 0.96 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
2
Wind Pressures
N-S Winds
d = 16.8m
h= 19.0m
S
b=20.6m
Plan Elevation
Figure 7.4
0.96 kN/m2
Velocity Pressure Profile
Figure 7.5 e =20.6m

ℎ
= 1.01 ≈ 1
𝑑
Figure 7.5 Definitions of wind pressure zones
E
B 9.96m
B
A
A A 6.84m
WIND D
20.6m
24
WIND LOAD
Table 7.1 External pressure coefficients
Zone A B D E
cpe,10 -1.2 -0.8 +0.8 -0.5
Calculation of Wind Forces

1. Structural Factor cscd
Annex D, Fig D.2 𝑐𝑠 𝑐𝑑 = 0.86
2. Wind pressures
Expression 5.1 𝑤𝑒 = 𝑞𝑝 (𝑧) ∙ 𝑐𝑝𝑒
3. Total Force
Expression 5.5 𝐹𝑤,𝑒 = 𝑐𝑠 𝑐𝑑 ∙ � 𝑤𝑒 ∙ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑓 Total Wind
𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
Load
𝐹𝑤,𝑒 = 0.86 × {(0.8 + 0.5) × (0.96 × 19.0 × 20.6)}
= 378.07kN
= 378.07𝑘𝑁
2. E-W Winds
b= 16.8m
b1= 6.6m
E W
d1=3.8m d=20.6m
Terrain Roughness at 16.8m, cr(16.8)

𝑧
𝑐𝑟 (16.8) = 𝑘𝑟 ∙ ln( )
𝑧0
0.05 0.07 16.8 𝑐𝑟 (16.8) = 1.0
Expression 4.4 𝑐𝑟 (16.8) = 0.19 ∙ � � ∙ ln � � = 1.0
0.05 0.05
Clause 4.3.3 Orography factor, co (16.8) = 1.0

𝑣𝑚 (16.8) = 𝑐𝑟 (16.8) ∙ 𝑐𝑜 (16.8) ∙ 𝑣𝑏
𝑣𝑚 (16.8) = 1.1 × 1.0 × 24.1 = 24.1 𝑚/𝑠 𝑣𝑚 = 24.1𝑚/𝑠
25
WIND LOAD
Clause 4.4 Wind Turbulence
Turbulence Intensity, lv(16.8)
𝑘𝑙
Expression 4.7 𝑙𝑣 (16.8) = 𝑧
𝑐𝑜 (16.8) ∙ ln(𝑧 )
0
1.0
𝑙𝑣 (16.8) = = 0.17
16.8
1.0 × ln( )
0.05
Peak Velocity Pressure, qp

1
𝑞𝑝 (16.8) = (1 + 7 ∙ 𝑙𝑣 (19.0)) ∙ ∙ 𝜌 ∙ 𝑣𝑚 2
2
1
𝑞𝑝 (16.8) = (1 + 7 × 0.17) × × 1.25 ∙ 24.12 = 0.79 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
2
Figure 7.4 Velocity Pressure Profile
0.96 kN/m2 0.3m
0.79 kN/m2 16.8m
Figure 7.5 e=16.8m

ℎ
= 0.7
𝑑
Definition of wind pressure zones
A B C
D E
A B C
3.4 13.4 3.8
26
WIND LOAD
Table 7.1 External pressure coefficients
Zone A B D E
cpe,10 -1.2 -0.8 +0.77 -0.44
Calculation of Wind Forces

1. Structural Factor cscd
Annex D, Fig D.2 𝑐𝑠 𝑐𝑑 = 0.86
2. Wind pressures
Expression 5.1 𝑤𝑒 = 𝑞𝑝 (𝑧) ∙ 𝑐𝑝𝑒
3. Total Force
Expression 5.5 𝐹𝑤,𝑒 = 𝑐𝑠 𝑐𝑑 ∙ � 𝑤𝑒 ∙ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑓 Total Wind
𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠
Load
𝐹𝑤,𝑒 = 0.86 × {(0.77 + 0.44) × [(0.96 × 16.8 × 0.3) +
= 237.06kN
(0.79 × 16.8 × 16.8)]}
= 237.06𝑘𝑁
27
SEISMIC LOAD
3.3.2 Earthquake Load Analysis
The reference shall be the Code of Practice for the Design
& Construction of Buildings and Other Structures in
Relation to Earthquakes (1973).
Seismic Zone of Structure
The structure is in Nakuru Town, which lies in Sesmic
Zone VII-IX
Classification of Structure
Classification by usage and value: Class A
Classification by type of structure : Flexible Frame
Dead Weight of Structure
Roof:
Slab = 260.28m2 x 24 x 0.175 = 1093.18 kN
Beams = 218.2m x 24 x 0.45 x 0.25 = 589.14 kN
Columns = 26 x 2.55 x 24 x 0.3 x 0.5 = 238.68 kN
Total Floor Weight = 1921.00 kN
Typical Floors:
Slab = 260.28m2 x 24 x 0.175 = 1093.18 kN
Beams = 218.2m x 24 x 0.45 x 0.25 = 589.14 kN
Columns = 26 x 2.5m x 24 x 0.3 x 0.5 = 238.68 kN
2.55m wall = 171.4 x 18.8 x 2.55 x 0.25 = 2054.23 kN
1m wall = 36.8 x 18.8 x 1 x 0.25 = 172.96 kN
First Floor:
Slab = 260.28m2 x 24 x 0.175 = 1093.18 kN
Beams = 218.2m x 24 x 0.45 x 0.25 = 589.14 kN
Columns = 26 x 4.55m x 24 x 0.3 x 0.5 = 425.88 kN
2.55m wall = 171.4 x 18.8 x 2.55 x 0.25 = 2054.23 kN
1m wall = 36.8 x 18.8 x 1 x 0.25 = 172.96 kN
28
SEISMIC LOAD
Total Dead Weight = 1921.00 + 4148.19x4 + 4335.39
= 22849.15 kN
1. N-S Earthquake
D=16.8m
S
B= 20.6m
Period of vibration
Height above base, H = 18 m
0.09𝐻 0.09 × 18
𝑇= = = 0.42 𝑠
√𝐷 √16.8 T = 0.6 s
𝑇 ≥ 0.1𝑁 = 0.6 𝑠
Basic Coefficient
0.05
𝑐𝑏 = 3
= 0.059
√𝑇
Table 3 𝐶 = 1.0𝑐𝑏 = 0.059
Total Earthquake Load
𝐹 = 𝐶 × 𝑊 = 0.059 × 22849.15 = 1339.72 𝑘𝑁
2. E-W Earthquake
B=16.8m
W E
D= 20.6m
Period of vibration
Height above base, H =18 m
0.09𝐻 0.09 × 18
𝑇= = = 0.38𝑠
√𝐷 √20.6
𝑇 ≥ 0.1𝑁 = 0.6 𝑠
29
SEISMIC LOAD
Basic Coefficient
0.05
𝑐𝑏 = 3 = 0.059
√𝑇
Table 3 𝐶 = 1.0𝑐𝑏 = 0.059
Total Earthquake Load
𝐹 = 𝐶 × 𝑊 = 0.059 × 2849.15 = 1339.72 𝑘𝑁
30
DISTRIBUTION OF
Designed by: ROTICH KEVIN KIPKEMBOI, F16/1489/2012 SEISMIC LOADS
3.3.3 Distribution of Lateral Loads to Storeys
For this structure, the seismic load is the more severe of the two
lateral loads; therefore the analysis shall be done using seismic
loads.
1. N-S Earthquake
Extra Load at Roof Level
18 2
𝑓𝑡 = 0.004 × 1339.72 × � � = 6.93 𝑘𝑁
16.8
𝐹 − 𝑓𝑡 = 1332.79 𝑘𝑁
Distribution to Storeys
Level hi wi wihi F ft Load
1 5 4644.66 22526.6 111.8379 0 111.83
2 8 4291.22 33042.39 164.0457 0 164.04
3 11 4291.22 45272.37 224.7639 0 224.76
4 14 4291.22 57502.35 285.4821 0 285.48
5 17 4291.22 69732.33 346.2004 0 346.20
Roof 20 2113.98 40377.02 200.4599 6.93 207.38
23923.52 268453.1 1339.72
Loads at Floor Levels (kN)

Level Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3 Frame 4
1 12.30 22.37 21.25 10.07
2 18.05 32.81 31.17 14.76
3 24.72 44.95 42.71 20.23
4 31.40 57.10 54.24 25.69
5 38.08 69.24 65.78 31.16
Roof 22.81 41.48 39.40 18.67
2. E-W Earthquake
Extra Load at Roof Level
18 2
𝑓𝑡 = 0.004 × 1339.72 × � � = 4.61 𝑘𝑁
20.6
𝐹 − 𝑓𝑡 = 1335.11 𝑘𝑁
31
DISTRIBUTION OF
Designed by: ROTICH KEVIN KIPKEMBOI, F16/1489/2012 SEISMIC LOADS
Distribution to Storeys
Level hi wi wihi F ft Load
1 5 4644.66 22526.6 112.0326 0 112.03
2 8 4291.22 33042.39 164.3313 0 164.33
3 11 4291.22 45272.37 225.1552 0 225.15
4 14 4291.22 57502.35 285.9791 0 285.97
5 17 4291.22 69732.33 346.803 0 346.0
Roof 20 2113.98 40377.02 200.8089 4.61 205.41
23923.52 268453.1 1337.92
32
FCE 590: STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF A SIX STOREY HOSTEL ELEMENT:
Designed by: ROTICH KEVIN KIPKEMBOI, F16/1489/2012 WATER TANK
SLAB
Supervised by: S.K. MUTUA (175mm Solid Slab)
3.4 Water Tank Slab Analysis and Design

Loading
Imposed Loading: 1.0𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
∴ 1.0𝑞𝑘 = 1.0𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Dead Loads: Self-weight = 0.175 × 25 = 4.375𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Finishes = 1.5𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 𝑛
Water tank = 14.715𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 = 12.74 𝑘𝑁
∴ 1.0𝑔𝑘 = 20.59 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 /𝑚2
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑛 = 1.35𝑔𝑘 + 1.5𝑞𝑘 = 29.40𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
EN 1992-1- Analysis
1:2004
D E
4
2.1m
3.2m
Panel description: one long edge discontinuous

𝑙𝑦 3200
= = 1.5
𝑙𝑥 2100
Positive Moments at midspan
𝑀𝑠𝑥 = 𝛽𝑠𝑥 𝑛𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.055 × 29.4 × 2.12 = 7.13𝑘𝑁𝑚/𝑚
𝑀𝑠𝑦 = 𝛽𝑠𝑦 𝑛𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.028 × 29.4 × 2.12 = 3.63𝑘𝑁𝑚/𝑚
Negative Moments at supports
𝑀′𝑠𝑥 = 𝛽′𝑠𝑥 𝑛𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.073 × 29.4 × 2.12 = 9.46𝑘𝑁𝑚/𝑚
𝑀′𝑠𝑦 = 𝛽′𝑠𝑦 𝑛𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.037 × 29.4 × 2.12 = 4.80𝑘𝑁𝑚/𝑚
33
Designed by: ROTICH KEVIN KIPKEMBOI, F16/1489/2012 WATER TANK
SLAB
Design
1. Effective depth
For class XC1 exposure, cover = 25mm
Assuming 12mm bars,
∅
𝑑𝑥 = ℎ − − 𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 175 − 6 − 25 = 144𝑚𝑚
2
2. Design Moments
Positive moments at midspan
𝑀𝑠𝑥 = 7.13𝑘𝑁𝑚, 𝑀𝑠𝑦 = 3.63𝑘𝑁𝑚
Negative moments at support

𝑀′𝑠𝑥 = 9.46𝑘𝑁𝑚, 𝑀′𝑠𝑦 = 4.80𝑘𝑁𝑚
3. Reinforcement Areas
9.2.1.1 Minimum Area of Reinforcement =
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 2.6
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 0.26 × × 1000 × 144 = 211.61 As,min=
𝑓𝑦𝑘 460
211.61mm2
But not less than 0.0013𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 187.2
𝑀 𝑧 𝑀
M 𝑘= = 0.5�1 + √1 − 3.53𝑘� 𝐴𝑠 = Provide
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 ∙ 𝑧
7.13 0.0138 0.95 130.23 T10-01-300

3.63 0.0070 0.95 66.30 T10-02-300
9.46 0.0182 0.95 172.79 T10-03-300
4.80 0.0093 0.95 87.68 T10-04-300
4. Deflection Check
Limiting Span/depth ratio = 30
4200
Actual span/depth ratio = = 29.1
144
5. Cracking Check
Provisions for checking cracking are not necessary since the
section’s depth is less than 200mm
34
Designed by: ROTICH KEVIN KIPKEMBOI, F16/1489/2012 WTB1
(450x250
Supervised by: S.K. MUTUA Rectangular Beam)
3.5 Water Tank Beam Analysis and Design

3.5.1 Water Tank Beam 1 (WTB1)
1.7m 3.2 m 1.7m
As,min= 165.32
9.2.1.1 Minimum Area of Reinforcement
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 2.6 mm2
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 0.26 × × 250 × 420 = 165.32
𝑓𝑦𝑘 460
But not less than 0.0013𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 136.5 𝑚𝑚
Results from Prokon Analysis
Max Sagging Moment = 16.51 kNm, As,Req= 103.9 mm2 Provide
Provide 2-T12-B throughout the beam (226 mm2) 2-T12-01-B
Max Hogging Moment = 14.12 kNm, As,Req= 88.5 mm2
Provide 2-T12-T throughout the beam (226 mm2) 2-T12-02-T
Max Shear Force = 28.6 kN
Provide T8 links @ 200mm c/c throughout the beam T8-03-200
Deflection Check
Table 7.4N Structural factor, K = 1.5
Expression 𝜌0 = �𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 10−3 = 5 × 10−3
7.16(b) & 7.17 𝜌 = 103.9 × 100/(250 × 450) = 0.092 > 𝜌0
𝑙 𝜌0 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐾 �11 + 1.5�𝑓𝑐𝑘 � × 500/(460 × ) = 40.46
𝑑 𝜌 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣
Deflection OK
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑙/𝑑 = 3200/411 = 7.78
Cracking
Table 7.1N Maximum allowable crack width, wmax=0.4mm
Table 7.2 Maximum bar size for 225 MPa stress = 20 mm
Table 7.3 Maximum bar spacing = 250mm
250−50−16−12×2 Cracking OK
Actual bar spacing = = 152𝑚𝑚
1
35
(450x250
6.6 m
Minimum Area of Reinforcement

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 2.6 As,min= 165.32
9.2.1.1 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 0.26 × × 250 × 420 = 165.32
𝑓𝑦𝑘 460 mm2

Provide 2-T12-T throughout the beam (226 mm2) and 2-T12-02-T
1-T12-T at the supports (339 mm2) 1-T12-03-T
Deflection Check
Expression 𝜌0 = �𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 10−3 = 5 × 10−3
7.16(b) & 7.17 𝜌 = 92.1 × 100/(250 × 450) = 0.082 > 𝜌0
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐾 �11 + 1.5�𝑓𝑐𝑘 � × 500/(460 × ) = 30.56
Deflection OK
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑙/𝑑 = 6600/411 = 16.05
Cracking
250−50−16−12×3 Cracking OK
2
36
(450x250
3.8 m

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 2.6 As,min= 165.32
9.2.1.1 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 0.26 × × 250 × 420 = 165.32

Deflection Check
Expression 𝜌0 = �𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 10−3 = 5 × 10−3
7.16(b) & 7.17 𝜌 = 55.5 × 100/(250 × 450) = 0.049 > 𝜌0
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐾 �11 + 1.5�𝑓𝑐𝑘 � × 500/(460 × ) = 52.08
Deflection OK
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑙/𝑑 = 3800/411 = 9.25
Cracking
250−50−16−12×2 Cracking OK
1
37
ELEMENT:
Designed by: ROTICH KEVIN KIPKEMBOI, F16/1489/2012 FLOOR SLAB
3.6 Typical Floor Slab Analysis and Design

All the floors, including the roof, will be subjected to the
same loading.
EN 1991-1- Loading
1:2001 Category according to usage: 𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝐴
Table 6.10 Imposed Loading: 2.0𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Partitions: 1.2𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
∴ 1.0𝑞𝑘 = 3.2𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 𝑛
Dead Loads: Self-weight = 0.175 × 25 = 4.375𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 = 12.74 𝑘𝑁
Finishes = 1.5𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 /𝑚2
∴ 1.0𝑔𝑘 = 5.88 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑛 = 1.35𝑔𝑘 + 1.5𝑞𝑘 = 12.74𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
EN 1992-1- Analysis
1:2004
Three panel types were considered:
Type A
B C
3.8m
1
5.1m
Panel description: two adjacent edges discontinuous

𝑙𝑦 5100
= = 1.34
𝑙𝑥 3800

𝑀𝑠𝑥 = 𝛽𝑠𝑥 𝑛𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.053 × 12.74 × 3.82 = 9.75𝑘𝑁𝑚/𝑚
𝑀𝑠𝑦 = 𝛽𝑠𝑦 𝑛𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.034 × 12.74 × 3.82 = 6.25𝑘𝑁𝑚/𝑚
38
ELEMENT:

𝑀′𝑠𝑥 = 𝛽′𝑠𝑥 𝑛𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.070 × 12.74 × 3.82 = 12.88𝑘𝑁𝑚/𝑚
𝑀′𝑠𝑦 = 𝛽′𝑠𝑦 𝑛𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.045 × 12.74 × 3.82 = 8.28𝑘𝑁𝑚/𝑚
Type B:
B C
3.8m 2
6.6m
Panel description: one long edge discontinuous

𝑙𝑦 6600
= = 1.74
𝑙𝑥 3800
𝑀𝑠𝑥 = 𝛽𝑠𝑥 𝑛𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.062 × 12.74 × 3.82 = 11.41𝑘𝑁𝑚/𝑚
𝑀𝑠𝑦 = 𝛽𝑠𝑦 𝑛𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.028 × 12.74 × 3.82 = 5.15𝑘𝑁𝑚/𝑚
𝑀′𝑠𝑥 = 𝛽′𝑠𝑥 𝑛𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.082 × 12.74 × 3.82 = 11.66𝑘𝑁𝑚/𝑚
𝑀′𝑠𝑦 = 𝛽′𝑠𝑦 𝑛𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.037 × 12.74 × 3.82 = 6.81𝑘𝑁𝑚/𝑚
Type C: D E
4
4.2m
5.1m
39
ELEMENT:

Panel description: one short edge discontinuous
𝑙𝑦 5100
= = 1.21
𝑙𝑥 4200
𝑀𝑠𝑥 = 𝛽𝑠𝑥 𝑛𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.037 × 12.74 × 4.22 = 8.32𝑘𝑁𝑚/𝑚
𝑀𝑠𝑦 = 𝛽𝑠𝑦 𝑛𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.028 × 12.74 × 4.22 = 6.29𝑘𝑁𝑚/𝑚
𝑀′𝑠𝑥 = 𝛽′𝑠𝑥 𝑛𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.048 × 12.74 × 4.22 = 10.79𝑘𝑁𝑚/𝑚
𝑀′𝑠𝑦 = 𝛽′𝑠𝑦 𝑛𝑙𝑥 2 = 0.037 × 12.74 × 4.22 = 8.32𝑘𝑁𝑚/𝑚
Design
1. Effective depth
Assuming 12mm bars,
∅
𝑑𝑥 = ℎ − − 𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 175 − 6 − 25 = 144𝑚𝑚
2
2. Design Moments
Positive moments at midspan
𝑀𝑠𝑥 = 11.41𝑘𝑁𝑚, 𝑀𝑠𝑦 = 6.29𝑘𝑁𝑚
Negative moments at support

𝑀′𝑠𝑥 = 12.88𝑘𝑁𝑚, 𝑀′𝑠𝑦 = 8.32𝑘𝑁𝑚
3. Reinforcement Areas
9.2.1.1 Minimum Area of Reinforcement =
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 0.26 × × 1000 × 144 = 211.61 As,min=
𝑓𝑦𝑘 460
211.61mm2
But not less than 0.0013𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 187.2
𝑀 𝑧 𝑀
M 𝑘= = 0.5�1 + √1 − 3.53𝑘� 𝐴𝑠 = Provide
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 ∙ 𝑧
11.41 0.0220 0.95 208.41 T10-01-300

6.29 0.0121 0.95 114.89 T10-02-300
12.88 0.0248 0.95 235.26 T10-03-300
8.32 0.0160 0.95 151.97 T10-04-300
40
ELEMENT:

4. Deflection Check
Limiting Span/depth ratio = 30
4200
Actual span/depth ratio = = 29.1
144
5. Cracking Check
Provisions for checking cracking are not necessary since the
41
Designed by: ROTICH KEVIN KIPKEMBOI, F16/1489/2012 RB1
(450x250
3.7 Roof Beams Analysis and Design

3.7.1 Roof Beam 1 (RB1)
4.2m 4.2m 4.2m 4.2m

9.2.1.1 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 2.6 As,min= 165.32
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 0.26 × × 250 × 420 = 165.32
Provide 2-T12-01-B throughout the beam (226 mm2) 2-T12-01-B
2
Max Hogging Moment = 14.98 kNm, As,Req= 97.3 mm
Provide 2-T12-02-T throughout the beam (226 mm2) 2-T12-02-T
Deflection Check
Structural factor, K = 1.3
Table 7.4N 𝜌0 = �𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 10−3 = 5 × 10−3
𝜌 = 101.7 × 100/(250 × 450) = 0.09 > 𝜌0
𝑙 𝜌0
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐾 �11 + 1.5�𝑓𝑐𝑘 � = 14.84
𝑑 𝜌
Expression
Modifying for fyk
7.16(b)
𝑙
= 14.84 × 500/(460 × 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 /𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 ) = 35.85
𝑑
Expression 7.17 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑙/𝑑 = 4200/411 = 10.22 Deflection OK
Cracking
Actual bar spacing = 250 − 50 − 16 − 12 × 2 = 160𝑚𝑚 Cracking OK
42
(450x250
5.1m 1.7m

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 2.6 As,min= 165.32
9.2.1.1 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 0.26 × × 250 × 420 = 165.32

Provide 2-T12-T throughout the beam (226 mm2) and 2-T12- 2-T12-02-T
T + 1-T16-T at interior support (427.1 mm2) 1-T16-03-T
Deflection Check
Expression 𝜌0 = �𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 10−3 = 5 × 10−3
7.16(b) & 7.17 𝜌 = 150.2 × 100/(250 × 450) = 0.13 > 𝜌0
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐾 �11 + 1.5�𝑓𝑐𝑘 � × 500/(460 × ) = 24.0
Deflection OK
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑙/𝑑 = 5100/411 = 12.41
Cracking
250−50−16−12×2−16 Cracking OK
2
43
(450x250
5.1m 1.7m

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 2.6 As,min= 165.32
9.2.1.1 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 0.26 × × 250 × 420 = 165.32

Provide 2-T12-B throughout the beam (226 mm2) and add 2-T12-01-B
1-T12-B in the long span (339 mm2) 1-T12-02-B
2
Provide 2-T12-T throughout the beam (226 mm2) and add 2-T12-03-T
2-T16-T at interior support (628 mm2) 2-T16-04-T
Deflection Check
Expression 𝜌0 = �𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 10−3 = 5 × 10−3
7.16(b) & 7.17 𝜌 = 247.4 × 100/(250 × 450) = 0.219 > 𝜌0
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐾 �11 + 1.5�𝑓𝑐𝑘 � × 500/(460 × ) = 21.63
Deflection OK
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑙/𝑑 = 5100/411 = 12.41
Cracking
250−50−16−12×2−16×2 Cracking OK
Actual bar spacing = = 42.67𝑚𝑚
3
44
(450x250
5.1m 6.6m 5.1m

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 2.6 As,min= 165.32
9.2.1.1 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 0.26 × × 250 × 420 = 165.32

2-T16-T at supports (628 mm2) 2-T16-03-T
Deflection Check
Expression 𝜌0 = �𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 10−3 = 5 × 10−3
7.16(b) & 7.17 𝜌 = 247.4 × 100/(250 × 450) = 0.179 > 𝜌0
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐾 �11 + 1.5�𝑓𝑐𝑘 � × 500/(460 × ) = 17.74
Deflection OK
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑙/𝑑 = 6200/411 = 15.09
Cracking
250−50−16−12×2−16×2 Cracking OK
3
45
(450x250
3.8m 4.2m 4.2m 4.2m 4.2m

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 2.6 As,min= 165.32
9.2.1.1 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 0.26 × × 250 × 420 = 165.32

1-T12-T at end supports (339 mm2) 1-T12-03-T
Deflection Check
Expression 𝜌0 = �𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 10−3 = 5 × 10−3
7.16(b) & 7.17 𝜌 = 127.8 × 100/(250 × 450) = 0.114 > 𝜌0
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐾 �11 + 1.5�𝑓𝑐𝑘 � × 500/(460 × ) = 28.31
Deflection OK
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑙/𝑑 = 4200/411 = 10.22
Cracking
250−50−16−12×3 Cracking OK
2
46
(450x250
3.8m 3.8m 4.2m 4.2m 4.2m 4.2m

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 2.6 As,min= 165.32
9.2.1.1 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 0.26 × × 250 × 420 = 165.32

1-T12-T at supports (339 mm2) 1-T12-03-T
Deflection Check
Expression 𝜌0 = �𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 10−3 = 5 × 10−3
7.16(b) & 7.17 𝜌 = 205.6 × 100/(250 × 450) = 0.183 > 𝜌0
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐾 �11 + 1.5�𝑓𝑐𝑘 � × 500/(460 × ) = 17.40
Deflection OK
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑙/𝑑 = 4200/411 = 10.22
Cracking
250−50−16−12×3 Cracking OK
2
47
Designed by: ROTICH KEVIN KIPKEMBOI, F16/1489/2012 FB1
(450x250
3.8 Floor Beams Analysis and Design

3.8.1 Floor Beam 1 (FB1)
4.2m 4.2m 4.2m 4.2m
As,min= 165.32
9.2.1.1 Minimum Area of Reinforcement
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 2.6 mm2
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 0.26 × × 250 × 420 = 165.32
𝑓𝑦𝑘 460
Deflection Check
𝜌0 = �𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 10−3 = 5 × 10−3
Expression 𝜌 = 101 × 100/(250 × 450) = 0.089 > 𝜌0
7.16(b) & 7.17 𝑙 𝜌0 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐾 �11 + 1.5�𝑓𝑐𝑘 � × 500/(460 × ) = 36.08
Deflection OK
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑙/𝑑 = 4200/411 = 10.21
Cracking
Actual bar spacing = 250 − 50 − 16 − 12 × 2 = 160𝑚𝑚 Cracking OK
48
(450x250
3.8.2 Floor Beam 2 (RB2)
5.1m 1.7m

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 2.6 As,min= 165.32
9.2.1.1 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 0.26 × × 250 × 420 = 165.32

2
Deflection Check
Expression 𝜌0 = �𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 10−3 = 5 × 10−3
7.16(b) & 7.17 𝜌 = 234.6 × 100/(250 × 450) = 0.209 > 𝜌0
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐾 �11 + 1.5�𝑓𝑐𝑘 � × 500/(460 × ) = 22.83
Deflection OK
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑙/𝑑 = 5100/411 = 12.41
Cracking
250−50−16−12×4 Cracking OK
3
49
(450x250
5.1m 1.7m

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 2.6 As,min= 165.32
9.2.1.1 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 0.26 × × 250 × 420 = 165.32

2
Deflection Check
Expression 𝜌0 = �𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 10−3 = 5 × 10−3
7.16(b) & 7.17 𝜌 = 310.1 × 100/(250 × 450) = 0.276 > 𝜌0
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐾 �11 + 1.5�𝑓𝑐𝑘 � × 500/(460 × ) = 17.20
Deflection OK
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑙/𝑑 = 5100/411 = 12.41
Cracking
250−50−16−12×2−16×2 Cracking OK
3
50
(450x250
5.1m 6.6m 5.1m

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 2.6 As,min= 165.32
9.2.1.1 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 0.26 × × 250 × 420 = 165.32

1-T12-B at all spans (339 mm2) 1-T12-02-B
2
2-T16-T at interior supports (628 mm2) and 2-T16-04-T
3-T16-T at outer supports (829 mm2) 3-T16-05-T
Provide T8 links @ 150mm for 0.75m from outer supports T8-06-150
and T8 links @ 200mm throughout rest of beam T8-07-200
Deflection Check
Expression 𝜌0 = �𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 10−3 = 5 × 10−3
7.16(b) & 7.17 𝜌 = 247.4 × 100/(250 × 450) = 0.271 > 𝜌0
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐾 �11 + 1.5�𝑓𝑐𝑘 � × 500/(460 × ) = 17.51
Deflection OK
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑙/𝑑 = 6200/411 = 15.09
Cracking
250−50−16−12×2−16×3 Cracking OK
4
51
(450x250
3.8m 4.2m 4.2m 4.2m 4.2m

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 2.6 As,min= 165.32
9.2.1.1 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 0.26 × × 250 × 420 = 165.32

Deflection Check
Expression 𝜌0 = �𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 10−3 = 5 × 10−3
7.16(b) & 7.17 𝜌 = 171.5 × 100/(250 × 450) = 0.152 > 𝜌0
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐾 �11 + 1.5�𝑓𝑐𝑘 � × 500/(460 × ) = 20.94
Deflection OK
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑙/𝑑 = 4200/411 = 10.22
Cracking
250−50−16−12×4 Cracking OK
3
52
(450x250
3.8m 4.2m 4.2m 4.2m 4.2m

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 2.6 As,min= 165.32
9.2.1.1 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 0.26 × × 250 × 420 = 165.32

Provide 3-T12-B throughout the beam (339 mm2) and 2-T12-01-B
Deflection Check
Expression 𝜌0 = �𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 10−3 = 5 × 10−3
7.16(b) & 7.17 𝜌 = 247.7 × 100/(250 × 450) = 0.220 > 𝜌0
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐾 �11 + 1.5�𝑓𝑐𝑘 � × 500/(460 × ) = 21.60
Deflection OK
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑙/𝑑 = 4200/411 = 10.22
Cracking
250−50−16−12×5 Cracking OK
4
53
ELEMENT:
Designed by: ROTICH KEVIN KIPKEMBOI, F16/1489/2012 STAIRCASE
3.9 Staircase Analysis and Design

3.9.1 Flight Type A
Flights 1,3,4,6,7,9,10,12,13,15 & 16;
Description
Treads = 400mm
Risers = 150mm
Waist = 150mm
2.1m 1.7m
Loading
gk (kN/m2) qk (kN/m2)
Treads and Risers 1.98
Self-weight of Waist 3.6
Finishes 1.5
Imposed Load 3.2
Total for Stairs 7.08 3.2
At the stairs,
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑛 = 1.35 × 7.08 + 1.5 × 3.2 = 14.36 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝐹 = 14.36 × 1.7 × 3.98 = 97.16 𝑘𝑁
Effective Depth
Assuming 12mm bars,
∅
𝑑𝑥 = ℎ − − 𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 150 − 6 − 25 = 119𝑚𝑚
2
54
ELEMENT:
Designed by: ROTICH KEVIN KIPKEMBOI, F16/1489/2012 STAIRCASE
Ultimate Bending Moments
Supports = 0.11Fl= 18.17 kNm, As,Req= 401.6 mm2/m Provide
Provide T12-01-250-T (452mm2/m) at supports T12-01-250-T
Near mid end span= 0.09Fl =14.87 kNm, 328.5 mm2/m
Provide T12-02-300-B (377mm2/m) at spans T12-02-300-B
Provision of Distribution bars
The area of distribution bars should be greater than the T10-03-300-B
minimal area of tension reinforcement required
Deflection Check
𝜌0 = �𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 10−3 = 5 × 10−3
𝜌 = 328.5 × 100/(150 × 1000) = 0.168 > 𝜌0
Expression 𝑙 𝜌0 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐾 �11 + 1.5�𝑓𝑐𝑘 � × 500/(460 × ) = 27.32
7.16(b) & 7.17
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑙/𝑑 = 1700/119 = 14.29
Deflection OK
Cracking
Provisions for checking cracking are not necessary since the Cracking OK
55
Designed by: ROTICH KEVIN KIPKEMBOI, F16/1489/2012 ELEMENT:
STAIRCASE
3.9.2 Flight Type B
Flights 2,5,8,11,14,17
Description
Treads = 400mm
Risers = 150mm
Waist = 150mm
9.2.1.1
1.7m 2.1m 1.7m
Loading
gk (kN/m2) qk (kN/m2)
Treads and Risers 1.98
Self-weight of Waist 3.6
Finishes 1.5
Imposed Load 3.2
Total for Stairs 7.08 3.2
At the stairs,
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑛 = 1.35 × 7.08 + 1.5 × 3.2 = 14.36 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝐹 = 14.36 × 1.7 × 2.28 = 55.66 𝑘𝑁
Effective Depth
Assuming 12mm bars,
∅
𝑑𝑥 = ℎ − − 𝑐𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 150 − 6 − 25 = 119𝑚𝑚
2
56
STAIRCASE
Ultimate Bending Moments
Supports = 0.11Fl= 13.96 kNm, As,Req= 308.55 mm2/m Provide
Provide T12-01-300-T (377mm2/m) at supports T12-01-300-T
Near mid end span= 0.09Fl =11.42 kNm, 252.42 mm2/m
Provide T12-02-300-B (377mm2/m) at spans T12-02-300-B
Provision of Distribution bars
The area of distribution bars should be greater than the T10-03-300-B
minimal area of tension reinforcement required
Deflection Check
𝜌0 = �𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 10−3 = 5 × 10−3
𝜌 = 252.42 × 100/(150 × 1000) = 0.168 > 𝜌0
Expression 𝑙 𝜌0 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐾 �11 + 1.5�𝑓𝑐𝑘 � × 500/(460 × ) = 27.32
7.16(b) & 7.17 Deflection OK
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑙/𝑑 = 1700/119 = 14.29
Cracking
Provisions for checking cracking are not necessary since the Cracking OK
57
Designed by: ROTICH KEVIN KIPKEMBOI, F16/1489/2012 SB1
(450x250
3.10 Staircase Beams Analysis and Design
3.10.1 Stair Beam 1 (SB1)
0.9m
2.1m 1.7m

9.2.1.1 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 2.6
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 0.26 × × 250 × 420 = 165.32
𝑓𝑦𝑘 460 As,min= 165.32
But not less than 0.0013𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 136.5 𝑚𝑚 mm2
Results from Prokon Analysis Provide

Max Sagging Moment = 39.74 kNm, As,Req= 251.8 mm2
Provide 2-T12-B throughout the beam (226 mm2) and 2-T12-01-B
1-T12-B at midspan (339 mm2) 1-T12-02-B
2
Deflection Check
Expression 𝜌0 = �𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 10−3 = 5 × 10−3
7.16(b) & 7.17 𝜌 = 251.8 × 100/(250 × 450) = 0.224 > 𝜌0
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐾 �11 + 1.5�𝑓𝑐𝑘 � × 500/(460 × ) = 16.34
Deflection OK
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑙/𝑑 = 3980/411 = 9.68
58
(450x250
Cracking
250−50−16−12×2 Cracking OK
1
59
(450x250
3.10.2 Stair Beam 2 (SB2)
1.35m
1.7m 3.2m 1.7m

9.2.1.1 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 0.26 × × 250 × 420 = 165.32
𝑓𝑦𝑘 460 As,min= 165.32
But not less than 0.0013𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 136.5 𝑚𝑚 mm2
Results from Prokon Analysis Provide

Max Sagging Moment = 32.93 kNm, As,Req= 209.6 mm2
1-T12-T at supports 1-T12-03-T
Deflection Check
Expression 𝜌0 = �𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 10−3 = 5 × 10−3
7.16(b) & 7.17 𝜌 = 251.8 × 100/(250 × 450) = 0.186 > 𝜌0
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐾 �11 + 1.5�𝑓𝑐𝑘 � × 500/(460 × ) = 17.07
Deflection OK
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑙/𝑑 = 6870/411 = 16.72
60
(450x250
Cracking
250−50−16−12×3 Cracking OK
2
61
Designed by: ROTICH KEVIN KIPKEMBOI, F16/1489/2012 C1: (500x300
Rectangular
Supervised by: S.K. MUTUA Column)
3.11 Column Analysis and Design

3.11.1 Column 1 (C1)
Column details
Level l0 d'x d'y
th
Roof-4 2.85 50 50
th st
4 -1 2.85 50 50
st
1 - Fdn 4.85 50 50
ULS Loads From Frame Analysis

Level P (kN) Mx top My top Mx bot My bot
th
Roof-4 283.91 32.63 25.18 33.53 22.35
th st
4 -1 770.30 36.82 21.91 41.42 21.46
1st - Fdn 928.94 17.20 10.43 00.00 00.00
Reinforcement Areas from Prokon Analysis

Nominal Reinforcement = 0.4%bh = 600 mm2
Area Required for:
Level Provide Area Provide
X-X Y-Y
Roof-4th 300 300 4T16 804 4-T16-01
4th- 1st 300 300 4T16 804 4-T16-01
1st - Fdn 612 612 4T16 804 4-T16-01
Provision of Links
Φ of link > ¼ of compression bar, but not less than 6mm Provide T8
≥ 6mm links
Spacing ≤ 20 times the diameter of the smallest bar Provide T8

≤ Least lateral dimension of column (300mm) links @
≤ 400mm 250mm
62
Rectangular
3.11.2 Column 2 (C2)
Column details
Level l0 (m) d'x (mm) d'y (mm)
Roof-4th 2.85 50 50
4th- 1st 2.85 50 50
1st - Fdn 4.85 50 50

Roof-4th 193.45 68.48 4.12 52.52 4.12
4th- 1st 1047.79 62.97 2.57 56.77 2.43
1st - Fdn 1612.73 42.29 0.45 0.00 0.00

Area Required for:
X-X Y-Y
Roof-4th 350 350 4T16 804 4-T16-01
th st
4 -1 300 300 4T16 804
4-T16-01
4T16
1st - Fdn 850 850 1030 4-T16-01
+ 2T12
+2-T12-02
Provision of Links
links

≤ 400mm 250mm
63
Rectangular
3.11.3 Column 3 (C3)
Column details
Level l0(m) d'x (mm) d'y (mm)
WT-4th 2.85 50 50
4th- 1st 2.85 50 50
1st - Fdn 5.75 50 50

WT-4th 314.86 9.58 7.90 23.05 14.65
4th- 1st 463.35 19.48 11.88 24.26 17.30
1st - Fdn 960.43 12.64 15.32 0.00 0.00

Area Required for:
X-X Y-Y
WT-4th 300 300 4T16 804 4-T16-01
th st
4 -1 612 612 4T16 804
4-T16-01
1st - Fdn 612 612 4T16 804
4-T16-01
Provision of Links
links

≤ 400mm 250mm
64
Rectangular
3.11.4 Column 4 (C4)
Column details
Roof-4th 2.85 50 50
4th- 1st 2.85 50 50
1st - Fdn 4.85 50 50

Roof-4th 725.87 14.08 17.48 12.87 16.15
4th- 1st 1993.54 6.21 10.83 2.78 9.42
1st - Fdn 2445.13 2.13 2.38 0.00 0.00

Area Required for:

X-X Y-Y
Roof-4th 612 612 4T16 804 4-T16-01
4T20 4-T16-01
4th- 1st 1338 1526 1659
+ 4T16 + 4-T20-02
1st - Fdn 2674 2745 8T25 2945 8-T25-03
Provision of Links
links

≤ 400mm 250mm
65
Rectangular
3.11.5 Column 5 (C5)
Column details
WT-4th 2.85 50 50
4th- 1st 2.85 50 50
1st - Fdn 4.85 50 50

WT-4th 423.06 35.09 29.44 30.69 27.54
4th- 1st 1208.70 27.43 11.02 41.63 15.95
1st - Fdn 1421.70 15.91 6.14 0.00 0.00

Area Required for:
X-X Y-Y
WT-4th 612 612 4T16 804 4-T16-01
th st
4 -1 612 612 4T16 804
4-T16-01
1st - Fdn 612 612 4T16 2945
4-T16-01
Provision of Links
links

≤ 400mm 250mm
66
B1
3.12 Pad Footing Analysis and Design

3.12.1 Base 1 (B1)
This base supports column types C1 and C3
Loading
Dead (kN) Imposed (kN) Total (kN)
Service Loads 712.53 65.73 778.26
Design Loads 961.92 98.60 1060.52
Results From Prokon

Size of Footing 1.6x1.6x0.45m
1.6 x 1.6 x 0.45m footing
SLS Pressure = 354.78 kN/m2 ≤ 400 kN/m2 OK

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 585𝑚𝑚2 As,min= 585
mm2/m
Design Moments
Mx = 88.16 kNm/m, As,Req= 565 mm2/m Provide
Provide T16-300-B (670 mm2/m) T16-01-300BB
My = 62.79 kNm/m, As,Req= 402 mm2/m
Provide T16-300-B (670 mm2/m) T16-02-300B
Shear Capacity
Linear shear stress (νx) = 0.321 N/mm2, νc,x = 0.341 N/mm2 OK
Linear shear stress (νy) = 0.177 N/mm2, νc,y = 0.341 N/mm2 OK
Punching shear stress (ν) = 0.105 N/mm2, νc = 0.341 N/mm2 OK
67
B2
3.12.2 Base 2 (B2)
This base supports column types C2 and C5
Loading
Service Loads 977.33 205.12 1182.45
Design Loads 1319.40 307.68 1627.08
Results From Prokon

Size of Footing
2.0 x 2.0 x 0.6m 2.0x2.0x0.6m
footing

mm2/m
Design Moments
My = 115.22 kNm/m, As,Req= 556 mm2/m
Provide T16-250-B (801 mm2/m) T16-02-250B
Shear Capacity
68
B3
3.12.3 Base 3 (B3)
This base supports column type C4
Loading
Service Loads 1477.71 355.53 1833.24
Design Loads 1994.91 533.30 2528.21
Results From Prokon

Size of Footing
2.4 x 2.4 x 0.7m 2.4x2.4x0.7m
footing

mm2/m
Design Moments
My = 198.19 kNm/m, As,Req= 762 mm2/m
Provide T20-300-B (1047 mm2/m) T20-02-300B
Shear Capacity
69
B4
3.12.4 Base 4 (B4)
This base supports column types C1 and C2 on either side of
the expansion joint.
Loading
Service Loads 1759.84 352.24 1795.08
Design Loads 2375.78 528.36 2904.14
Results From Prokon

Size of Footing 3.0x3.0x0.7m
3.0 x 3.0 x 0.7m footing

mm2/m
Design Moments
My = 252.39 kNm/m, As,Req= 970 mm2/m
Provide T20-300-B (1047 mm2/m) T20-02-300B
Shear Capacity
70
ELEMENT:
Designed by: ROTICH KEVIN KIPKEMBOI, F16/1489/2012 LIFT SHAFT
Supervised by: S.K. MUTUA WALL
3.13 Lift Shaft Analysis and Design

3.13.1 Lift Shaft Wall Design
A cross-section of the lift shaft wall is shown below
3200
Wall 2
Wall 1
Wall 1
2100
200
Ac = 1.56 m2
Design of Wall 1
Loading
Total Axial Loads at foundation level (From Prokon 3D
analysis)
DL : 2101.55 kN
LL : 348.33 kN
Design Axial Load = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk = 3394.42 kN
Lateral Loads:
Moment at
Level Load
Base (kNm)
1 112.03 560.15
2 164.33 1314.64
3 225.15 2476.65
4 285.97 4003.58
5 346.0 5882.0
Roof 205.41 4108.20
1337.92 18645.22
The horizontal loads on the wall were distributed according to
wall length
The proportion for wall 1 = 2.1/(2.1+3.2+0.6+0.6) = 0.323
Total moment on wall 1 = 0.323 x 18645.22 = 6022.41 kNm
Design Moment = 1.5 x Ψ x 6022.41 = 4516.8 kNm
71
ELEMENT:
Supervised by: S.K. MUTUA WALL

6.1 Design for Bending
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡,𝑙𝑒=𝛽𝑙0
𝑙0=5000−450=4550 𝑚𝑚 𝛽=0.85 ∴𝑙𝑒=0.85×2850=2422.5 𝑚𝑚 The wall is
𝑆𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜=𝑙𝑒/ℎ=2422/5200=12.11 stocky
The wall is stocky
𝑁
=8
𝑏ℎ
𝑀
=5
𝑏ℎ2
Assuming a concrete cover of 25mm, d = 175mm
𝑑
and ℎ = 0.875
From design charts,
100𝐴𝑠
= 0.45, 𝐴𝑠 = 1890𝑚𝑚2 𝑜𝑟 900𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚
𝑏ℎ
Assuming bars will be equally distributed on the near and far Provide
faces, As = 450 mm2/m T-12-01-200
Provide T-12 bars @ 200mm (565 mm2/m) Vertical bars
Horizontal Reinforcement
The horizontal reinforcement will be the greater of 0.25As or
0.001Ac Provide
0.25 As = 0.25 x 450 = 112.5 mm2/m T-10-02-300
2
0.001Ac = 0.001 x 200 x 1000 = 200 mm /m Horizontal bars
2
Provide T-10 bars @ 300mm (262 mm /m)
7.3.3 Cracking
No other crack control measures are required since the wall
thickness is less than 200 mm.
72
ELEMENT:
Supervised by: S.K. MUTUA BASE

3.13.2 Lift Shaft Base
Proposed length, L, of base = 4.95 m
Total Service Load (Axial) = 4203.1+696.66 = 4899.76 kN
Required base area = 4899.76/400 = 12.25 m2
Required width, B = 12.25/4.95 = 2.47m
Adopt 3.0m width.
Results from Prokon

Size = 4.5 x 3.0 x 0.7m 4.5 x 3.0 x
0.7m footing

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 906𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚 As,min=
906mm2/m
Design Moments, Bottom
2
Provide T20-300-B (1047 mm /m) T20-01-300BB
My = 45.61 kNm/m, As,Req= 183 mm2/m
Provide T20-300-B (1047 mm2/m) T20-02-300B
Design Moments, Top

Mx = 293.96 kNm/m, As,Req= 1155 mm2/m
Provide T20-250-B (1257 mm2/m) T20-03-250TT
My = 0 kNm/m, As,Req= 0 mm2/m
Provide T20-300-B (1047 mm2/m) T20-04-300T
73
CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION
4.1 Structural Modelling and Analysis
The structure was modelled as a full 3D space frame using Prokon software. The slabs were
modelled as shell elements, which were analysed using finite element analysis methods.
However, the actual design of the slabs was done using manual calculations, while the design
of the other elements which support the slab were designed using the various packages in
Prokon. The beams were connected to the slabs using rigid links with hinged joints at both
ends to ensure that the behaviour of the structural model was as close as possible to the
behaviour of the real structure.
The main advantage of modelling in 3D is that it is the most accurate representation of the
structure, compared to plane frame analysis of using sub-frames. However, the user must be
comfortable and competent with the modelling package because any blunders in the input
will lead to incorrect results. This is because the software can only notify the user on syntax
errors, and not blunders by the user.
4.2 Loads
The shell elements were loaded with both the permanent and imposed loads, with the
software calculating the self-weight of the elements. Since the roof slab would allow access
for occupants of the structure, the loading applied on the roof shell elements were the same as
for the other typical floors. Also, the beams were loaded with the weight of the infill masonry
walls that would be placed directly above them, with the floor beams carrying a 2.55 metre
height of infill masonry wall and the external roof beams carrying a 1 metre high masonry
parapet.
The loads were entered in Prokon as load cases, i.e. Dead Loads, Imposed Loads, Wind
Loads, etc. The loads were then grouped into combinations for both ultimate and
serviceability limit states according to the recommendations from the design code.
4.3 Structural Design

Several concrete design modules are included in the Prokon suite. These are useful tools for
the design and detailing typical reinforced and pre-stressed concrete members.
74
Beam design
The Continuous Beam Design module was used to design and detail the beams.
Column design
Rectangular Column Design and Circular Column Design offer rapid design and detailing of
simple short and slender columns. Columns with complicated shapes can be designed using
General Column Design module. However, since the structure being designed in this project
only had rectangular columns, the Rectangular Column Design module was used.
Substructure design
The Column Base Design module was used to design the bases.
Detailing
The detailing was done using AutoCAD.
4.4 Structural Design Codes

Kenya is adopting the use of Eurocodes and soon they will have the same legal standing as
the national equivalent design standard or code of practice.
4.4.1 Costs of Adopting Eurocodes

The construction sector is unlikely to adopt the structural Eurocodes until they see a
competitive advantage, are required to do so by clients or there is no alternative because the
relevant national standards have been withdrawn and references in the Approved Documents
removed. The sector is likely to see the investment required as a significant hurdle.
Companies are likely to resist this sort of expenditure for as long as possible. Clients are,
similarly, unlikely to accept increased costs if they find there to be little or no economic
advantage in using Eurocodes.
4.4.2 Benefits of Adopting Eurocodes

However, the introduction of Eurocodes does hold benefits for the construction industry.
They aim to provide common design criteria and methods of meeting requirements for
mechanical resistance, stability and resistance to fire, including aspects of durability and
economy. The Eurocodes, mean much more to the construction industry, though; they also
aim to:
75
• Provide a common understanding regarding the design of structures between owners,
operators and users, designers, contractors and manufacturers.
• Facilitate the exchange of construction services between states that have adopted their
use.
• Facilitate the marketing and use of structural components and kits in all states that
have adopted their use.
• Facilitate the marketing and use of materials and constituent products
• Are a common basis for research and development in the construction industry.
• Allow the preparation of common design aids and software
76
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusions
The objective of the project was achieved. The six storey hostel was analysed, designed and
detailed in accordance with Eurocode 2 (EN 1992-1-1:2004) guidelines, and detailed
structural drawings were provided.
5.2 Recommendations
1. The use of Eurocodes by Kenyan structural engineers should be more welcome.
2. Structural engineers should embrace the use of design packages to help ease their
work and to come up with more efficient designs.
77
REFERENCES
1. Arya, C., 2009. Design of Structural Elements. 3rd ed. New York: Taylor & Francis.
2. Institution of Structural Engineers, The Concrete Society, 1989. Standard Method of
Detailing Structural Concrete. London: Institution of Structural Engineers/The Concrete
Society.
3. Kassimali, A., 2011. Structural Analysis. 4th ed. Stamford: Cengage Learning.
4. MacGinley, T. J. & Choo, B. S., 1990. Reinforced Concrete Design Theory and
Examples. 2nd ed. London: Spon Press.
5. Mosley, B., Bungley, J. & Hulse, R., 2007. Reinforced Concrete Design to Eurocode 2.
6th ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
6. Reynolds, C. E., Steedman, J. C. & Threlfall, A. J., 2008. Reynolds's Reinforced
Concrete Designer's Handbook. 11th ed. Oxon: Taylor & Francis.
7. The Institution of Structural Engineers, 2006. Manual for the design of concrete building
structures to Eurocode 2. 1st ed. London: The Institution of Structural Engineers.
8. Threlfall, T., 2013. Worked Examples for the Design of Concrete Structures to Eurocode
2. 1st ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
78
APPENDICES
A Drawings
B Design Calculations (In CD)
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UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI

Structural Analysis and Design of a Six Storey Hostel

By Rotich Kevin Kipkemboi

A final year project submitted as a partial fulfilment for the requirement

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................... iv

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................... ix

Latin Uppercase Letters ........................................................................................................ ix

Latin Lowercase letters ......................................................................................................... ix

Greek Lowercase Letters ....................................................................................................... x

LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. xi

LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................xii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1

1.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 1

1.2 Background Information ............................................................................................. 1

1.3 Problem Statement ...................................................................................................... 1

1.4 Objectives .................................................................................................................... 2

1.5 Project Significance..................................................................................................... 2

1.6 Methodology ............................................................................................................... 2

1.7 Design Information Sheet............................................................................................ 3

1.8 Structural Summary Sheet ........................................................................................... 4

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................... 6

2.1 Aim and Basis of Structural Design ............................................................................ 6

2.2 Structural Design Philosophies ................................................................................... 6

2.2.1 Permissible Stress Design .................................................................................... 7

2.2.2 Load Factor Design .............................................................................................. 7

2.2.2 Limit State Design Philosophy ............................................................................ 8

2.3 Structural Design Process............................................................................................ 9

2.4.1 Plane versus Space Structure ............................................................................. 11

2.4.2 Line Diagram ..................................................................................................... 11

2.4.4 Supports ............................................................................................................. 12

2.5 Structural Analysis Methods ..................................................................................... 12

2.5.1 Linear Elastic Analysis ...................................................................................... 12

2.5.2 Linear Elastic Analysis with Redistribution ...................................................... 12

2.5.3 Plastic Analysis .................................................................................................. 12

2.6 Structural Design Criteria.......................................................................................... 13

2.6.1 Loading .............................................................................................................. 13

2.6.2 Strength and Stability......................................................................................... 14

2.6.3 Stiffness and Drift Limitations........................................................................... 14

2.6.4 Creep, Shrinkage and Temperature Effects ....................................................... 15

2.6.5 Fire ..................................................................................................................... 15

2.6.6 Comfort of occupants ......................................................................................... 15

2.7 Materials .................................................................................................................... 15

2.7.1 Concrete ............................................................................................................. 15

2.8 Structural Design Codes ............................................................................................ 17

2.9 Structural Design Packages ....................................................................................... 18

2.10 Structural Detailing Packages ................................................................................ 18

CHAPTER 3: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN .................................................. 19

3.1 Structural Arrangement and Loading ........................................................................ 19

3.1.1 Column Layout .................................................................................................. 19

3.1.2 Beam Layout ..................................................................................................... 19

3.2 Preliminary Member Sizing ...................................................................................... 20

3.2.2 Beams ................................................................................................................. 21

3.2.3 Columns ............................................................................................................. 22

3.3 Lateral Load Analysis ............................................................................................... 23

3.3.1 Wind Load Analysis .......................................................................................... 23

3.3.2 Earthquake Load Analysis ................................................................................. 28

3.3.3 Distribution of Lateral Loads to Storeys ............................................................ 31

3.4 Water Tank Slab Analysis and Design...................................................................... 33

3.5 Water Tank Beam Analysis and Design ................................................................... 35

3.5.1 Water Tank Beam 1 (WTB1) ............................................................................. 35

3.5.2 Water Tank Beam 2 (WTB2) ............................................................................. 36