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Indian Journal of Fertilisers, Vol. 12 (5), pp.16-26 (11 pages)

Interactions of Zinc with Other Nutrients in Soils and Plants - A Review

Rajendra Prasad1, Yashbir Singh Shivay2 and Dinesh Kumar2
1
Ex-ICAR National Professor (Agronomy) and 2Principal Scientists
Division of Agronomy, Indian Agricultural Research Institute,
New Delhi 110 012

Abstract
Fertilisation of crops with zinc (Zn) has received considerable attention in recent years due to world-wide spread
of its deficiency in soils and also due to malnutrition, especially in the developing countries. Significant response to
Zn fertilisation has been reported in a number of field crops. This triggered the need for studying the interaction
effects of Zn with other plant nutrients in soils and plants. The available information is reviewed. In soils, pH is the
most important factor determining Zn availability. Further, Zn is adsorbed on hydroxides (especially those of iron)
and carbonate surfaces, which reduces its availability to plants. In plants, Zn interacts positively with nitrogen and
potassium and negatively with phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe) and copper (Cu). The negative interaction is
due to interference of P, Ca, Fe and Cu in the absorption of Zn on root surfaces or/and its translocation from root to
shoot in plants. Zinc interacts negatively with calcium mainly because it competes for the same adsorption sites on
soil particles as well as on root surfaces. As regards sulphur, both positive and negative interaction effects are
reported in crop plants, suggesting different mechanisms in different plant species. Zinc interferes with the
absorption of iron and boron by plants. Application of Zn is suggested as a measure to alleviate boron toxicity in
crops grown on boron-rich soils. On the other hand Zn fertilisation augments the absorption of copper and
manganese by plants. The mechanisms responsible for the interaction effects of Zn with other plant nutrients in
soils and plants are not well understood and call for further research for increasing food production in the world,
especially in developing countries like India, to meet the ever-increasing food demands.

Key words : Zinc availability, pH, synergistic effects, antagonistic effects, zinc phosphate, zinc borate, calcium
zincate, white bud disease, khaira disease, Zn-N, Zn-P, Zn-K, Zn-Fe, Zn-B interactions

Introduction
Nearly half of the cultivated soils
in the world are deficient in
available zinc (Zn) (Sillanpaa,
1982). Low availability of Zn in
alkaline soil is a chronic stress in
cereal production in Turkey, India,
Pakistan and China (Cakmak, 2004;
Singh et al., 2003; Bell and Dell,
2008). Zinc deficiency is also
reported from a number of
countries in Africa (Kang and
Osiname, 1985). The causes for
spurt in Zn deficiency in Asian
countries include: introduction of
high yielding varieties of rice and
wheat, application of high rates of
high analysis fertilisers such as
urea and diammonium phosphate,
removal of both grain and straw
from the field at harvest, reduced
to almost nil application of organic
manures and development and
adoption of two- to three- crops a
year intensive crop rotations, such
as, rice-wheat (Prasad, 2005)
resulting in mining of native soil
nutrients. Among cereals, wheat
(Cakmak et al., 1996), rice (Tanaka
and Yoshida, 1970; Prasad, 2006)
rajuma36@gmail.com
and corn (Viets et al., 1954) in
particular suffer from Zn
deficiency and significant
responses to Zn fertilisation have
been reported in several crops from
India (Takkar et al., 1989; Gupta,
1995; Singh et al., 2003; Katyal et
al., 2004; Shivay et al., 2008, 2014a).
Zinc fertilization of crops has
received further attention due to
widespread Zn malnutrition
especially in developing countries
(Gibson, 2012; Graham et al., 2012)
and the efforts being made for Zn
biofortification of cereals, grains
with Zn fertilisation (Prasad et
al., 2014).
The general range of total Zn in
soils is 10-300 mg kg-1 soil (Swaine,
1955; White, 1993) with a mean
value of 50 mg kg-1 soil (Vinogradov,
1959). Soils formed from basic
rocks, such as, basalt is richer in
Zn than those formed from acidic
rocks, such as, granite and gneisses
(Vinogradov, 1959). Further total
Zn is generally higher in heavier
clayey soils than in lighter sandy
soils (Frank et al., 1976). Zinc in
soils is present in different forms,
such as, soluble, exchangeable,
component of secondary minerals,
organic matter associated, co-
precipitated as secondary
minerals, associated with
sesquioxides and as a structural
part of primary minerals (Shuman,
1991). Hazra et al. (1987) reported
that more than 84% of total Zn in
soils occurs as structurally lattice
bound, about 13% as sesquioxide
bound, 1.6% as organically
complexed and about 1% as
exchangeable and water soluble
forms. Only a small fraction of
total Zn becomes available to crop
plants. Soil extractants used for
determining plant available Zn
include dilute acids, such as 0.1 M
HCl or a mixture of 0.0124 M H2SO4
+ 0.05 M HCl (known as Mehlich I),
or chelating agents, such as, EDTA
+ (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 (Trierweiler and
Lindsay 1969), 1 M ammonium
acetate + 0.02 M EDTA of pH 4.65
used in a global study by FAO
(Sillanpaa, 1982), modified Olsen’s
extractant ( 0.01 M EDTA + 0.5 M
NaHCO3 + 0.1 g L-1 Superfloc 126,
pH 8.6) used by International Soil
Fertility Evaluation and
Improvement Project of North
Carolina State University for use
in Latin America (Hunter, 1975)
and 0.005 M DTPA + 0.01 M CaCl2

Indian Journal of Fertilisers, May 2016

16
buffered at pH 7.3 by 0.01 M
triethanolamine (Lessman and
Ellis, 1971; Lindsay and Norvell,
1978). Dilute acid extractants are
good for acid soils, while chelating
agent extractants are good for
neutral, calcareous and alkaline
soils (Sims and Johnson, 1991).
DTPA extractable Zn is widely
used in several countries and the
critical limits in India range from
0.38 to 1.2 mg kg-1 soil for different
soils and crops (Takkar et al., 1997).
Zinc is now an integral part of
fertiliser recommendation for most
crops in several countries. It is
generally applied along with NPK
as basal fertiliser at seeding
(transplanting in case of rice)
although its foliar application is
also recommended (Prasad, 2006).
Soil application has the advantage
of leaving residual effects on
succeeding crop and thus,
permitting a better utilization of
applied Zn in a cropping system
(Prasad and Kumar, 1993).
Interaction of Zn with other plant
nutrients in soils and plants has
aroused considerable interest in
the researchers, students, planners
and academicians and therefore we
are presenting the information in
this review.
An interaction between two
nutrients is considered
statistically significant, when the
level of application of one nutrient
affects the response of plants to the
other nutrient and vice-versa.
When the response of plants to one
nutrient increases with an
increase in the level of the other
nutrient, the interaction is said to
be positive and the nutrients are
said to be synergistic. On the other
hand, when the response to one
nutrient decreases with an
increase in the level of the other
nutrient, the interaction is said to
be negative and the two nutrients
are said to be antagonistic. For
more details reference may be
made to a book on agricultural
statistics (Gomez and Gomez,
1984).
Zinc as an Essential Plant
Nutrient
The essentiality of Zn as a plant
nutrient was established first in
corn by Maze’ (1915) and later in
barley and soybean by (Sommer
and Lipman, 1926). Nene (1966)
was the first to report Zn
deficiency in rice. Zinc deficiency
has been reported in a number of
other field crops including cotton
(Okhi, 1975), soybean (Okhi, 1978)
and dry beans (Khan and
Soltanpour 1978). Adequate Zn
fertilization is a must for citrus
production (Srivastava and Singh,
2005). Zinc deficiency in corn
results in stunted growth and the
top leaves are shorter and turn
white, giving the name ‘white bud’
to the Zn deficiency in maize
(Comberato and Maloney, 2012). In
rice and wheat brown spots appear
on young leaves, which may later
coalesce to turn the entire leaves
brown leading to burnt out brown
patches in the field, giving the name
‘khaira’ disease (due to brown colour
of the extract of khair (Acacia catechu)
(Nene, 1966). In citrus leaves
become small with narrow points
and turn yellow with green veins
(Futch and Tucker, 2000). For a
more detailed account of Zn
deficiencies in plants reference
may be made to Alloway
(Alloway, 2008 a&b).
Zinc is a prosthetic group in a large
number of proteins and is
involved in the activation of all the
six groups of enzymes, namely,
oxidoreductases, transferases,
hydrolases, lysases isomerases
and ligases (Barak and Helmke,
1993). Zinc deficiency leads to
inhibition of protein synthesis in
plants, which is marked by a
decline in RNA (Price et al., 1972),
either due to reduced activity of Zn-
RNAPM (Soloiman and Wu, 1985)
or reduced structural integrity of
ribosomes (Obata and
Umebayashi, 1988), or by their
enhanced degradation (Cakmak
and Marschner, 1988; Cakmak et
al., 1989). Zinc deficiency therefore
leads to accumulation of amino
acids and amides in leaves and
shoot tips. Zinc deficiency also
leads to loss in membrane integrity
(Sparrow and Graham, 1988). One
of the important site of protein
synthesis in plants is pollen tubes,
which could have a fairly high
Indian Journal of Fertilisers, May 2016
17
concentration of Zn (150 mg kg-1)
(Miyazawa et al., 2002) and
adequate Zn is essential for pollen
tube formation in lentils (Pandey
et al., 2006).
Interaction of Zinc in Soils
As a cation, Zn interacts with all
plant nutrients present in soil or
absorbed by plants as anions,
which include NO3- (nitrate), PO43-
(phosphate), SO 42- (sulphate), Cl -
(chloride), BO33- (borate) and MoO42-
(molybdate). Of these, nitrate,
sulphate and chloride are water
soluble and present no problem in
the availability of Zn to plants,
while borate and molybdate are
present in very small amounts to
warrant attention. Thus, only
phosphates are left that can reduce
the availability of Zn in soils. In
addition, hydroxides and
carbonates present in soil lead to
adsorption of Zn on their surface
or precipitation of Zn as Zn
hydroxide or Zn carbonate, which
reduce Zn availability to plants.
Brief account of intraction of zinc
with nutrients and other
constituents in soil is given below.
Oxygen, Hydrogen and Carbon
Adsorption of Zn on hydroxyl
(OH-) and carbonate (CO32-) surfaces
or its precipitation as Zn(OH)2 or
ZnCO 3 is of great importance in
reducing Zn availability in soils.
Solubility of zinc carbonate was
found to be 1.05x10-3 M L-1 at pH 6,
1.99x10-4 M L-1 at pH 7, 5.74x10-5 M
L-1 at pH 8 and 1.83x10-6 M L-1 at
pH 9 in solubility equilibrium
studies (Clever et al., 1992). Lindsay
(1991) observed that solubility of
Zn decreased 100-fold with each
unit increase in pH. Rupa and
Tomar (1999) observed a sharp
increase in Zn sorption with an
increase in pH from 4.25 to 6.75,
beyond which almost all Zn was
sorbed. This explains the
occurrence of Zn deficiency due to
over-liming the acid soils (Khan,
1970). The predominant Zn speci in
soil solution below pH 7.7 is Zn2+,
while above pH 9.1 it is Zn(OH)2o
and in between the dominant
species is Zn(OH)+ (Lindsay, (1991).
Zinc deficiency in plants can be
expected in calcareous alkaline
soils, where Zn concentration in
soil solution is between 10-8 and 10-
10
M L-1 as against the desired critical
level of 10 -7 to 10 -8 M L -1 in
continuous flow nutrient cultures
(Caroll and Loneragan, 1969).
Stukenholtz et al. (1966) reported
that addition of P caused a
significant decrease in Zn
concentration only in calcareous
soils. This is in accordance with the
wide-spread Zn deficiency in
calcareous soils (Cakmak, 2004;
Prasad, 2006].
Phosphorus
Increased sorption of Zn in soils
due to increased negative surface
charges associated with applied P
reducing its availability has been
reported (Bolland et al., 1977; Saeed
and Fox, 1979; Barrow, 1987;
Cakmak, 2004]. Zinc can also get
precipitated as Zn phosphate on
addition of phosphate fertilisers
(Lambert et al., 2007). Solubility of
[Zn 3 (PO 4 ) 2 .4H 2 O] can vary from
1.7x10-4 to 2.88x10-8 M L-1 depending
upon the medium composition
(Clever et al., 1992). Lindsay, 1991,
however, observed that solubility
of Zn 3(PO 4) 2.4H 2O is higher than
that of soil-Zn. Takkar et al. (1976)
and Norvell et al. (1987) reported
that addition of P only slightly
reduced extractable Zn. Saeed
(1979) observed that prior heavy P
application in five Hawaiian soils
had no influence on DTPA
extractable Zn and concluded that
Zn deficiency could not be due to
precipitation of Zn as insoluble Zn-
P compounds. In field studies in
India zincated superphoshate
compared well with Zn sulphate
as a source of Zn for many crops
(Sakal et al., 1985; Malewar, 2003).
Zincated diammonium phosphate
is also reported to be a fairly good
source of Zn for rainfed lowland
rice (Ilangovan and Palaniappan,
1989). Zincated NPK fertilisers are
produced and marketed in India
(NAAS, 2012).
Oxide Minerals
Oxide minerals (oxides,
hydroxides and oxy-hydroxides of
Fe and Al) are abundant in Ultisols
and Oxisols (Prasad and Power,
1997). These minerals acquire a
negative charge under alkaline
conditions (Parks and deBruyn,
1962) and are involved in sorption
of Zn. The largest percent of the
total Zn in polluted soils is
reported to be associated with Fe
and Mn oxides (Kuo et al., 1983;
Hickey and Kittrick, 1984; Cao et al.,
2003). Dyer et al. (2004) also
reported the sorption of Zn on
ferrihydrite. Sadana and Takkar
(1983) reported that in submerged
soils obtained in rice paddies, high
solubility of iron maintained by
formation of Fe3(OH)8 depressed the
solubility of Zn through formation
of ZnFe2O4. Saeed and Fox (1979)
reported increased sorption of Zn
in Hawaiian soils rich in oxide
minerals on addition of P. In
calcareous and basaltic soils Zn
can get precipitated as franklinite
[ZnFe 2 O 4 ], which can strongly
reduce Zn availability (Agib and
Jarcass, 2008).
Calcium
Calcium in calcium carbonate can
react with Zn in soil solution to
form calcium zincate [CaZn 2
(OH)6.2H2O] (Jurinak and Thorne,
1955), which may not be readily
available to plants. The solubility
product for calcium zincate is
reported as Ksp = 43.9 (Zeigler and
Johnson, 2001). Kalyansundaram
and Mehta (1970) reported reduced
availability of Ca under high Zn
applications.
Ca:B Ratio in Soil Solution
An incubation study with a B-
deficient sandy Heather soil from
near Reading (England) made with
varying Ca:B ratios created by the
addition of calcium chloride
(CaCl2.2H2O) and boric acid (H3BO3)
showed that reducing the Ca:B
ratio from 2000 to 25 (increasing the
proportion of B as the ratio was
lowered) significantly reduced the
Zn concentration in soil solution
extracted after 48 days of
incubation; the values of Zn (mg
L-1) were 3.84, 1.22 and 0.73 for the
Ca:B ratios of 2000, 500 and 25
(Tariq and Mott, 2006). This shows
a negative interaction between Zn
and B in soil solution. When high
Indian Journal of Fertilisers, May 2016
18
levels of boric acid are present in
soil solution, formation of insoluble
Zn borates having the general
formula xZnO.yB2O3.zH2O could be
a possibility. It may be mentioned
that B is generally absorbed by
plants as undissociated boric acid
or its ionic form B(OH 4) - (Raven,
1980; Hu and Patrick, 1997). Hu et
al. (1997) pointed out that boric
acid has the ability of forming cis-
diol complexes with a number of
organic molecules, which helps in
the absorption of boron by plants.
Copper and Molybdenum
Copper and Zn being divalent
cations can compete with each
other for adsorption sites on soil
clay minerals, although affinity for
Cu is more than that for Zn (Eliott
et al., 1986). However, because of
their amounts being too small in
cultivated soils, such competition
is generally not observed.
Amounts of total Cu in cultivated
soils generally vary from 5 to 60
mg kg -1 (Stevenson, 1986), while
that of Zn may vary from 10 to 300
mg kg-1 (Swaine, 1955; White, 1993).
However, in laboratory pollution
and heavy metal toxicity studies,
antagonistic Cu and Zn interaction
has been found. For example, Kim
and McBride (2009) reported that
high Cu concentrations (200 to 400
mg kg-1 soil) strongly inhibited Zn
adsorption on soil particles,
thereby causing Zn to be more
readily extracted and available.
Conversely there was only a
moderate effect of Zn
concentration on Cu adsorption,
suggesting higher affinity of soil
particles for Cu. Basak et al. (1982)
reported that application of 5 mg
Mo kg-1 soil increased extractable
Zn in waterlogged soil.
Interaction of Zinc in Plants
This review examines the
interaction effects mainly from the
viewpoint of concentration of
nutrients in plant tissues, since
the total nutrient uptake of a
nutrient by a crop is very much
influenced by the dry matter yield,
which is controlled by several
external natural and management
factors. Interaction of zinc with
individual nutrients is discussed
below.
Nitrogen
Synergistic effects of ZnxN
interaction have been reported in
corn (Aref, 2001; Adiloglu and
Adiloglu, 2006), wheat (Kutman et
al., 2011a,b; Xu et al., 2012), rice
(Lakshmanan et al., 2005) and in
sorghum, potatoes and sugarbeet,
(Boawn et al., 1960). Shivay et al.
(2014a) showed that N metabolic sites in leaves (Nair and
concentration in chickpea (Cicer
arietinum) increased from 36.1 mg
kg-1 in check (no-Zn) to 47.2 mg kg-1
with an application of 7.5 kg Zn
ha -1 . They also reported that
increase in N concentration in
chickpea grain was significantly
more with foliar application of Zn
than with soil application and for
foliar application Zn-EDTA was a
better source than Zn sulphate
(Shivay et al., 2014b). Kutman et al.
(2011b) suggested that N increased
Zn uptake by roots as well as its
translocation to the shoot.
However, high levels of nitrogen
leading to excessive vegetative
growth rate may induce Zn
deficiency in plants on Zn-deficient
soils (Camp and Fudge, 1945;
Ozanne, 1955).
Phosphorus
Antagonistic effects of high rates of
P application on absorption and
uptake of Zn and vice-versa have
been reported in corn (Christensen
and Jackson, 1981; Sharma et al.,
1986; Adriano, 2001; Adriano et. al.,
1971; Bukovic et al., 2003), wheat
(Webb and Loneragan, 1988;
Nayak and Gupta, 1995), rice
(Haldar and Mandal, 1981), potato
(Soltanpour, 1969; Barker, 1978;
Christensen and Jackson, 1981),
soybean (Shittu and Ogunwale,
2012), beans (Lessman and Ellis,
1971), oilseed rape (Hu et al., 1996)
and groundnut (Mirvat et al., 2006)
and the subject has been reviewed
(Alloway, 2008 a&b; Mousavi,
2011; Mousavi et al,, 2012).
One of the explanations generally
offered by the researchers is the
increased growth due to P
application resulting in dilution of
Zn concentration in plant issue,
but this cannot be all since N
application increases the plant
growth most but does not decrease
Zn concentration in the tissue; on
the contrary it increases it.
Obviously some physiological
processes are involved in the
observed antagonistic effects of Zn
and P. It has been reported by some
researchers that application of
high levels of P inhibits
translocation of Zn from roots to
Babu, 1975; Khan and Zende, 1977;
Rupa et al., 2003). Formation of Zn
phosphate or/and phytate is
considered responsible for Zn
immobilization on root surfaces
(Sarret et al., 2001) and in leaves
(Kupper et al., 2000). In a study on
a heavy metal contaminated soil
Cao et al. (2003) found that addition
of P as phosphoric acid or a
combination of phosphoric acid
and mono-calcium phosphate
increased the Zn concentration in
the roots of St. Augustine grass
(Stenotaphrum secundatum) from 208
mg kg-1 (in check) to 355 mg kg-1,
while it decreased it from 195 mg
kg -1 (in check) to 128 mg kg -1 in
shoots.
Zinc deficiency leads to
accumulation of P in plants (Welch
and Norvell, 1993), because Zn-
deficient plants lose the control
over P absorption mechanism
(Safaya and Gupta, 1979;
Marschner and Cakmak, 1986).
Huang et al. (2000) suggested that
this was because Zn-deficiency
upgrades the expression of high
affinity P-transport genes in
barley roots. Loneragan and Webb
(1993) showed that when plants
are supplied with high
concentrations of P and low
concentrations of Zn, they
accumulate high P in their leaves,
which precipitates Zn and
increases plant’s internal needs for
Zn. The enhancement of P
translocation and uptake is specific
to Zn deficiency and does not occur
in plants deficient in Fe, Mn or Cu
(Adriano, 2001). High levels of P are
reported to reduce VAM
development and this may affect
Zn uptake (Subba Rao and Rupa,
2003).
Potassium
Cakmak and Marschner (1988)
Indian Journal of Fertilisers, May 2016
19
suggested that Zn has a definite
role in maintaining membrane
integrity in plants and Zn
deficiency increased exudation of
K+, amino acids and phenolics in
cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L), wheat
(Triticum aestivum L.), tomato
(Lycopersicon esculentum L.) and apple
(Malus domestica) plants grown in
solution culture under controlled
environment. Resupply of Zn to
plants reduced exudation of
solutes. Application of 47.4 kg K
ha -1 combined with foliar
application of 57.6 g Zn ha -1 and
1728 g P ha -1 improved yield of
Egyptian cotton (Gossypium
barbadense L) (Sawan et al., 2008).
Similarly application of 20 kg K+
20 kg S + 5 kg Zn per hectare
increased seed yield and oil content
of soybean (Glycine max L.)
(Chauhan et al., 2013).
Calcium
Antagonistic effects of Ca and Zn
have been known since long
(Rogers and Wu, 1948; Wears 1956).
Sadana and Takkar (1985) reported
that Ca reduced Zn absorption by
rice seedlings. Kawasaki and
Mortisugu (1987) also found that
increasing Ca concentration in
solution decreased Zn absorption
and drastically reduced Zn
translocation in excised barley
roots. Davis-Carter et al. (1991)
reported that Ca content in peanut
leaves decreased due to Zn
fertilization in some cases. Warren
and Delavault (1949) observed that
Zn and Cu contents of trees grown
on limestone soils were lesser
than those grown on acid soils and
the studies on metal-
contaminated soils have shown
the ameliorative effect of Ca
application on Zn toxicity
(Chaudhary and Loneragan, 1972;
Barker, 1978). Calcium plays an
important role in cell permeability
(Burnstorm, 1968) and
stabilization of plasma membrane
by Ca under Zn toxicity conditions
has been reported (Wyne Jones and
Lunt, 1967).
Magnesium
Merrill et al. (1953) reported that
in Zn-deficient soils application of
Mg increased Zn concentration in
tung (Aleurites fordii Hemsl.) trees and
application of Zn increased Mg
concentration. Thus a positive
interaction exists between Zn and
Mg. Seatz (1960) observed that
degree of Zn availability could be
altered by selecting the lime
materials on the basis of their Mg
content and the optimum growth
of flax (Linum usitatissimum ) and
sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) plants
was obtained when CaCO 3 and
MgCO3 were applied in 1:1 or 2:1
ratio; the growth was lesser when
the ratio was 5:1.
Sulphur
Both antagonistic and synergistic
effects of ZnxS interaction have
been reported. Shukla and Prasad
(1979) reported that application of
S lowered Zn concentration in
groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L)
shoots and depressed dry matter
yield. Shah and De Datta (1991) also
reported that Zn concentration in
rice plants was slightly decreased
with an application of 100 kg S
ha -1 . On the other hand Cui and
Wang (2005) reported a significant
increase in Zn concentration in
spring wheat with the application
of sulphur. Baudh and Prasad
(2012) also reported a positive
Zn×S interaction in respect of
growth characters, yield attributes
and yield of mustard (Brassica
campestris).
Iron, Manganese and Copper
Adilgolu and Adilgolu (2006)
reported that application of Zn
reduced Fe content but increased
Mn and Cu concentration in corn
plants, while Haldar and Mandal
(1981) found that application of Zn
reduced Fe and Cu concentration
but increased that of Mn in rice
roots and shoots. A reduction in Zn
concentration due to iron
fertilization was reported in rice
(Verma and Tripathi, 1983) and
wheat (Brar and Sekhon, 1976;
Ghasemi-Fasael and Ronaghi,
2008). Ambler et al. (1970) reported
that Zn interferes with
translocation of Fe from roots to
shoots of soybean plants by its
precipitation on root epidermis. In
their study application of Fe-EDTA
in the growth medium overcame
the interference of Zn on Fe
movement in plants. Iron
application is also reported to help
in alleviating Zn toxicity (Fontes
and Cox, 1998).
In Fe- and Zn- deficient soils, plant
roots produce phytosiderophores
(PS) that chelate Fe and Zn to
facilitate their absorption
(Romheld and Marschner, 1990;
Zhang et al., 1989). Siderophores
(sideros: iron; phores: carrier) are
low molecular weight water
soluble organic substances
produced by plants
(phytosiderophores) and soil
microorganisms, which have a
high affinity for Fe but also chelate
Zn and even Mn and Cu (Singh et
al., 2005). Phytosiderophores are
produced by members of
Gramineae family, such as cereals,
but not by dicots (Zhang et al.,
1991). Zn-PS and Fe-PS have
similar structural conformatiom
(Iwashita et al., 1983). The
predominant Zn-PS produced by
rice roots is mugineic acid (Higuchi
et al., 1999), while it is 2’-
deoxymugineic acid in the case of
wheat roots (Singh et al., 2002). Soil
bacteria and fungi including
ectomycorrhizal fungi also
produce SP, but the active group in
them is hydroxamate (-CO-NOH-)
(Powell et al., 1980; Sczaniszlo et
al., 1981). When Fe or Zn are added
as fertilisers the production of
siderophores is decreased or may
even completely stop, which
reduces the uptake of the
micronutrient not applied. This
could partly explain the
antagonistic effects of Fe and Zn.
Toxic effects of Cu and Zn were
found to be additive in barley (Luo
and Rimmer, 1995), beans
(Miyazawa et al., 2002) and
soybean (Kim and McBride, 2009).
Ivanova et al. (2010) found that high
Cu concentration strongly slowed
the Zn uptake by roots in rapeseed
plants but did not affect its
movement within the plant, while
high Zn concentration facilitated
Cu uptake by roots but reduced its
transport to shoot. Zhao et al.
(2012) suggested that Cu and Zn
Indian Journal of Fertilisers, May 2016
20
toxicity in Phytolacca americana
plants corresponded to decreased
activities of enzymes superoxidase
dismutase (SOD) and catalase
(CAT) and increased activities of
enzymes ascorbate peroxidase
(APX) and guaiacol peroxidase
(GPX).
Boron
Enhancement in B concentration
due to Zn deficiency was reported
in barley (Graham et al., 1987) and
wheat (Singh et al., 1990). Gunes et
al. (2000) reported that Zn
application reduced B
concentration in tomato plant
from 321.7 mg kg-1 in check to 236.7
mg kg-1 in plants receiving 20 mg
Zn kg-1 soil. Similarly, Rajaie et al.
(2009) reported a decrease in B
concentration in citrus due to Zn
application. Therefore, Zn
application has been recommended
for alleviating B toxicity on B- rich
soils. Husseini et al. (2007) and Aref
(2011) also suggested that boron
and zinc are antagonistic in respect
of their concentration in plant
tissue. However, the reverse may
not be true and boron application
may not decrease Zn concentration
in plants (Adilgolu and Adilgolu,
2006; Rajaie et al., 2009). On the
contrary Sinha et al. (2000)
reported a positive ZnxB
interaction in mustard (Brassica
nigra).
Conclusion
In soils, pH is the dominant factor
determining the availability of Zn.
In alkaline and calcareous soils, Zn
gets adsorbed or precipitated on
hydroxide- (especially those of iron)
and carbonate surfaces. Zinc also
gets adsorbed or precipitated on
negative charges of phosphates. On
the other hand in highly Cu-
contaminated soils Zn can get
released in the soil solution. The
interaction between Zn and other
plant nutrients may not be a
serious problem in cultivated soils.
In plants, however, the interaction
between Zn and other plant
nutrients does exist and both
positive and negative interactions
are reported. Nitrogen and
potassium interact positively with
Zn and increase its absorption
and translocation in plants.
Phosphorus, calcium, iron and
copper react negatively with Zn
and reduce its absorption by
roots or/and its translocation to
shoot in plants. As regards
sulphur, both positive and
negative interactions are reported.
On the other hand Zn application
reduces boron uptake by plants
and Zn fertilization is
recommended for alleviation of B
toxicity in boron-rich soils.
Mechanisms responsible for
positive or negative interactions
between Zn and other nutrients
in plants are not well understood
and call for further research.
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HANDBOOK ON FERTILISER MARKETING

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