SimulationofBLDCMotorinANSYSMaxwell PDF

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Simulation of BLDC Hub Motor in ANSYS -

Maxwell
Thesis · June 2016

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2601.1764
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Czech Technical University in Prague
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Czech Technical University in Prague
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Department of Power Engineering
&
Department of Electric Drives and Traction
MASTER THESIS
Simulation of a Brushless DC Motor in ANSYS – Maxwell 3D
Student: Prathamesh Mukund Dusane

Guide: Ing. Karel Buhr, PhD.
Declaration
I hereby declare that the work ‘Simulation of a BLDC Motor in ANSYS – Maxwell 3D’ is my
own work. This thesis is a presentation of my original research work. Wherever contributions of
others are involved, every effort is made to indicate this clearly, with due reference to the literature,
along with acknowledgement of collaborative research and discussions.
Written and Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Power
Engineering and Management
The work was done under the esteemed guidance of Professor Ing. Karel Buhr, PhD and Ing. Radek
Fajtl of the Czech Technical University in Prague.
Prathamesh Mukund Dusane

For the Czech Technical University, Prague
Date: 2nd June 2016
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Abstract:
This thesis is about the simulation of a Brush-Less Direct Current Machine in the ANSYS –
Maxwell Environment. The machine is selected for a high-performance electric-bike as a motor
over the UNEP (United Nations Environment Program) metropolitan drive cycle. Analytical study
of the forces influencing the machine along with industry references and literature review led to
estimation of rated operating parameters. Four models of a 1,500Watt, 380Rpm, 40Nm & 48Volt
BLDC Motor are designed and simulated in the RMxprt module of Maxwell [24 Slot, 36 Slot, 48
Slot & 72 Slot] The software enabled solving and simulation of magneto-static and transient fields
based on Maxwell’s equations in 2D & 3D. All machines are at an efficiency of 85% - 88% while
operating under rated parameters and are operating in the end region of the torque and power curve.
All machines are capable of 5kW – 6kW peak power output at 150Rpm – 250 Rpm. It may be said
that, precise designing of winding dimensions may lead to further increase in efficiency. The
solution set of each machine is described and tabulated in the appendix of this thesis. 2D and 3D
analysis reveals inconsistencies in the waveform of torque, winding currents, induced voltages and
losses of 36 Slot Machine, while other machines have acceptable wave form characteristics. Field
plots show nominal magnetic field density in stator teeth with few tolerable hot spots for all the
machines. Field overlays show higher than expected current density in the stator sections of all
machines. Overall the 24, 48 and 72 Slot machine suit best for the given application.
Aim & Objective:

In the 1890s, electric bicycles were described and documented within numerous patents. For
example, in 1895, Ogden Bolton Jr. was granted a patent for a battery-powered bicycle with “6-
pole brush-and-commutator direct current (DC) hub motor mounted in the rear wheel.” There were
no gears and the motor could draw up to 100 amperes (A) from a 10-volt battery. [1]
Still today for much of our world, especially in countries of Asia like China, India, South-Korea,
Japan etc. and European countries like Netherlands, Denmark, Hungary, Germany, France, Spain,
Sweden etc. bicycles have been a major form transportation for the masses because the working
and housing areas in most of these densely populated cities are within walking or cycling distance.
An E-Bike is a bicycle that has an integrated motor for the purpose of propulsion. Brushless DC
Motors are commonly used for propulsion of these bikes nowadays. The Brushless DC Motor
design has tremendous advantages. It combines the long life of the induction motor and linearity
of the permanent magnet motor, plus adds higher speed range capability (productivity), size weight
reduction (compact design), and improved torque capability (precision). [2]
The aim of this thesis is to design and simulate a direct drive outer rotor BLDC Machine as a motor
for a high-power and performance electric bike. ANSYS – Maxwell is used for designing and
simulating the machine.
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Contents
1. Background of the BLDC Machine .......................................................................................................... 7
2. BLDC Machine literature review.............................................................................................................. 9
3. ANSYS – Maxwell familiarization ......................................................................................................... 11
3.1. ANSYS RMxprt:.................................................................................................................................. 12
3.1.1. The Machine Selection Window .................................................................................................. 12
3.1.2. The Project Window ..................................................................................................................... 13
3.1.3. The Machine Properties Window ................................................................................................. 13
3.1.5. The Circuit Data Properties Window ........................................................................................... 14
3.1.6 The Stator ...................................................................................................................................... 14
3.1.7. Slot Dimensions:........................................................................................................................... 15
3.1.8. The Stator Winding Properties Window....................................................................................... 15
3.1.9. The End/Insulation Tab ................................................................................................................ 16
3.1.10. The Rotor .................................................................................................................................... 17
3.1.11. The Pole Properties Window ...................................................................................................... 17
3.1.12. The Shaft Data Properties Window ............................................................................................ 18
3.1.13. The Analysis Setup Window shown in Figure 21 ...................................................................... 18
3.1.14. Solution Data: ............................................................................................................................. 18
3.1.14.1. Performance ........................................................................................................................ 18
3.1.14.2. Design Sheet........................................................................................................................ 19
3.1.14.3. Curves.................................................................................................................................. 19
4. 1500 W, BLDC Machine Analytical Model ........................................................................................... 20
4.1. Air Resistance/Aerodynamic Drag: ..................................................................................................... 21
4.2. Rolling Resistance: .............................................................................................................................. 22
4.3. Acceleration Force: .............................................................................................................................. 22
4.4. Total Power: ......................................................................................................................................... 23
4.5. Angular Velocity:................................................................................................................................. 23
4.5. Torque: ................................................................................................................................................. 23
5. 1500W BLDC Outer Rotor Machine Electro-Magnetic Design ............................................................. 24
5.1. 24 Slot, 16 Pole BLDC Machine in ANSYS – Maxwell - RMxprt: .................................................... 24
5.1.1. Machine & Circuit: ....................................................................................................................... 24
5.1.2. Stator Dimensions: ....................................................................................................................... 24
5.1.2.1. Slot Design: ........................................................................................................................... 25
5.1.2.2. Winding Design: ................................................................................................................... 25
4
5.1.3. Rotor Dimensions: ........................................................................................................................ 26

5.1.3.1. Pole Data: .............................................................................................................................. 26
5.1.4. Analysis Setup: ............................................................................................................................. 26
5.1.5. Solution Data: ............................................................................................................................... 27
5.2.1. Machine & Circuit: ....................................................................................................................... 29
5.2.2.1. Slot Design: ........................................................................................................................... 29
5.2.2.2. Winding Design: ................................................................................................................... 30
5.2.3.1. Pole Data: .............................................................................................................................. 31
5.2.4. Analysis Setup: ............................................................................................................................. 31
5.2.5. Solution Data: ............................................................................................................................... 32
5.3.1. Machine & Circuit: ....................................................................................................................... 34
5.3.2.1. Slot Design: ........................................................................................................................... 34
5.3.2.2. Winding Design: ................................................................................................................... 35
5.3.3.1. Pole Data: .............................................................................................................................. 36
5.3.4. Analysis Setup: ............................................................................................................................. 36
5.3.5. Solution Data: ............................................................................................................................... 37
5.4.1. Machine & Circuit: ....................................................................................................................... 39
5.4.2.1. Slot Design: ........................................................................................................................... 39
5.4.2.2. Winding Design: ................................................................................................................... 40
5.4.3.1. Pole Data: .............................................................................................................................. 41
5.4.4. Analysis Setup: ............................................................................................................................. 41
5.4.5. Solution Data: ............................................................................................................................... 42
6. 1500 W, BLDC Machine 2D/3D design in Maxwell – RMxprt module: ............................................... 44
6.1. 24 Slot, 16 Pole Machine 2D Model in ANSYS – Maxwell -RMxprt: ............................................... 45
6.1.1. Results and Field Overlays: .............................................................................................................. 45
5
6.2. 36 Slot, 18 Pole Machine 2D Model in ANSYS – Maxwell – RMxprt: .............................................. 47

6.5. About the Maxwell Mesh..................................................................................................................... 53
6.5.1. Meshing in Maxwell ..................................................................................................................... 53
6.6.1.1: Observations:......................................................................................................................... 56
6.7.1.1: Observations:......................................................................................................................... 60
6.8.1.1: Observations:......................................................................................................................... 64
6.9.1: Results and Field Overlays ........................................................................................................... 65
6.9.1.1: Observations:......................................................................................................................... 68
7. 2D/3D Plot Observations and Result Analysis: ...................................................................................... 69
7.1. 2D & 3D Result Analysis: ................................................................................................................... 71
8. Conclusion: ............................................................................................................................................. 72
9. Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................... 73
Appendix 1: 24 Slot, 16 Pole Machine Solution Set:.................................................................................. 75
Stator Slot ............................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
For Armature Winding: .......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
For Armature Winding: .......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Appendix 5: Steel Data: ............................................................................................................................ 107
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1. Background of the BLDC Machine
Brushless DC motors are rapidly evolving, thanks to the advancements in solid state
semiconductor technology and further improvements in magnetic materials. A BLDC (Brush-less
direct current) motor, also known as an electronically commutated motor is a type of synchronous
motor powered by a DC source integrated with an inverter or switching power supply, which
converts DC to AC signal to power the motor. Here, AC does not refer to the sinusoidal shape of
the wave, but rather a bi-directional current with no restriction on its waveform. [3]
Just like all other motors a BLDC motor consists of a Stator and a Rotor, permanent magnets are
mounted on the rotor while the stator is usually made by stacking slotted steel laminations wound
with a specific number of poles. The stator can also be slotless, a slotless core has lower inductance,
and thus it can run at very high speeds. [4]
The power convertor is responsible for commutation, which is the act of changing the motor phase
currents at the appropriate times to create a Rotating Magnetic Field (RMF) thereby producing
rotational torque. The RMF is maintained by using the appropriate phase sequence to supply the
stator phases. One pole of energized stator phase attracts one of the rotor poles, while the second
pole of the energized stator phase repels the corresponding pole of the rotor. This action of the
rotor chasing the electromagnet poles on the stator is the fundamental working principle of BLDC
motors.
Based on relative position of the Stator & Rotor, the BLDC motor can be classified as,
1. Inner Rotor/Inrunner – The rotor along with its embedded permanent magnets are in the
center of the machines whereas the windings of the stator surround the rotor.
2. Outer Rotor/Ourunner – The stator coils form the center (core) of the motor while the
permanent magnets spin within a rotor that surrounds the stator. [5]
Figure 1: Outer Rotor Motor (Left), Inner Rotor Motor (Right) [6]
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The BLDC motor’s control is based on the information about position of its rotor. The estimation
of rotor position in brushless DC motors can be either sensored or sensorless.
In the case of sensor based control a Hall-effect position sensor I.C. (Integrated Circuit) detects
the position of the rotating magnet in the rotor and excites the corresponding windings through
logic and driver circuitry. The rotating permanent magnet moving across the front of the sensor
causes it to change state. The sensor operates when each South Pole approaches. [7]
In sensorless control the principle used for rotor position estimation and control is to analysis of
the Back-Electromotive Force (BEMF) from the motor. Back-EMF is the voltage induced in the
stator winding of the motor by a rotating magnetized rotor. The magnitude of back-EMF is
proportional to the speed of the motor. [8] A BLDC motor has trapezoidal waveform of back-
EMF, as opposed to the sinusoidal waveform back-EMF found in permanent magnet synchronous
motor. [9]
There are two types of electrical wiring configurations for the winding,
1. Delta (Δ) Configuration – The 3 phase winding of the stator are connected to each other in
a series combination resembling a triangle like circuit. Here, 3 terminals are available for
control.
2. Star (Y) Configuration – The 3 phase winding of the stator are connected to each other in
a parallel combination to a central point (star point/neutral point). Here, 4 terminals are
available for control.
Based on the form factor of the permanent magnet synchronous machine, the BLDC motor is
classified below in Figure 2, also present are Circumferential and Transverse flux machines.
1. Axial Flux – The axial flux motors have a flux that runs parallel to the output shaft, that is,
along the axis of the shaft, thus, ‘axial’. These type of machines can be stacked in parallel
making them multi-staged.
2. Radial Flux – A radial flux motor has its flux running in and out from the center of the
shaft, on the radius, hence ‘radial’.
Figure 2: A) Radial Flux Motor, B) Axial Flux Motor [10]

8
2. BLDC Machine literature review
The paper [11] describes design scope and analysis issues about the BLDC machine like selection
of pole number, winding layout, rotor topology, drive strategy, ﬁeld weakening and cooling. The
scope of the paper is limited to radial flux motors, the paper discussed some ratings to dimension
the motor, it also differentiated between AC & DC control. The following section sheds light on
the factors determining the pole number of the machine and its importance and characteristics in
the operation of the motor, in this section the authors have also mentioned strategies in slot design
to reduce cogging torque. The authors placed importance on the number of slots & poles along
with the number of coil sides in a slot for choosing the AC winding design, whereas the authors
resolved that a fully pitched concentrated winding is necessary for DC winding design. Then next
section mentions about the selection magnets and their dimensioning for designing the rotor, the
authors pointed out the importance of not operating magnets in their non-linearity zone, they also
laid constraints on the thermal loading of the magnets. The authors also warned about having
impractically high stator slot fill percentages and advised caution. In the next section of the paper
the author has discussed thermal considerations for selecting current density in the winding along
with some popular cooling methods. The last section of the paper shows I-Psi & Efficiency plots
of a PMDC machine to judge it torque and performance, the authors also mentioned effect of phase
angle advance setting of the converter on the efficiency of the machine. Overall, the authors have
presented a comprehensive design analysis of the brushless permanent magnet machine with many
notable references.
In [12], Srivastava and Brahmin describe the design and simulation of a 3-phase double layer coil
BLDC motor (Hub Drive Machine) for Electric Vehicles (EV) using ANSYS software. Two 15
kW brushless BLDC motors are designed, simulated and compared, one has 36 Slots/24 Poles
while the other has 36 Slots/16 Poles. FEM is used by the authors to resolve the electromagnetic
field using Variational Calculus of Poisson’s type from the basic Magneto-Static Maxwell’s
equations. The authors have graphically depicted their observations of Torque v/s Rotation Angle
for all three phases. 2D mesh analysis in ANSYS - Maxwell revealed that the rated torque
requirement is achieved from configuration - II (36S/16P). They concluded that with reduced
number of poles high speed of rotation could be achieved easily.
In [5], the authors have aimed to design an optimal outer rotor BLDC motor parameterized for low
cogging torque. They have used ANFOT – Maxwell to model the rotor & stator of the motor and
also verify its Pole/Slot combinations. The authors concluded that cogging torque was lowest in
26 Slot motors and was heavily influenced by slot aperture, wider slot openings leading to higher
cogging torque, the authors also suggest that, the number of poles have a significant influence of
the cogging torque of the machine, lower number of poles produced lower cogging torque.
9
The paper published by IEEE Transactions in Magnetics [13], the authors have presented an
efficiency study of a 1.5kW 2 & 6 Pole Induction Motor converted to 1.5kW 2 & 6 Pole BLDC
Motor, they have modified the rotor of an induction motor to a PM rotor (NdFeB) and reported a
higher average efficiency of 14% and consequent increase in speed and torque range. Afterwards,
the authors have replaced the stator steel of the IM with M253-35A steel type in the BLDC motor
with the same geometric design and reported a further 2% increase in efficiency.
The journal paper by [14], the author examines the effect of stator slot structure and switching
angle on a cylindrical single-phase brushless direct current motor (BLDC). Three types of default
slot designs are compared in RMxprt of Ansys – Maxwell, then the motor is analyzed in Maxwell
3D electromagnetically using FEM, and at the end with the use of MATLAB the author the
examined influence of switching angle on motor performance. The author indicates that with
correct choosing of stator slots & its structure along with switching angle, maximum efficiency
can be attained. His results are, that motors operate better when the windings are switched ON
earlier with respect to the emfs induced in them, which means that if voltage inverters are applied
to the inverters they should operate at an advanced switching angle for maximum efficiency (β =
- 45deg), the default slot structure number 3 of RMxprt was found to have largest flux density and
the smallest inductance leakage.
A paper by James R. Hendershot of the Magna Physics Corporation [15] analyzes the phase , rotor
poles and stator slots such that the best selection can be made before the actual motor design is
attempted, the author has analyzes and compared various phase, pole and slot configurations. It is
shown by the author that with increase in number of phases, the ripple content in the machine’s
torque decreases although the number of switches & sensors needed for commutation increases
along with the system cost. The author has summarized the effect of number of poles as, higher
the number of poles lower is the motor speed and vice a versa. Considering the number of slots
the author has advised that if a low cost, sinusoidal motor is desired then 3.75 Slots/Pole
configuration is best. The author has then listed numerous Slot/Pole configurations along with the
number of slots & poles respectively. In the final section the author has analyzed the back EMF of
the slot/pole groups using Fourier series on an IBM PCAT computer for star and delta connections.
10
3. ANSYS – Maxwell familiarization
ANSYS, Inc. is an American Computer-aided engineering software developer headquartered south

of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania, United States. Ansys publishes engineering analysis software across
a range of disciplines like finite element analysis, structural analysis, computational fluid
dynamics, explicit/implicit methods, and heat transfer.
ANSYS Maxwell is a high-performance, low frequency electromagnetic field simulation

interactive software package that uses finite element analysis (FEA) to solve electromagnetic
problems by solving Maxwell's equations in a finite region of space with appropriate boundary
and user-specified initial conditions for 2D/3D electromagnetic and electromechanical devices,
including motors, actuators, transformers, sensors and coils. Maxwell uses the accurate finite
element method to solve static, frequency-domain, and time-varying electromagnetic and electric
fields. The software can only use a triangular/tetrahedral elements to mesh the domain and linear
interpolation functions to approximate the solution. [16]
The physical equations that describe the electromagnetic field given by James Clerk Maxwell are
[17],
Gauss’ Law for Electricity 𝛁. 𝑫 = 𝒑
Gauss’ Law for Magnetism 𝛁. 𝑩 = 𝟎

𝝏𝑩
Faraday’s Law of Induction 𝛁 × 𝑬 = − 𝝏𝒕
𝝏𝑫
Amperes’ Law 𝛁 × 𝑯 = 𝑱 + 𝝏𝒕
E = Electric field
ρ = Charge density
B = Magnetic field
ε0 = Permittivity
J = current density
D = Electric displacement
μ0 = Permeability
H = Magnetic field strength
M = Magnetization
P = Polarization
Numerical techniques are necessary to solve equations above, which is the cause of software
simulation.
11
3.1. ANSYS RMxprt:

(RMxprt) Rotating Machine Expert is a template-based design tool of the ANSYS – Maxwell suite
used to create a customized machine design flow to meet demand for higher efficiency. Using
classical analytical motor theory and equivalent magnetic circuit methods, RMxprt can calculate
machine performance, make initial sizing decisions and perform numerous "what if" analyses.
RMxprt is able to automatically set up a complete Maxwell project (2-D/3-D) including geometry,
materials and boundary conditions. The set up includes the appropriate symmetries and excitations
with coupling circuit topology for electromagnetic transient analysis. [18] [19]
Figure 3: Machine selection interface in RMxprt
3.1.1. The Machine Selection Window in Figure 3 includes all possible AC & DC rotating
machines within the Maxwell RMxprt mainframe, with each machine having its own predefined
dimensions & mechanical properties.
On selection of any machine a graphical user interface opens on the screen which includes five
windows and four toolbars each having various functions, out of them the most important is the
Project Window.
12
3.1.2. The Project Window in Figure 4 includes a dropdown tool list whose main components
are,
1. Machine
 Circuit
 Stator
 Rotor
 Shaft
2. Analysis
3. Optimetrics
4. Results
Figure 4: Project Manager Window
3.1.3. The Machine Properties Window includes general information depicted in Figure 5, the
number of poles has to be an even number integer, the position of the rotor can be either inner or
outer rotor, the frictional & winding (air-resistance) loss along with reference speed are user
defined quantities. The control type can be DC or CCC (Current Chopped Control).
The circuit type can be,
1. Y3 – Y Type, 3Φ
2. L3 – Loop Type, 3Φ
3. S3 – Star type, 3Φ
4. C2 – Cross Type, 2Φ
5. L4 – Loop Type, 4Φ
6. S4 – Star Type, 4Φ
Figure 5: Machine Properties Window
Figure 6: Circuit Properties Window
13
3.1.5. The Circuit Data Properties Window depicted in Figure 6 defines excitation circuit data
for a BLDC machine, the Lead Angle of Trigger is illustrated in Figure 7, and the graph shows
open circuit induced voltage v/s rotor position in electrical degrees. An angle of zero means that
induced voltage in the triggered phase is maximum. A positive value denoted a lead angle while
a negative value is a lag angle. The Trigger Pulse Width is the ‘on-time’ of a transistor in electrical
degrees. The Transistor drop defines the voltage drop across one transistor in the ON state. The
Diode Drop is to quantify the voltage drop across a diode in the discharge loop.
Figure 7: Lead Angle of Trigger [19]
3.1.6 The Stator is a slotted lamination stack where poly-phase windings reside, the Stator Entry
option is shown in Figure 8. The Outer & Inner Diameters along with Length and Slot Number
are user defined inputs and change with the type of motor modelled. Stacking factor is to quantify
the total stator steel area to the area covered by lamination varnish. Various types of steel can be
described by the software, also steel types can be added and modelled if their parameters are known
is known along with coefficients of core loss Ke, Kc, Kh. There are six types of slots provided in
RMxprt for rotating machines. Skew Width quantifies the skew angle of a slot defined as in slot
width unit.
Figure 8: Stator Properties Window
14
3.1.7. Slot Dimensions: the Stator option in RMxprt for BLDC motors includes slot properties
and Winding Properties, the possible slot dimensions are depicted in Figure 9, while a slot model
is depicted in Figure 10.
Figure 9: Slot Dimensions Window Figure 10: Slot Model
3.1.8. The Stator Winding Properties Window is shown in Figure 11 lists the inputs relating to
the winding of the machine, the number maximum winding layers can be two, the type of winding
can user defined in an editor along with Whole-Coiled or Half-Coiled winding shown in Figure
12. Six windings are possible three for single layer and three for double layer.
Figure 12: Whole Coiled (Left) & Half Coiled (Right)
Figure 11: Winding Properties Window
The number of Parallel Branches in one phase of the winding is specified in the Parallel Branches
field of the Winding Properties Window. The number of Conductors per Slot is the value of
number of turns per coil multiplied by number of layers.
15
The Coil Pitch is number of slots separating one winding, for example, if a coil starts in slot 1 and
ends in slot 6, its coil pitch is 5. Number of Strands defines the number of wires per conductor.
Wire Wrap is the double sided thickness (2Y) of insulation on a conductor illustrated in Figure 13.
The Wire Size includes the wire diameter in a pull down list along with an appropriate wire gauge.
Y
Conductor
Insulation
Figure 13: Wire Wrap of a Conductor
Figure 14: End/Insulation Tab
3.1.9. The End/Insulation Tab shown in Figure 14 is for the dimensioning of Coil Ends and Slot
Insulation, illustrated in Figure 15 & Figure 16 respectively. The End Extension is the distance
between the end of stator and one end of a conductor. The Base Inner Radius is the radius of the
base inner corner, while the Tip Inner Diameter is the inner diameter of the coil tip. End Clearance
is the distance between two stator coils. Slot Liner is the measure of thickness of the slot liner
insulation, while Wedge Thickness is the measure of thickness of the wedge insulation in the stator
slot. Layer Insulation is the thickness of the insulation layer. Limited Fill Factor is the ratio
between cross-sectional areas of all conductors in one slot to the whole area of the slot.
Figure 15: Coil End of the Winding [19] Figure 16: Slot Insulation of the Stator [19]
16
3.1.10. The Rotor of a BLDC machine is a stack of laminated steel stampings with permanent
magnets on the periphery or embedded inside. The magnetic field of the stator coils react to the
field of the rotor thereby resulting in a force causing rotary motion. The Rotor Data Properties
Window is depicted in Figure 17. The general properties like Outer & Inner Diameter along with
Length are user defined fields. The software describes various Steel Types and also has the option
for user defined additions. The Stacking Factor is the measure of ratio of cross sectional area of all
laminations to the area of steel which is varnish insulated. RMxprt supports five types of Pole
Models, some of the Rotor Data Fields change or get inactive depending on the type of pole
selected.
Figure 17: Rotor Data Properties Window
3.1.11. The Pole Properties Window is depicted in Figure 18. Embrace is defined as the ratio of
actual pole arc distance to the maximum possible arc distance, the value is between 0 & 1 and is
illustrated in Figure 19. Offset is the pole arc center offset from the rotor center (0 for uniform air
gap). RMxprt describes many types of magnetic materials and has the option of adding new
materials. Magnet Thickness field describes the maximum thickness of the magnet for all pole
types.
Pole Embrace = 1 Pole Embrace = 0.8
Figure 18: Pole Properties Window Figure 19: Pole Embrace
17
3.1.12. The Shaft Data Properties Window of the BLDC machine is depicted in Figure 20. The
only input filed here is the Magnetic Shaft Checkbox which enable the shaft of the machine to be
made of magnetic material..
Figure 20: Shaft Properties Window
3.1.13. The Analysis Setup Window shown in Figure 21 of the BLDC Motor in RMxprt is used
to define the rated input/output parameters of the motor. The Operation Type is Motor in this case.
The Load Type can be,
1. Constant Speed – Speed of the motor is constant
2. Constant Power – Output power of motor is constant
3. Constant Torque – Torque remains constant regardless of speed
(TLOAD = TRATED = POUT/NRPM).
4. Linear Torque – Torque increases linearly with speed (TLOAD = TRATED * NRPM/NRATED)
5. Fan Load – The load varies non-linearly with speed (TLOAD = TRATED * (NRPM/NRATED)^2)
The Rated Output Power field describes the power developed at the shaft of the motor. The Rated
Voltage field represents the RMS line-to-line voltage. Rated Speed defines the output speed of the
motor at which measurements are recorded. Operating Temperature, as the name suggests is for
quantifying the functional temperature of the motor.
Figure 21: Analysis Setup Window
3.1.14. Solution Data: RMxprt is now ready & eligible to analyze the machine, the Solution Data
is divided into three tabs Performance, Design Sheet and Curves, which are expanded in the
following section
3.1.14.1. Performance - This contains a Data field with a drop-down menu (Figure 22) that allows
you to view many different data tables, which vary with the machine type.
18
• Aux Winding • Full Load Operation • Material Consumption • No Load Operation • Permanent
Magnet • Rotor Data • Rated Parameters • Stator Slot • Stator Winding • Steady State Parameters
3.1.14.2. Design Sheet - The file contains tables with information of the performance (Figure 23)
depending on the machine type.
• General Data • Stator Data • Rotor Data • Permanent Magnet Data • Material Consumption •
Rated Operation • No-Load Operation • Steady State Parameters • No Load Magnetic Data • Full
Load Data • Winding Arrangement • Transient FEA Input Data
3.1.14.3. Curves - This displays the plots that were automatically generated by the solver
(Figure 24).
• Input DC Current vs Speed • Efficiency vs Speed • Output Power vs Speed • Output Torque vs
Speed • Cogging Torque in Two Teeth • Induced Coil Voltage at Rated Speed • Air Gap Flux
Density • Induced Winding Phase Voltage at Rated Speed • Winding Currents under Load • Phase
Voltage under Load
Figure 22: Efficiency v/s Speed
Figure 22: Stator Winding Performance Figure 23: Full-Load data Design Sheet
19
4. 1500 W, BLDC Machine Analytical Model

The machine is selected for the application of a high - power electric - bike. The first step in order
to design the machine is to establish the objectives of the work according to the energy
consumption and the performance of the vehicle for individual use.
The amount of power a vehicle needs in order to travel at a given speed can be approximately
calculated by adding the resistances (Forces) it has to overcome. Three types of road resistances
have to be taken into account. [20] [21]
1. Passive vehicle resistances
2. Resistances for overcoming the inertial forces of moving masses
3. Resistances given by the profile of the track
For dimensioning of the system, the inputs are as follows, the e-bike is assumed to travel at
40Km/Hr. (11.11m/s) at 0˚ slope. Tabulated below (Table 1) are the approximate weights of the
system.
Component Weight (Kg)

Bicycle 20
Motor & Transmission 12
Control & Electronics 3
Battery 12
Cyclist 80
Total (m) 127 to 130
Table 1: System component weights
The resistances which must be considered for the dimensioning of the system are,
1. FA - Air resistance/Aerodynamic drag

2. FR - Rolling resistance
3. FG - Climbing resistance/Gravity Force Component
4. FM - Acceleration force
ρ 𝑉 2
1. Air Resistance/Aerodynamic Drag FA = C × S × 2 × [3.6𝑅 2] (1)
2. Rolling Resistance FR = 𝑓𝑚𝑔 cos 𝛼 (2)
3. Climbing Resistance FG = 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝛼 (3)
𝑑𝑉
4. Acceleration Force FM = 𝑚 𝑑𝑡 (4)
20
Where,
 F – Force (N)
 C – Coefficient of air-resistance/Nose form factor
 S – Cross-Sectional Windward Area (m2)
 ρ – Air Density (Kg/m2)
 VR – Velocity of the bike relative to the wind velocity (Km/Hr.)
 f – Coefficient of rolling-resistance
 m – Mass of the whole bike (Kg)
 g – Gravitational Constant (m/s2)
 α – Slope angle/Climbing Angle (˚)
 V – Velocity of the bike (m/s)
4.1. Air Resistance/Aerodynamic Drag:

The motor must provide power to overcome the resistance provided by air. This power is
influenced by the nose form factor (C) of the vehicle and its cross-sectional area (S).
Air density depends on the temperature and on atmospheric pressure. In European conditions,
where the ambient temperature & pressure conditions vary from -25˚C to +40˚C and the pressure
varies from 98.5 – 103.5 kPa, air density ρ can be taken as 1.326 Kg/m2. Typical values of the
nose form factor/coefficient of aerodynamic drag are tabulated below [20].
Vehicle Type Nose form factor

One-track (bicycle/motor-cycle) 0.6 - 1.2
Passenger vehicle 0.25 - 0.4
Open passenger vehicle 0.5 - 0.65
Van 0.4 - 0.5
Motor-truck 0.8 - 1.0
Table 2: Nose Form Factor of Vehicle
The force to overcome aerodynamic drag can be calculated from equation (1) as:
(𝟎.𝟔×𝟎.𝟓×𝟏.𝟑𝟐𝟔) 𝟒𝟎×𝟒𝟎
𝑭𝑨 = (𝟑.𝟔×𝟑.𝟔)= 24.55N
𝟐
1W is the power required by an object of 1Kg to accelerate at 1m/s2 through a distance of 1m in 1

second. W = Nm/s, therefore, the total watts needed are 𝑷𝑨 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟓𝟓 × 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏 = 272.75W.
21
4.2. Rolling Resistance:

The force required to overcome the resistance provided by grading of the track, is a function of the
slope α & the normal component of the gravity force. For an e-bike traveling on a standard asphalt
road on radial tyre the coefficient of rolling resistance is selected as f = 0.0112. Some values for
the coefficient of rolling resistance for different vehicles and road type are tabulated below. [20]
Wheel Type Road Type Rolling-Resistance Coefficcient
[N.kN-1][10-2]
Passenger vehicle Asphalt track
Diagonal tyre 15 - 22
Radial tyre 12 - 18
Motor-truck Asphalt track
Diagonal tyre 10 - 15
Radial tyre 8 - 12
Motor-truck Terrain 150 - 200
Motor-truck / tractor Ploughed Terrain 250 - 500
Rail vehicle Rail 0.3 - 1
Table 3: Coefficients of Rolling Resistance

The force to overcome the rolling resistance can be calculated from equation (2) as,
𝑭𝑹 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟐 × 𝟏𝟑𝟎 × 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 × 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟎 = 14.28N,
which in Watts is 𝑷𝑹 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟖 × 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏 = 158.68W.
4.3. Acceleration Force:

The reference acceleration of the vehicle can be calculated from the European drive cycle (Extra-
Urban) shown below in the (Figure 24).
Figure 24: ECE+EUDC test cycle - also known as the MVEG-A cycle [22]
𝒅𝑽 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝒎)
Hence, the acceleration can be calculated as 𝒂 = = = 0.694 m/s2
𝒅𝒕 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎(𝒔)×𝟏𝟔(𝒔)
22
The acceleration force is then calculated from equation (4) as

𝑭𝑴 = 𝒎 × 𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟒 × 𝟏𝟑𝟎 = 90.22N, which when multiplied by the e-bike speed in m/s
gives us the total acceleration power 𝑷𝑴 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏 × 𝟗𝟎. 𝟐𝟐 = 1002.34W.
4.4. Total Power:

The total power to keep the e-bike at 40Km/Hr. is given as the summation of resistances (W)
which the motor has to overcome & is to be taken as the nominal power of the machine.
𝑷𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑷𝑨 + 𝑷𝑹 + 𝑷𝑴 = 𝟐𝟕𝟑 + 𝟏𝟔𝟎 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟑 = 𝟏𝟒𝟑𝟔𝑾

Hence, the total rated output power of the motor is selected as 1500W.
4.5. Angular Velocity:

The angular velocity of the e-bike with a 700c/29er wheel at 40Km/Hr., is the analytical rated
Rpm of the motor & can be calculated as,
𝑽(𝒎/𝒔) 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏
𝑽𝒓𝒑𝒎 = 𝟗. 𝟓𝟒𝟗 = 𝟗. 𝟓𝟒𝟗 × = 𝟑𝟒𝟏. 𝟏𝟐 𝑹𝒑𝒎
𝒓(𝒎) 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟏
4.5. Torque:
The torque produced by the machine is a function of the angular velocity of the wheel and the
output power of the motor which is expressed as follows,
𝑷(𝑾) 𝟏𝟒𝟑𝟔
𝑻(𝑵𝒎) = = = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝑵𝒎
𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝟐𝝅 × 𝟑𝟒𝟏. 𝟏𝟐(𝑹𝒑𝒎)
𝝎( 𝒔 )
𝟔𝟎
23
5. 1500W BLDC Outer Rotor Machine Electro-Magnetic Design

The above analytical (4) model will now be designed in accordance with the calculated rated
input/output parameters the RMxprt module of ANSYS – Maxwell. For this purpose four variants
of the 1500W, BLDC motor are designed and simulated in the software interface.
1. 24 Slots, 16 Pole BLDC machine
5.1. 24 Slot, 16 Pole BLDC Machine in ANSYS – Maxwell - RMxprt:

A 24 Slot, 16 Pole machine configuration is selected based on the optimum phase/pole/slot
configurations mentioned in [15]. Its dimensioning will be discussed in the following sections.
5.1.1. Machine & Circuit:
The general machine and circuit parameters are as follows,
Parameter Value Unit
Number of Poles 16
Frictional Loss 10 W
Windage Loss 20 W
Reference Speed 380 Rpm
Lead angle of trigger 0 ˚
Trigger Pulse Width 120 ˚
Transistor/Diode Drop 0.748 V
Table 4: General Machine & Circuit data
The friction and windage losses account to approximately 2% of the total out power capacity.
The transistor and diode drop are usually neglected for power converter dimensioning but here
their value impacts the efficiency significantly.
It is calculated as, 𝑉𝐷𝑅𝑂𝑃 = 0.6𝑉 + [ 𝐼𝐴𝑉𝐺 × (𝑅𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 + 𝑅𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑒 )]
5.1.2. Stator Dimensions:

Outer Diameter 240 mm
Inner Diameter 140 mm
Stacking Factor 0.95
Length 45 mm
Steel Type DW315-50
Number of Slots 24
Table 5: Stator Data Slot Type 4
Skew Width 0.5 Slots
24
5.1.2.1. Slot Design:

The selected slot type 4 in RMxprt is based on the research done by [14]. Its design are dimensions
are depicted and tabulated below.
Figure 25: Slot Design (Type 4)

Parameter Value Unit Parameter Value Unit
Hs0 4 mm End Extension 1 mm
Hs1 3 mm Base Inner Radius 0.3 mm
Hs2 30 mm Tip Inner Diameter 0.2 mm
Bs0 3 mm End Clearance 0.6 mm
Bs1 16 mm Slot Liner 0.2 mm
Bs2 9 mm Wedge Thickness 0.5 mm
Rs 0.6 mm Layer Insulation 0.1 mm
Table 6: Slot Dimensions Limited Fill Factor 0.75
Table 7: End/Insulation Data
5.1.2.2. Winding Design:
The stator winding data & geometry is depicted and tabulated below, while the end/insulation data
is depicted above the aim of the design is to minimize the armature copper losses while keeping
the stator slot fill factor in practical limits.

Winding Layers 2
Winding Type Whole Coiled
Parallel Branches 1
Conductors per slots 18
Coil Pitch 1
Number of Strands 4
Wire Wrap 0.2 mm
Wire Size 1.628 mm
(Diameter)
Table 8: Winding Data
Figure 26: Stator Winding
25
5.1.3. Rotor Dimensions:

The general data for the machine rotor is tabulated below,

Length 50 mm
Steel Type DW315-50
Pole Type 1
Table 9: General Rotor Data
Due to the outer rotor geometry of the BLDC machine only pole type 1 is allowed for analysis
depicted below in Figure 27.
Pole Type 1
Figure 27: Pole Shape 1 in ANSYS – Maxwell RMxprt.
5.1.3.1. Pole Data:

The pole data is tabulated below,
Embrace 0.9
Offset 0 mm
Magnet Type NdFeB
Magnet Thickness 7 mm
Table 10: Pole Data
5.1.4. Analysis Setup:
The machine’s rated operating state input/output parameters are tabulated below,
Load Type Constant Power
Rated Output Power 1500 W
Rated Voltage 48 V
Rated Speed 380 Rpm
Operating Temperature 75 ˚C
Table 11: Analysis Setup
26
5.1.5. Solution Data:

RMxprt provides an entire range of data types and variables, some important output parameters
and plots are described below.
Armature Current (RMS) 31.01 A
Total Loss 212.92 W
Output Power 1500.2 W
Input Power 1713 W
Efficiency 87.57 %
Rated Speed 374 Rpm
Rated Torque 38.32 Nm
Total Net Weight 11.96 Kg
Total Steel Consumption 24.2 Kg
No-Load Speed 437.30 Rpm
Residual Flux Density(Rotor) 1.23 T
Minimum Air-Gap 1 mm
Stator Slot Fill Factor 60.86 %
Stator Winding Factor 0.86
Single Phase Resistance 0.025 Ω
Time Constant 0.0046 s
Back EMF Constant (KE) 1.0235 V/rad
Rated Torque Constant 1.09 Nm/A
Armature Current Density 3.72 A/mm2
Locked Rotor Torque 716.98 Nm
Locked Rotor Current 920 A
Stator Teeth Flux Density 1.96 T
Table 12: Solution Data of 24 Slot, 16 Pole, 1500W Motor
Figure 28: 24 Slot, 16 Pole BLDC Motor Cross – Section
27
Figure 29: Efficiency (%) V/s Speed (Rpm)
Figure 30: Output Power (W) V/s Speed (Rpm)
Figure 31: Input DC Current (A) V/s Speed (Rpm)
28

The text below describes the RMxprt design of a 36 Slot, 18 Pole based on configuration
described in [15].
Number of Poles 18
Windage Loss 20 W
Circuit Type Y3
Delta connection is not recommended in a brushless PM machine. If there is any third time
harmonic in the phase back EMF, then this will induce a circulating zero- order current. This will
cause excessive current and copper losses and potential burnout of the winding. [9]
The general data for the stator is tabulated below.

Length 45 mm
Steel Type DW315-50
Number of Slots 36
Slot Type 4
Skew Width 0 Slots
Table 14: General Stator Data
29

Hs0 3 mm
Hs1 2 mm
Hs2 30 mm
Bs0 3 mm
Bs1 13 mm
Bs2 8 mm
Rs 0.6 mm
Table 15: Slot Dimensions
The stator winding data and geometry along with its end terminations and insulations is depicted
and tabulated below, the aim of the design is to minimize the armature copper losses while keeping
the stator slot fill factor in practical limits.

Winding Layers 2
Winding Type Whole Coiled End Extension 1 mm
Parallel Branches 1 Base Inner Radius 0.3 mm
Conductors per slots 14 Tip Inner Diameter 0.2 mm
Coil Pitch 1 End Clearance 0.6 mm
Number of Strands 6 Slot Liner 0.2 mm
Wire Wrap 0.2 mm Wedge Thickness 0.5 mm
Wire Size 1.369 mm Layer Insulation 0.1 mm
(Diameter) Limited Fill Factor 0.75
Table 16: Winding Data Table 17: End/Insulation Data

30


Length 45 mm
Steel Type DW315-50
Pole Type 1
Due to the outer rotor geometry of the BLDC machine only pole type 1 is allowed for analysis.
5.2.3.1. Pole Data:


Embrace 0.9
Offset 4 mm
Magnet Type NdFeB
Table 19: Pole Data

Rated Voltage 48 V
Rated Speed 380 Rpm
31

The important output parameters and plots are described below.
Total Loss 219 W
Output Power 1500.06 W
Input Power 1719 W
Efficiency 87.25 %
Rated Speed 349.12 Rpm
Time Constant (KS) 0.0035 s
Rated Torque Constant (KT) 1.16 Nm/A
Locked Rotor Current 907.44 A
Cogging Torque 9.93 Nm
Table 21: Solution Data of 36 Slot, 18 Pole, 1500W Motor
Figure 34: 36 Slot, 18 Pole, Motor Cross - Section
32
33

The text below describes the RMxprt design of a 48 Slot, 22 Pole with the aim to maximize
performance at rated parameters. [15].
Number of Poles 22
Windage Loss 20 W
Circuit Type Y3

Length 45 mm
Steel Type DW315-50
Number of Slots 48
Slot Type 4
Skew Width 0.5 Slots
34

Hs0 2 mm
Hs1 2 mm
Hs2 30 mm
Bs0 3 mm
Bs1 10 mm
Bs2 6 mm
Rs 0.5 mm
and tabulated below, the coil pitch is kept minimum to reduce eddy current losses and end
extensions.

Winding Layers 2 Parameter Value Unit
35


Length 45 mm
Steel Type DW315-50
Pole Type 1
5.3.3.1. Pole Data:


Embrace 0.9
Offset 0 mm
Magnet Type NdFeB
Table 27: Pole Data

Rated Voltage 48 V
Rated Speed 380 Rpm
36

Total Loss 257.65 W
Output Power 1500 W
Input Power 1758.04 W
Efficiency 85.34 %
Rated Speed 366 Rpm
Total Steel Consumption 28 Kg
No-Load Speed 418 Rpm
Stator Slot Fill Factor 62 %
Locked Rotor Current 704.21 A
Table 29: Solution Data of 48 Slot, 22 Pole, 1500 W Motor
Figure 40: 48 Slot, 22 Pole Motor Cross - Section

37
38

The text below describes the RMxprt dimensions of a 72 Slot, 28 Pole with the aim to maximize
performance at rated parameters. [15].
Number of Poles 28
Windage Loss 20 W
Circuit Type Y3

Length 40 mm
Steel Type M15-29G
Number of Slots 72
Slot Type 4
Skew Width 1 Slots
The selected slot type 4 in RMxprt is based on the research done by [14]. The design is based on
the commercial products out in the market during recent times which are depicted and tabulated
below.
39

Hs0 2 mm
Hs1 1 mm
Hs2 35.7 mm
Bs0 3.2 mm
Bs1 7 mm
Bs2 4 mm
Rs 0.6 mm
and tabulated below, the coil pitch is kept minimum to reduce the eddy current losses & end
extensions

Winding Layers 2 Parameter Value Unit

40


Length 40 mm
Steel Type M15-29G
Pole Type 1
5.4.3.1. Pole Data:

Embrace 0.9
Offset 0 mm
Magnet Type NdFeB
Table 36: Pole Data

Rated Voltage 48 V
Rated Speed 380 Rpm
41

Total Loss 267.9 W
Output Power 1500 W
Input Power 1768.2 W
Efficiency 84.84 %
Rated Speed 360.3 Rpm
Locked Rotor Current 661 A
Cogging Torque 0.134 Nm
Table 38: Solution Data of 72 Slot, 32 Pole, 1500 W Motor
Figure 46: 72 Slot, 32 Pole Motor Cross – Section
42
43
6. 1500 W, BLDC Machine 2D/3D design in Maxwell – RMxprt

module:
The analyzed model of RMxprt can now be exported to create Maxwell 2D/3D models that include
FE mesh modeling algorithms to solve the machine’s Magneto Static and Transient equations
along with an external electronic circuit editor called Simplorer, to integrate the machine & the
power convertor, which decides its excitation and there by operating performance.
Shown below (Figure 50) is the external excitation circuit which is modelled automatically in the
software and is used for magneto static and transient analysis. The solid state diodes and switches
are considered by a modelling window where the user can input data like contact resistance,
emission coefficient, barrier height, reverse breakdown voltage and current. The switch model
includes variable inputs like on/off state resistance and control voltages.
Model Model
V
DModel1 SModel1
D40 D42 D44

V
S_46 S_48 S_50

D35 D37 D39
+
LabelID=V32
24V
-
LabelID=VIA
3.30093e-006H*Kle 0.0316931ohm LPhaseA
LA RA
LabelID=VIB
0 LPhaseB
3.30093e-006H*Kle 0.0316931ohm
LB RB
+ LabelID=VIC
LabelID=V33
3.30093e-006H*Kle 0.0316931ohm LPhaseC
24V
-
LC RC
D41 D43 D45
LabelID=IVc1 LabelID=IVc2 LabelID=IVc3 LabelID=IVc4 LabelID=IVc5 LabelID=IVc6

V
S_47 S_49 S_51 100ohm 100ohm 100ohm 100ohm 100ohm 100ohm

D34 D36 D38
R20 R21 R22 R23 R24 R25
+ LabelID=V14 + LabelID=V15 + LabelID=V16 + LabelID=V17 + LabelID=V18 + LabelID=V19

1V 1V 1V 1V 1V 1V
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Figure 50: ANSYS – Simplorer Excitation Circuit

The eddy current effects were neglected in the above excitation scheme due to single coil pitch
winding.
44
6.1. 24 Slot, 16 Pole Machine 2D Model in ANSYS – Maxwell -

RMxprt:
Depicted below is the 2D model along with its FE mesh plot of the machine, the grey sections are
Electric Steel, the green sections are Permanent Magnets, while the golden ones are copper
conductors.
Figure 51: 2D Machine Cross - Section Figure 52: 2D Mesh Plot
6.1.1. Results and Field Overlays:

Before analyzing the 2D design it is important to apply and plot mesh operations along with
integration of external excitation circuit. Shown below are the plots for Moving Torque and
Winding Currents v/s time along with field overlays.
Figure 53: Moving Torque (Nm) V/s Time (ms)
45
Figure 54: Winding Currents (A) V/s Time (ms).
Figure 55: Electric Current Density (A/m2) Figure 56: Magnetic Field Strength (T)
Figure 57: Flux Lines (Wb/m) Figure 58: Magnetic Field Strength (A/m)
46
6.2. 36 Slot, 18 Pole Machine 2D Model in ANSYS – Maxwell –

RMxprt:
Electric Steel, the green sections are Permanent Magnets, while the golden ones are copper
conductors.
Figure 59: 2D Machine Cross - Section Figure 60: 2D Mesh Plot

Shown below are the plots for Moving Torque and Winding Currents v/s time along with field
overlays.
47
Figure 62: Winding Currents (A) V/s Time (ms)
Figure 65: Magnetic Field Strength (A/m) Figure 66: Flux Lines (Wb/m)
48

RMxprt:
Electrical Steel, the green sections are Permanent Magnets, while the golden ones are copper
conductors.
Figure 67: 2D Machine Cross – Section Figure 68: 2D Mesh Plot

overlays.
49
50

RMxprt:
Electrical Steel, the green sections are Permanent Magnets, while the golden ones are copper
conductors.
Figure 75: 2D Machine Cross – Section Figure 76: 2D Mesh Plot

overlays.
51
52
6.5. About the Maxwell Mesh

Maxwell uses the Finite Element Method (FEM) to solve Maxwell‘s electro-magnetic field
equations. In order to obtain the set of algebraic equations to be solved, the geometry of the
problem is discretized automatically into basic platonic solids (e.g. Triangle in 2D & Tetrahedron
in 3D). The assembly of all tetrahedra/triangles is referred to as the finite element mesh of the
model or simply, the mesh. [23]
Figure 83: 2D FEM element Triangle Figure 84: 3D FEM element Tetrahedron
Mesh plays important role in accuracy of the computed results and thus a higher mesh resolution
is required in regions where fields intersect rapidly.
6.5.1. Meshing in Maxwell
Maxwell meshes all solids (model Objects) in the geometry automatically before solution process
is started. In Maxwell’s Static Solvers, the mesh is automatically refined to achieve the required
level of accuracy in field computation. This is referred as Adaptive mesh refinement Maxwell also
offers wide range of mesh operations which can be utilized to achieve a mesh as required by users
53

RMxprt:
Depicted below is the 3D model of the machine along with its FE mesh plot & magnetic field
density plot, the grey sections are Electrical Steel, the green sections are Permanent Magnets, while
the golden ones are copper conductors.
Figure 85: 3D Machine Section Figure 86: 3D Mesh Model

overlays (T).
54
Figure 88a: Winding Currents (A) V/s Time (ms)
Figure 88b: Induced Winding Voltages (V) (Phase A)
Figure 89a: Magnetic Field Strength (T)
55
Figure 89b: Magnetic Field Strength (X-Y Plane) (T)
Figure 89c: Magnetic Field Streamlines (X-Y) (T) Plane
6.6.1.1: Observations:
Resulting plots show the moving torque pulsating at a magnitude of 19 Nm every 4 ms. Winding currents
have a saw tooth type profile with sharp peaks and harmonics which can be attributed to the torque
pulsations, although the winding currents have abnormally high peak magnitude. Induced Winding
Voltages have an approximate sinusoidal profile with high magnitude of peaks and harmonic content at
base frequency of 55 Hz. Field Overlays of the Magnetic field show a magnitude of 1.3 T in isolated regions
of the permanent magnet inner face which is the nominal expected value, while the stator tooth field density
is 1.2 – 1.6 T which is normal. Localized regions of the rotor steel show a density upto 2.5 Tesla which is
acceptable.
56

RMxprt:

overlays (T).
57
Figure 94a: Induced Winding Voltages (V) (Phase A)
58
Figure 94a: Magnetic Field Strength (X-Y Plane) (T)

59
Figure 94c: Magnetic Field Strength (Streamlined Vector) (T)

Resulting plots show the torque pulsating sinusoidally with an abnormally high magnitude of 200
Nm every 23 ms. Winding currents have an alternating saw tooth profile with an abnormally high
peak magnitude, which can be attributed to the torque pulsations. Induced Winding Voltages have
significant distortion with a frequency of 67.5 Hz and a magnitude of 20 VRMS. Over lays of the
Magnetic field show nominal expected values between 1.2T – 1.8T in the stator teeth, while there
appear to be isolated spots on the rotor steel with a density upto 2.5T, which is still acceptable for
conventional electrical steels.
60

RMxprt:

Shown below are the plots for Moving Torque and Winding Currents v/s time along with Field
Overlays (T).
61
Figure 100b: Induced Winding Voltages (V) (Phase A)
62
63
Figure 101c: Magnetic Field Strength (Streamlined Vector) (T)
The moving torque is oscillating with a saw tooth profile at a magnitude of 17 Nm every 2.5 ms.
The magnitude of winding currents is at an average value of 60A, which is higher than its nominal
rated value. The winding currents have saw tooth type alternating profile with an oscillation of 35
A at high frequency. Induced winding Voltages have a magnitude of 20 VRMS at a frequency of 73
Hz, Magnetic Field plots show a density magnitude between 1.5T – 1.8T in the stator teeth, which
is normal for typical electrical steels and a machine of this size and rating. The strength of the
magnet is at its nominal value of 1.3T. Streamlines show localized spots on the stator with a peak
field density of 2.5 T.
64

RMxprt:
6.9.1: Results and Field Overlays

Shown below are the plots for Moving Torque and Winding Currents v/s time along with magnetic
field density overlays.
65
Figure 105b: Induced Winding Voltages
66

67
Figur1e 106c: Magnetic Field Strength (Streamlined Vector) (T)
The moving torque is pulsating at a magnitude of 20 Nm every 2 ms, the characteristic has a saw
tooth type profile with sharp peaks and dips, which reflect itself in the winding currents waveform.
The winding current has sharp pulsation in each half cycle of its alternating saw tooth profile with
an approximate magnitude of 30 A over a period of 2 ms. Induced Winding Voltages have a
sinusoidal profile with high distortion and harmonic content in the waveform. Magnetic field
density plots show a magnitude of 1.8 T and excess in many of the stator teeth, this value is at the
operating limit of the magnetic field density in conventional types of electrical steel. Rotor field
density is at a nominal value of 1.0T – 1.3T with the absence of localized hot spots.
68
7. 2D/3D Plot Observations and Result Analysis:

Tabulated below are the observations from the 2D and 3D plots and field overlays.
Machine 2D Model 3D Model
24 Slot, 16 Pole 8427 Triangular Units 24116 Tetrahedra
Moving Torque: Moving Torque:
1. Rise Time: 21.84 ms 1. Rise Time: 7.13 ms
2. Average: 56.41 Nm 2. Average: 68.28 Nm
3. Pulsation: 12.56 Nm, 3. Pulsation: 19.2 Nm,
4.1 ms 3.6 ms
4. Crest Factor: 1.33 4. Crest Factor: 1.344
5. Ripple: 33.18 5. Ripple: 36.92
Winding Currents: Winding Currents:
1. RMS: 60 A 1. RMS = 88 A
3. Distortion: 60 3. Distortion: 80
4. Frequency: 46.68 Hz 4. Frequency: 55.07
Induced Voltages: Induced Voltages:
1. RMS: 20 V 1. RMS: 20.52 V
4. Frequency: 48.68 Hz 4. Frequency: 55.06 Hz
Stranded Losses: Stranded Losses:
1. Average: 101.12 W 1. Average: 379.5 W
2. Maximum: 495.79 W 2. Maximum: 1731 W
Flux Linkages: Flux Linkages:
1. RMS: 0.0556 Wb 1. RMS: 0.0559 Wb
3. Pulsation: 220 Nm, 3. Pulsation: 209.7 Nm,
19 ms 23.7 ms
5. Ripple: 72.20 5. Ripple: 71.39
1. RMS: 320 A 1. RMS: 325 A
4. Frequency: 61.72 Hz 4. Frequency: 54.67
1. RMS: 20 V 1. RMS: 19 V
3. Distortion: 66.30 3. Distortion: 246.83
69

1. Average: 3.15 kW 1. Average: 5.23 kW
2. Maximum: 6.21 kW 2. Maximum: 10.15 kW
1. RMS: 0.0514 Wb 1. RMS: 0.053 Wb
2. Average: 74.37 Nm 2. Average: 78.8Nm
3. Pulsation: 17.4 Nm, 3. Pulsation: 16.2 Nm,
2.49 ms 2.48 ms
5. Ripple: 18.89 5. Ripple: 20.08
1. RMS: 60.14 A 1. RMS = 66.11 A
1. RMS: 19.3 V 1. RMS: 20.11 V
2. Maximum: 230.28 W 2. Maximum: 429.40 W
1. RMS: 0.0413 Wb 1. RMS: 0.0404 Wb
3. Pulsation: 11.5 Nm, 3. Pulsation: 20 Nm,
1.85 ms 1.93 ms
5. Ripple: 17.99 5. Ripple: 18.33
1. RMS: 53.05 A 1. RMS = 78.84 A
4. di/dt: 9.65 A/s 4. di/dt: 46.96 A/s
70

1. RMS: 19.36 V 5. RMS: 20.95 V
3. Distortion: 360 2. Distortion: 247.35
4. Maximum: 209.42 W 4. Maximum: 661.20 W
3. RMS: 0.0317 Wb 3. RMS: 0.0313 Wb
Table 39: 2D and 3D Plot Observations
7.1. 2D & 3D Result Analysis:

Considering the resulting waveforms of torque, winding currents, induced voltages, stranded
losses and flux linkages. It was observed that 24 Slot and 36 Slot Machines the moving torque for
both 2D and 3D models were in agreement. The average torque for the 36 Slot machine was
abnormally high as compared to the 24 Slot machine with high ripple content. The winding
currents for the 36 Slot machine were abnormally high in order of 300 A, which consequently
resulted in high stranded loses in orders of few kW, also the induced voltage waveforms for the
3D model were highly distorted for the 36 Slot Machine. The flux linkages for all machines were
in agreement with each other. The average operating torque and currents for all machines were
higher than the expected operating range. The magnitude of waveform parameters were
numerically similar and in practical limits for 24, 48 and 72 Slot Machines apart from a few
exceptions in the 36 Slot machine due to high torque pulsation.
71
8. Conclusion:
The BLDC Machine was chosen as a motor for a high-performance e-bike. Scientific literature
review and analytical model of the machine led to estimation of rated operating parameters. Four
Models of a 1500 W, 48 V, 380 Rpm, 40 Nm motor were designed and simulated in Maxwell 2D
and 3D. Initial machine analysis in RMxprt module of Maxwell revealed that the Transistor/Diode
Drop along with the type of steel used influenced the efficiency of the machines greatly. It is
advisable to have stator slot fill factors in practical limits and skewed slots to minimize cogging.
2D Analysis results reveal excessive magnetic flux densities in the stator teeth of all the variants.
The torque pulsations and wave form distortion were prominent for the 36 Slot machines as
compared to others. Winding currents for all machines had nominal magnitude and minor
harmonics with the exception of the 36 Slot machine. 3D Plots show expected values of magnetic
field density in the stator teeth and densities of 2 T and excess in isolated places on the rotor steel,
which is acceptable. The 72 Slot machine used a different steel type which had lower core loss
coefficients as compared to the other machines. Armature current density in the 48 and 72 Slot
machines were higher than expected. The 24, 48 & 72 Slot Machines have favorable performance
characteristic due to its nominal magnetic field densities, lower losses and proximity to rated
operating parameters along with accordance to available machines in the market.
Parameters 24 S, 16 P 36 S, 16 P 48 S, 22 P 72 S, 22 P
Number of Conductors per Slot: 18 14 12 10
Length of Stator Core (mm): 45 45 45 40
Wire Diameter (mm) 1.628 1.369 1.369 1.369
Outer Diameter of Stator (mm): 240 260 260 270
Outer Diameter of Rotor (mm): 270 290 290 300
Armature Phase Resistance (Ω): 0.025 0.0255 0.0329 0.0351
Back-EMF Constant KE (V/rad): 1.023 1.081 1.069 1.05
Torque Constant KT (Nm/A): 1.094 1.164 1.088 1.098
Stator Slot Fill Factor (%): 67.24 65.15 61.99 67.29
Type of Steel: DW315-50 DW315-50 DW315-50 M15-29G
Total Net Weight (kg): 11.96 12.93 11.70 12.26
Air-Gap Flux Density (T): 0.74 0.711 0.72 0.69
Stator-Teeth Flux Density (T): 1.967 2.081 2.12 2.09
RMS Armature Current (A): 31.01 31.48 30.32 31.07
Stator Current Density (A/mm2): 3.72 3.56 4.11 4.22
Iron-Core Loss (W): 53.91 59.86 83.48 82.54
Armature Copper Loss (W): 72.82 76.1 90.94 101.69
Transistor Loss (W): 54.50 55.14 53.94 54.83
Diode Loss (W): 2.80 3.40 1.77 2.31
Total Loss (W) 212.92 219.22 257.65 267.91
Output Power (W) 1500 1500.25 1500.38 1500.26
Input Power 1713.17 1719.42 1758.04 1768.17
Efficiency (%): 87.57 87.25 85.34 84.84
Rated Speed (rpm): 373.83 349.12 366.5 360.29
Rated Torque (N.m): 38.32 41.03 39.14 39.76
No Load Speed (rpm) 437.30 413.89 418.52 422.57
Table 40: Solution Summary
72
9. Bibliography
[1] O. Bolton, "Electrical bicycle". Canton, Ohio Patent US 552271 A, 19 September 1895.
[2] Faulhaber Group, "www.micromo.com," [Online]. Available:

http://static.micromo.com/media/wysiwyg/Technical-
library/Brushless/Brushless_Application_Advantage_WP.pdf.
[3] P. T. T.G. Wilson, "D.C. Machine. With Solid State Commutation," AIEE, 1962.
[4] Pushek Madaan, Cypress Semiconductor, "www.edn.com," 11 February 2013. [Online]. Available:
http://www.edn.com/design/sensors/4406682/Brushless-DC-Motors---Part-I--Construction-and-
Operating-Principles.
[5] H. T. W. I. Muhammad Nizam, "Design of Optimal Outer Rotor Brushless DC for Minimum
Cogging Torque," in Joint International Conference on Rural Information & Communication
Technology and Electric-Vehicle Technology (rICT & ICeV-T), Bandung-Bali, Indonesia, 2013.
[6] Beikimco, "www.beikimco.com," [Online]. Available: http://www.beikimco.com/resources-

downloads/about-bldc-motors/what-is-a-brushless-DC-motor.
[7] Honeywell, "www.digikey.com," June 2012. [Online]. Available:

http://www.digikey.com/Web%20Export/Supplier%20Content/HoneywellSC_480/PDF/honeywell
-an-ss-hall-effects.pdf.
[8] Microchip Technology Inc., "www.microchip.com," 2007. [Online]. Available:

http://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/AppNotes/01083a.pdf.
[9] Atmel Corporation, "www.atmel.com," 2005. [Online]. Available:

http://www.atmel.com/images/doc8012.pdf.
[10] A. Reinap, "Design of Powder Core Motors," Department of Industrial Electrical Engineering and
Automation, Lund University , Lund, Sweden, 2004.
[11] M.-F. H. M. P. L. E. D. A. S. a. V. G. David G. Dorrell, "A Review of the Design Issues and
Techniques for Radial-Flux Brushless Surface and Internal Rare-Earth Permanent-Magnet Motor,"
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, vol. 58, no. 9, pp. 3741 - 3757, 2011.
[12] A. B. Nishtha Shrivastava, "Design of 3-Phase BLDC Motor for Electric Vehicle Application by
Using Finite Element Simulation.," International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced
Engineering, vol. IV, no. 1, pp. 140-145, 2014.
[13] P. S. A. v. d. B. Isabelle Hofman, "Influence of Soft-Magnetic Material in a Permanenet Magnet

Synchronous Machine With a Commerical Induction Machine Stator," IEEE Transcations on
Magnetics, Belgium, 2012.
73
[14] N. Abdolamir, "Design a single-phase BLDC Motor and Finite- Element Analysis of Stator Slots
Structure Effects on the Efficiency," International Journal of Electrical, Computer, Energetic,
Electronic and Communication Engineering, pp. 685 - 692, 2011.
[15] Magna Physics Corporation, James R. Hendershot, "Brushless DC Motor Phase, Pole & Slot
Configurations," Hillsboro, Ohio.
[16] ANSYS, "ANSYS MAXWELL," January 2016. [Online]. Available:

http://www.ansys.com/Products/Electronics/ANSYS-Maxwell.
[17] R. Nave, "www.hyperphysics.com," [Online]. Available: http://hyperphysics.phy-

astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/maxeq.html#c1.
[18] Ansoft - ANSYS, "www.ansys.com," Ansoft, 2016. [Online]. Available:

http://www.ansys.com/Products/Electronics/ANSYS-RMxprt.
[19] ANSYS, Inc, "www.scribid.com," June 2015. [Online]. Available:

https://www.scribd.com/doc/129666336/RMxprt-Manual-pdf.
[20] V. P. Buhr Karel, "ANALYSIS OF THE ELECTRIC VEHICLE WITH THE BLDC PM MOTOR
IN THE WHEEL BODY," Prague.
[21] S. T. L. J. H. R. K. T. C. Bo Long, "Energy-Regenerative Braking Control of Electric Vehicles

Using Three-Phase Brushless Direct-Current Motors," energies, vol. 7, pp. 99-114, 2014.
[22] UNEP, "www.unep.org," UNEP, 2000. [Online]. Available:

http://www.unep.org/transport/gfei/autotool/approaches/information/test_cycles.asp#European.
[23] Ansys , "Lecture 6: Meshing and Mesh Operations ANSYS Maxwell V16 Training Manual," 21
May 2013. [Online]. Available: http://ansoft-
maxwell.narod.ru/en/Maxwell_v16_L06_Mesh_Operations.pdf.
[24] D. Koeppel, "Flight of the Pigeon," Bicycling (Rodale, Inc.), January 2007.
[25] V. V. H. Adrian Christen, "Analysis of a Six- and Three-Phase Interior Permanentmagnet

Synchronous Machine with Flux Concentration for an Electrical Bike," in International Symposium
on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion, Horw-Lucerne, Switzerland,
2014.
74
Appendix 1: 24 Slot, 16 Pole Machine Solution Set:

GENERAL DATA
Rated Output Power (kW): 1.5
Rated Voltage (V): 48
Number of Poles: 16
Given Rated Speed (rpm): 380
Frictional Loss (W): 10
Windage Loss (W): 20
Rotor Position: Outer
Type of Load: Constant Power
Type of Circuit: Y3
Lead Angle of Trigger in Elec. Degrees: 0
Trigger Pulse Width in Elec. Degrees: 120
One-Transistor Voltage Drop (V): 0.748
One-Diode Voltage Drop (V): 0.748
Operating Temperature (C): 75
Maximum Current for CCC (A): 0
Minimum Current for CCC (A): 0
STATOR DATA
Number of Stator Slots: 24
Outer Diameter of Stator (mm): 240
Inner Diameter of Stator (mm): 140
Type of Stator Slot: 4
Stator Slot
hs0 (mm): 4
hs1 (mm): 3
hs2 (mm): 3.00E+01
bs0 (mm): 3
bs1 (mm): 16
bs2 (mm): 9
rs (mm): 0.6
Top Tooth Width (mm): 13.6334
Bottom Tooth Width (mm): 1.27E+01
Skew Width (Number of Slots) 5.00E-01
Length of Stator Core (mm): 45
Stacking Factor of Stator Core: 0.95
Type of Steel: DW315_50
Designed Wedge Thickness (mm): 0.5
Slot Insulation Thickness (mm): 0.2
Layer Insulation Thickness (mm): 0.2
End Length Adjustment (mm): 1
Number of Parallel Branches: 1.00E+00
75
Number of Conductors per Slot: 1.80E+01

Type of Coils: 2.10E+01
Average Coil Pitch: 1.00E+00
Number of Wires per Conductor: 4.00E+00
Wire Diameter (mm): 1.628
Wire Wrap Thickness (mm): 0.2
Slot Area (mm^2): 436.383
Net Slot Area (mm^2): 395.31
Limited Slot Fill Factor (%): 75
Stator Slot Fill Factor (%): 60.8621
Coil Half-Turn Length (mm): 67.2474
ROTOR DATA
Minimum Air Gap (mm): 1.00E+00
Outer Diameter (mm): 2.70E+02
Length of Rotor (mm): 45
Stacking Factor of Iron Core: 0.95
Polar Arc Radius (mm): 121
Mechanical Pole Embrace: 9.00E-01
Electrical Pole Embrace: 0.88518
Max. Thickness of Magnet (mm): 7
Width of Magnet (mm): 42.5427
Type of Magnet: NdFe35
Type of Rotor: 1
Magnetic Shaft: No
PERMANENT MAGNET DATA
Residual Flux Density (Tesla): 1.23
Coercive Force (kA/m): 8.90E+02
Maximum Energy Density (kJ/m^3): 2.74E+02
Relative Recoil Permeability: 1.10E+00
Demagnetized Flux Density (Tesla): 0.34316
Recoil Residual Flux Density (Tesla): 1.23E+00
Recoil Coercive Force (kA/m): 890
MATERIAL CONSUMPTION
Armature Copper Density (kg/m^3): 8900
Permanent Magnet Density (kg/m^3): 7400
Armature Core Steel Density (kg/m^3): 7600
Rotor Core Steel Density (kg/m^3): 7600
Armature Copper Weight (kg): 2.15282
Permanent Magnet Weight (kg): 1.6411
Armature Core Steel Weight (kg): 6.29395
Rotor Core Steel Weight (kg): 1.87912
Total Net Weight (kg): 11.967
76
Armature Core Steel Consumption (kg): 15.0679

Rotor Core Steel Consumption (kg): 9.15E+00
STEADY STATE PARAMETERS
Stator Winding Factor: 0.866025
D-Axis Reactive Inductance Lad (H): 0.0001179
Q-Axis Reactive Inductance Laq (H): 0.0001179
D-Axis Inductance L1+Lad(H): 0.0004356
Q-Axis Inductance L1+Laq(H): 4.36E-04
Armature Leakage Inductance L1 (H): 0.0003177
Zero-Sequence Inductance L0 (H): 6.45E-05
Armature Phase Resistance R1 (ohm): 0.0252371
Armature Phase Resistance at 20C (ohm): 0.0207595
D-Axis Time Constant (s): 0.0046714
Q-Axis Time Constant (s): 0.0046714
Ideal Back-EMF Constant KE (Vs/rad): 1.02354
Start Torque Constant KT (Nm/A): 0.779561
Rated Torque Constant KT (Nm/A): 1.0944
NO-LOAD MAGNETIC DATA
Stator-Teeth Flux Density (Tesla): 1.96779
Stator-Yoke Flux Density (Tesla): 1.34847
Rotor-Yoke Flux Density (Tesla): 2.42725
Air-Gap Flux Density (Tesla): 0.740982
Magnet Flux Density (Tesla): 0.771528
Stator-Teeth By-Pass Factor: 0.0190648
Stator-Yoke By-Pass Factor: 1.91E-05
Rotor-Yoke By-Pass Factor: 0.049514
Stator-Teeth Ampere Turns (A.T): 943.342
Stator-Yoke Ampere Turns (A.T): 1.92283
Rotor-Yoke Ampere Turns (A.T): 758.934
Air-Gap Ampere Turns (A.T): 616.905
Magnet Ampere Turns (A.T): -2322.18
Armature Reactive Ampere Turns at Start Operation (A.T): 4212.2
Leakage-Flux Factor: 1
Correction Factor for Magnetic Circuit Length of Stator Yoke: 0.331501
Correction Factor for Magnetic Circuit Length of Rotor Yoke: 0.12827
No-Load Speed (rpm): 437.309
Cogging Torque (N.m): 1.15E-11
FULL-LOAD DATA
Average Input Current (A): 35.691
Root-Mean-Square Armature Current (A): 31.0147
Armature Thermal Load (A^2/mm^3): 66.1909
Specific Electric Loading (A/mm): 17.7701
Armature Current Density (A/mm^2): 3.72485
77
Frictional and Windage Loss (W): 2.89E+01

Iron-Core Loss (W): 53.9135
Armature Copper Loss (W): 72.8274
Transistor Loss (W): 54.505
Diode Loss (W): 2.80011
Total Loss (W): 212.926
Output Power (W): 1500.24
Input Power (W): 1713.17
Efficiency (%): 87.5712
Rated Speed (rpm): 373.835
Rated Torque (N.m): 38.3224
Locked-Rotor Torque (N.m): 716.987
Locked-Rotor Current (A): 920.055
WINDING ARRANGEMENT
The 3-phase, 2-layer winding can be arranged in 3 slots as below: ABC
Angle per slot (elec. degrees): 120
Phase-A axis (elec. degrees): 6000.00%
First slot center (elec. degrees): 0
TRANSIENT FEA INPUT DATA
For Armature Winding:
Number of Turns: 72
Parallel Branches: 1
Terminal Resistance (ohm): 0.0252371
End Leakage Inductance (H): 4.97E-06
2D Equivalent Value:
Equivalent Model Depth (mm): 45
Equivalent Stator Stacking Factor: 0.95
Equivalent Rotor Stacking Factor: 0.95
Equivalent Br (Tesla): 1.23
Equivalent Hc (kA/m): 890
Estimated Rotor Moment of Inertia (kg m^2): 0.16912
78
Input DC Current V/s Speed
Efficiency V/s Speed
Ratio of Air-Gap Torque to DC Current V/s Speed
79
Output Power V/s Speed
Output Torque V/s Speed
Induced Coil Voltages at rated Speed
80
Air-Gap Flux Density
Induced Winding Voltages at Rated Speed
Winding Currents under Load
81
Winding Voltages under Load
82

GENERAL DATA
Number of Poles: 18
Type of Circuit: Y3
STATOR DATA
Stator Slot
hs0 (mm): 3
hs1 (mm): 2
hs2 (mm): 30
bs0 (mm): 3
bs1 (mm): 13
bs2 (mm): 8
rs (mm): 0.6
Bottom Tooth Width (mm): 8.58853
Skew Width (Number of Slots) 0
Designed Wedge Thickness (mm): 5.00E-01
Number of Parallel Branches: 1
Number of Conductors per Slot: 14
83
Type of Coils: 21
Average Coil Pitch: 1.00E+00
Number of Wires per Conductor: 6.00E+00
Net Slot Area (mm^2): 317.387
ROTOR DATA
Minimum Air Gap (mm): 1.00E+00
Outer Diameter (mm): 2.90E+02
Length of Rotor (mm): 4.50E+01
Stacking Factor of Iron Core: 9.50E-01
Mechanical Pole Embrace: 0.95
Type of Rotor: 1
Residual Flux Density (Tesla): 1.23E+00
Coercive Force (kA/m): 890
Demagnetized Flux Density (Tesla): 0.462827
Recoil Residual Flux Density (Tesla): 1.23
Recoil Coercive Force (kA/m): 890
Armature Copper Density (kg/m^3): 8.90E+03
Armature Core Steel Consumption (kg): 17.6503
84

Stator Winding Factor: 7.07E-01
D-Axis Reactive Inductance Lad (H): 9.09E-05
Q-Axis Reactive Inductance Laq (H): 9.09E-05
Q-Axis Inductance L1+Laq(H): 4.73E-04
Zero-Sequence Inductance L0 (H): 0.000331
Armature Phase Resistance R1 (ohm): 0.0255877
D-Axis Time Constant (s): 0.0035541
Air-Gap Ampere Turns (A.T): 603.159
Leakage-Flux Factor: 1.00E+00
Correction Factor for Magnetic Circuit Length of Stator Yoke: 0.525129
Cogging Torque (N.m): 9.9347
FULL-LOAD DATA
Frictional and Windage Loss (W): 24.6975
85

WINDING ARRANGEMENT
The 3-phase, 2-layer winding can be arranged in 12 slots a : AZXCCYZBABXY
Phase-A axis (elec. degrees): 45
The winding factors of each phase are:
Phase A 0.707107
Phase B 3.10E-16
Phase C 0.5
The angles between two-phase winding axes are:
Phase A & B 36.1685
Phase B & C 278.832
Phase C & A 45
If a sinusoidal rotating field links the winding,
the fundamental induced-voltage components will be:
Positive-sequence component 100%
Negative-sequence component 26.79%
Zero-sequence component 115.75%
Number of Turns: 84
86
Ratio of Air-Gap torque to DC Current V/s Speed
87
Cogging Torque in Two Teeth (Nm)
88
Induced Coil Voltages at Rated Speed
89
90

GENERAL DATA
Number of Poles: 22
Type of Circuit: Y3
STATOR DATA
Stator Slot
hs0 (mm): 2
hs1 (mm): 2
hs2 (mm): 30
bs0 (mm): 3
bs1 (mm): 10
bs2 (mm): 6
rs (mm): 0.5
Skew Width (Number of Slots) 0.5
91

Type of Coils: 21
Average Coil Pitch: 1
Number of Wires per Conductor: 5
Net Slot Area (mm^2): 2.38E+02
Minimum Air Gap (mm): 1
Outer Diameter (mm): 290
Type of Rotor: 1
Magnetic Shaft: No
Demagnetized Flux Density (Tesla): 6.23E-01
Recoil Coercive Force (kA/m): 8.90E+02
Armature Core Steel Consumption (kg): 1.77E+01
92

Q-Axis Inductance L1+Laq(H): 0.0002262
Armature Phase Resistance R1 (ohm): 3.30E-02
D-Axis Time Constant (s): 1.91E-03
Air-Gap Ampere Turns (A.T): 6.27E+02
Correction Factor for Magnetic Circuit Length of Stator Yoke: 4.65E-01
FULL-LOAD DATA
93

WINDING ARRANGEMENT
The 3-phase, 2-layer winding can be arranged in 24 slots as AZBCYABXYAZXCYZB
below: CYABXCAZ
Angle per slot (elec. degrees): 82.5
Phase-A axis (elec. degrees): 67.5
Number of Turns: 96
94
95
96
97
98

GENERAL DATA
Number of Poles: 28
Type of Circuit: Y3
STATOR DATA
Stator Slot
hs0 (mm): 2
hs1 (mm): 1
hs2 (mm): 35.7
bs0 (mm): 3.2
bs1 (mm): 7
bs2 (mm): 4
rs (mm): 0.6
Skew Width (Number of Slots) 0
Type of Steel: M15_29G
99

Type of Coils: 21
Average Coil Pitch: 1
Number of Wires per Conductor: 5
Net Slot Area (mm^2): 1.83E+02
ROTOR DATA
Minimum Air Gap (mm): 1
Outer Diameter (mm): 300
Type of Steel: M15_29G
Type of Rotor: 1
Magnetic Shaft: No
Demagnetized Flux Density (Tesla): 5.61E-01
Recoil Coercive Force (kA/m): 8.90E+02
100

Armature Core Steel Consumption (kg): 1.70E+01
Q-Axis Inductance L1+Laq(H): 0.0002174
Armature Phase Resistance R1 (ohm): 3.51E-02
D-Axis Time Constant (s): 1.57E-03
Rotor-Yoke By-Pass Factor: 8.36E-06
Air-Gap Ampere Turns (A.T): 6.38E+02
Correction Factor for Magnetic Circuit Length of Stator Yoke: 7.21E-01
ULL-LOAD DATA
101

WINDING ARRANGEMENT
The 3-phase, 2-layer winding can be arranged in 18 slots: AZBXCYZBXCYABXCYAZ
Phase-A axis (elec. degrees): 60
Number of Turns: 120
102
103

104
105
106
Appendix 5: Steel Data:

Name: M15-29G
Source: ANSYS Maxwell – RMxprt Database
Core Loss Model: KH = 138.7, KC = 0.409, KE = 0
B – H curve
Magnetic Field Density (T) Current Density (A/m)
0.6 63.662
0.71 71.62
0.8 79.577
1.22 159.15
1.32 238.73
1.375 318.31
1.41 397.887
1.43 477.465
1.45 577.042
1.46 636.62
1.475 716.19
1.48 795.775
1.54 1591.55
1.59 2387.32
1.62 3183.09
1.64 3987.86
1.67 4774.64
1.72 6366.19
1.74 7957.97
1.76 7957.75
1.875 1591.5
1.96 23873.2
2 27852.09
B-H Data Table
107
Name: DW315 – 50
Source: ANSYS Maxwell – RMxprt Database
Core Loss Model: KH = 155, KC = 0.822, KE = 0
B – H Curve
Current Magnetic Field
Density Density (T)
(A/m)
49 0.4
52 0.45
55 0.5
57 0.55
61 0.59
64 0.65
68 0.69
73 0.75
79 0.8
84 0.84
95 0.90
103 0.94
115 1
124 1.05
142 1.10
163 1.149
193 1.2
235 1.25
299 1.3
B – H Data Table
108
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Simulation of BLDC Hub Motor in ANSYS -

Thesis · June 2016

Master Thesis - Czech Technical University in Prague View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Student: Prathamesh Mukund Dusane

Prathamesh Mukund Dusane

Date: 2nd June 2016

Aim & Objective:

5.1.3. Rotor Dimensions: ........................................................................................................................ 26

6.2. 36 Slot, 18 Pole Machine 2D Model in ANSYS – Maxwell – RMxprt: .............................................. 47

1. Background of the BLDC Machine

Figure 2: A) Radial Flux Motor, B) Axial Flux Motor [10]

2. BLDC Machine literature review

3. ANSYS – Maxwell familiarization

ANSYS, Inc. is an American Computer-aided engineering software developer headquartered south

ANSYS Maxwell is a high-performance, low frequency electromagnetic field simulation

Gauss’ Law for Electricity 𝛁. 𝑫 = 𝒑

Gauss’ Law for Magnetism 𝛁. 𝑩 = 𝟎

3.1. ANSYS RMxprt:

Figure 3: Machine selection interface in RMxprt

Figure 4: Project Manager Window

Figure 5: Machine Properties Window

Figure 6: Circuit Properties Window

Figure 7: Lead Angle of Trigger [19]

Figure 9: Slot Dimensions Window Figure 10: Slot Model

Figure 12: Whole Coiled (Left) & Half Coiled (Right)

Figure 11: Winding Properties Window

Figure 13: Wire Wrap of a Conductor

Figure 14: End/Insulation Tab

Figure 17: Rotor Data Properties Window

Pole Embrace = 1 Pole Embrace = 0.8

Figure 18: Pole Properties Window Figure 19: Pole Embrace

Figure 20: Shaft Properties Window

Figure 21: Analysis Setup Window

4. 1500 W, BLDC Machine Analytical Model

Component Weight (Kg)

1. FA - Air resistance/Aerodynamic drag

2. Rolling Resistance FR = 𝑓𝑚𝑔 cos 𝛼 (2)

3. Climbing Resistance FG = 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝛼 (3)

4.1. Air Resistance/Aerodynamic Drag:

Vehicle Type Nose form factor

Table 2: Nose Form Factor of Vehicle

1W is the power required by an object of 1Kg to accelerate at 1m/s2 through a distance of 1m in 1

4.2. Rolling Resistance:

Table 3: Coefficients of Rolling Resistance

4.3. Acceleration Force:

The acceleration force is then calculated from equation (4) as

4.4. Total Power:

𝑷𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑷𝑨 + 𝑷𝑹 + 𝑷𝑴 = 𝟐𝟕𝟑 + 𝟏𝟔𝟎 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟑 = 𝟏𝟒𝟑𝟔𝑾

4.5. Angular Velocity:

5. 1500W BLDC Outer Rotor Machine Electro-Magnetic Design

5.1. 24 Slot, 16 Pole BLDC Machine in ANSYS – Maxwell - RMxprt:

5.1.2. Stator Dimensions:

5.1.2.1. Slot Design:

Figure 25: Slot Design (Type 4)

Parameter Value Unit

Table 8: Winding Data

Figure 26: Stator Winding

5.1.3. Rotor Dimensions:

Parameter Value Unit

5.1.3.1. Pole Data:

Table 11: Analysis Setup