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In order that data can be transported across the LTE radio interface, various "channels" are used. These
are used to segregate the different types of data and allow them to be transported across the radio
access network in an orderly fashion.

Effectively the different channels provide interfaces to the higher layers within the LTE protocol structure
and enable an orderly and defined segregation of the data.

LTE channel types

There are three categories into which the various data channels may be grouped.

 Physical channels: These are transmission channels that carry user data and control
messages.
 Transport channels: The physical layer transport channels offer information transfer to Medium
Access Control (MAC) and higher layers.

 Logical channels: Provide services for the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer within the LTE
protocol structure.
Logical Channel Types
Transport Channel Types
Physical Channel Types
Multiplexing of Channels
We are pleased to share with you all an interesting article contributed by Astro Ahmed - Interesting areas [Artificial Intelligence, 5G, LTE,
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Pilots/Reference Signals are an Important factor regarding
estimating the channel status. It can be shown that in an
OFDM-based system an equidistant arrangement of
reference symbols in the lattice structure achieves the
minimum MSE, mean squared error, to estimate the radio
channels, where Channel Estimation is an important factor
regarding the ease of processing the received packets by
the receiver and estimate the channel effects based on the
reference signals which is allocated by the transmitter in
order to recover the transmitted information correctly by
removing the channel effects.

Some PILOTS are allocated in Down link like [CRS, CSI,

MBSFN, PRS (Positioning RS)] and for Up Link
[Demodulation Reference Signals (DM-RS), Sounding
Reference Signal (SRS)].

Here is a brief overview about each of them.

DL: CRS Cell-specific

Used for EVM Minimization and Equalizer Training, and can be used for synchronization. used as the
power level reference for the rest of the component carrier's channels.

DL: CSI Channel State Information

Used by the UE to estimate the channel and report channel quality information (CQI) to the base station.
DL: MBSFN Multicast/Broadcast Single Frequency Network
Used for equalization of PMCH transmissions.

UL: DMRS
Used in UL transmission for channel estimation and for coherent demodulation.

Synchronization Signals Classifications

PSS (Primary Synchronization Signals)
&
SSS (Secondary Synchronization Signals)

Used by the UE to obtain the cell identity and frame timing.

 This arrangement creates 504 unique physical cell identities.

You can obtain NID(2) by successfully demodulating the PSS.

The SSS can then be demodulated and combined with the knowledge of NID(2) to obtain NID(1).
Once you establish the values you can determine the cell identity (CELL ID) NID(CELL).

PSS Mapping

The PSS is mapped into the first 31 subcarriers either side of the DC subcarrier. Therefore, the PSS
uses six resource blocks with five reserved subcarriers each side.
The PSS is mapped to different OFDM symbols depending on which frame type is used FDD/TD