Pss Programs

POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION LAB
ABCD PARAMETERS
The design and operation of a transmission line is greatly influenced by the voltage drop, line losses
and efficiency of transmission system. All the factors related to transmission system are dependent
on the line parameters i.e. resistance(R), inductance (L)and capacitance(C) of the transmission line.
Transmission lines can be classified based on its length L as follows:
 Short Transmission line (About 50km and the line voltage 50kV)
 Medium Transmission line (50-150km and voltage 20kV-100kV)
 Long Transmission line (>150km and voltage above 100kV)
Generalized equations for a transmission line can be written as
VS=AVR+BIR
IS=CVR+DIR
A= (VS/VR)|IR=0 B=(VS/IR)|VR=0
C=(IS/VR)|IR=0 D=(IS/IR)|VR=0
Short Transmission line
A=D=1
B=Z
C=0
DEPT OF EEE, MYSORE Page 1

Medium Transmission line
Nominal T method
A=D=1+(YZ/2)
B=Z+(YZ2/4)
C=Y
Nominal π method
A=D=1+(YZ/2)
B=Z
C=Y (1+ (YZ/4))
Long Transmission line
A=D=cosh ((√ (YZ)) l)
B=√ (Z/Y)*sinh (√ (YZ))
C=√(Y/Z)*sinh (√ (YZ))
 Transmission efficiency η (%) = (Receiving end power/ Sending end power)*100
 Regulation=Sending end voltage – Receiving end voltage *100
Receiving end voltage

MEDIUM LINE ANALYSIS

1) Determine ABCD parameters for a three phase, 50 Hz overhead transmission line having
R=40Ω/ph/km, XL=125 Ω/ph/km, Yc=0.001 mho/ph/km and L=1km. If receiving end voltage
VR=127kV and current IR=164<-36.86A. Calculate sending end voltage, current, transmission
efficiency and regulation using nominal pi method.
PROGRAM:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<complex.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#define pi 3.141592654
void main()
{
clrscr();
float r, reg, l, x, pf, vrmag, irmag, phir, vrreal, vrimag, sus, eff, pr, ps;
complex A, B, C, D, E, is, vr, vs, ir, zse, y;
cout<<”PI – MODEL - enter vr in kV in polar form”<<endl;
cin>>vrmag>>phir;
vr = polar(vrmag*1000, phir*pi/180);
cout<<vr<<”\n”;
cout<<”enter ir in polar form”<<endl;
cin>>irmag>>phir;
ir = polar(irmag, phir*pi/180);
cout<<ir<<”\n”;
cout<<”enter R, X per KM, Y and L”<<endl;
cin>>r>>x>>sus>>l;
zse = complex(r*l, x*l);
y = complex(0, sus);
A = D = (1 + (y*zse)/2);
B = zse;
C =y + y*y*zse/4;
cout<<”A=”<<A<<endl;
cout<<”B=”<<B<<endl;
cout<<”C=”<<C<<endl;
cout<<”D=”<<D<<endl;
vs = (A*vr) + (B*ir);
is = (C*vr) + (D*ir);
cout<<”vs = (“<<abs(vs)/1000<<”,”<<arg(vs)*180/pi<<”)”<<”\n”;
cout<<”is = (“<<abs(is)<<”,”<<arg(is)*180/pi<<”)”<<”\n”;
cout<<”AD – BC = “<<A*D – B*C<<”\n”;
pr = real(3*vr*conj(ir));
ps = real(3*vs*conj(is));
reg = (abs(vs/A) – abs(vr))*100 / abs(vr);
cout<<”Regulation = “<<reg<<”%”<<”\n”;
eff = pr/ps*100;
cout<<”Efficiency = “<<eff<<”%”;
getch();
}
OUTPUT
PI – MODEL - enter vr in kV in polar form

127 0
(127000, 0)
enterir in polar form
164 -36.86
(131.216995, -98.377336)
enter R, X per KM, Y and L
40 125 0.001 1
A= (0.9375, 0.02)
B= (40,125)
C= (-1e-05, 0.000969)
D= (0.9375,0.02)
vs = (137.430169, 6.269057)
is = (128.14983, 15.120023)
AD – BC = (1, 0)
Regulation = 15.400657%
Efficiency = 95.762%

2) Determine the ABCD parameters of a medium transmission line having R=40Ω/km, XL=125
Ω/km, Yc=0.001 mho/km and L=1km. If sending end voltage VS=137.43<6.26 kV and current
IS=128<15.12A. Calculate receiving end voltage, current, transmission efficiency and regulation
using nominal pi method.
PROGRAM:
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<complex.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#define pi 3.141592654
void main()
{
clrscr();
float r, reg, l, x, pf, vsmag, ismag, phi, sus, eff, pr, ps;
cout<<”PI – MODEL - enter vs in kV in polar form”<<endl;
cin>>vsmag>>phi;
vs = polar(vsmag*1000, phi*pi/180);
cout<<vs<<”\n”;
cout<<”enter is in polar form”<<endl;
cin>>ismag>>phi;
is = polar(ismag, phi*pi/180);
cout<<is<<”\n”;
cin>>r>>x>>sus>>l;
A = D = (1 + (y*zse)/2);
B = zse;
C =y + y*y*zse/4;
cout<<”A=”<<A<<endl;
cout<<”B=”<<B<<endl;

cout<<”C=”<<C<<endl;
cout<<”D=”<<D<<endl;
vr = (D*vs) – (B*is);
ir = - (C*vs) + (A*is);
cout<<”vr = (“<<abs(vr)/1000<<”,”<<arg(vr)*180/pi<<”)”<<”\n”;
cout<<”ir = (“<<abs(ir)<<”,”<<arg(ir)*180/pi<<”)”<<”\n”;
cout<<”AD – BC = “<<A*D – B*C<<”\n”;
eff = pr/ps*100;
getch();
}
OUTPUT
PI – MODEL - enter vs in kV in polar form
137.43, 6.26
(136610.541853, 14985.417625)
enter is in polar form
128 15.12
(123.56885, 33.387713)
40 125 0.001 1
A=(0.937541, 0.02168)
B=(40, 125)
C=(-1.21e-5, 0.9681e-3)
D=(0.937541, 0.02168)
vr = (127.00338, -0.000259)
ir = (163.900601, -36.904381)
AD – BC = (1, 0)

3) Determine ABCD parameters for a three phase, 50 Hz overhead transmission line having
R=20Ω/ph/km, XL=40 Ω/ph/km, Yc=0.0004 mho/ph/km and L=1km. If receiving end voltage
VR=38.105kV and current IR=109.13<-36.86A. Calculate sending end voltage, current,
transmission efficiency and regulation using nominal T method.
PROGRAM:
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<complex.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#define pi 3.141592654
void main()
{
clrscr();
float r, reg, l, x, pf, vrmag, irmag, vrreal, vrimag, phi, sus, eff, pr, ps;
cout<<”T – MODEL - enter vr in kV in polar form”<<endl;
cin>>vrmag>>phi;
vr = polar(vrmag*1000, phi*pi/180);
cout<<vr<<”\n”;
cout<<”enter ir in polar form”<<endl;
cin>>irmag>>phi;
ir = polar(irmag, phi*pi/180);
cout<<ir<<”\n”;
cin>>r>>x>>sus>>l;

A = D = (1 + (y*zse)/2);
B = zse + y*zse*zse/4;
C =y;
vs = (A*vr) + (B*ir);
is = (C*vr) + (D*ir);
cout<<”vs = (“<<abs(vs)/1000<<”,”<<arg(vs)*180/pi<<”)”<<”\n”;
cout<<”is = (“<<abs(is)<<”,”<<arg(is)*180/pi<<”)”<<”\n”;
cout<<”AD – BC = “<<A*D – B*C<<”\n”;
eff = pr/ps*100;
getch();
}
OUTPUT
T – MODEL - enter vr in kV in polar form : 38.105 0
(38104.999542, 0)
enterir in polar form
109.13, -36.86
(87.315307, -65.462917)
20 40 0.0004 1
vs = (42.207836, 3.172353)
is = (99.915554, -29.597018)
AD – BC = (1, 0)

4) Determine the ABCD parameters of a medium transmission line having R=20Ω/km, X L=40 Ω/km,
Yc=0.0004 mho/km and L=1km. If sending end voltage VS=42.2<3.17 kV and current IS=100<-
29.59A. Calculate receiving end voltage, current, transmission efficiency and regulation using
nominal T method.
PROGRAM:
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<complex.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#define pi 3.141592654
void main()
{
clrscr();
float r, reg, l, x, pf, vsmag, ismag, vrreal, vrimag, phi, sus, eff, pr, ps;
cout<<”T – MODEL - enter vs in kV in polar form”<<endl;
cin>>vsmag>>phi;
vs = polar(vsmag*1000, phi*pi/180);
cout<<vs<<”\n”;
cout<<”enter is in polar form”<<endl;
cin>>ismag>>phi;
is = polar(ismag, phi*pi/180);
cout<<is<<”\n”;
cin>>r>>x>>sus>>l;

A = D = (1 + (y*zse)/2);
B = zse + y*zse*zse/4;
C =y;
vr = (D*vs) – (B*is);
ir = - (C*vs) + (A*is);
cout<<”vr = (“<<abs(vr)/1000<<”,”<<arg(vr)*180/pi<<”)”<<”\n”;
cout<<”ir = (“<<abs(ir)<<”,”<<arg(ir)*180/pi<<”)”<<”\n”;
cout<<”AD – BC = “<<A*D – B*C<<”\n”;
eff = pr/ps*100;
getch();
}
OUTPUT
T – MODEL - enter vs in kV in polar form : 42.2 3.17
(42135.428656, 2333.605872)
enter is in polar form
100 -29.59
(86.958112, -49.379011)
20 40 0.0004 1
vr = (38.094527, -0.007116)
ir = (109.208924, -36.846924)
AD – BC = (1, 0)

5) A balanced 3ϕ load of 30MW is supplied at 132kV, 50Hz, 0.8 p.f lagging by means of a
transmission line. The series impedance for single conductor is (20+j50) and the total phase
neutral admittance is 310e-6mho.Using nominal T method, determine ABCD parameters, sending
end voltage and regulation of the line.
PROGRAM
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<complex.h>
void main()
{
complexz,y,A,B,C,D,Ir,vs;
long double p,v;
floatcs,ir,vr,reg,vro;
clrscr();
cout<<”enter the impedance value(R,X) in ohms\n”;
cin>>z;
cout<<”Enter the susceptance value in mho\n”;
cin>>y;
cout<<”enter the load power and power factor\n”;
cin>>p>>cs;
cout<<”enter output voltage in volts\n”;
cin>>v;
A=D=1+(y*z/2);
B=z*(1+(y*z/4));
C=y;
vr=v/sqrt(3);
ir=p/(sqrt(3)*v*cs);
Ir=complex(ir*cos(cs),-ir*sin(cs));

vs=A*vr+B*Ir;
vro=abs(vs)/abs(A);
reg=(vro-vr)*100/vr;
cout<<”A=”<<A;
cout<<”\nB=”<<B;
cout<<”\nC=”<<C;
cout<<”\nD=”<<D;
cout<<”\n Sending end voltage=Vs(line)=”<<sqrt(3)*abs(vs)<<endl;
cout<<”\n % Regulation=”<<reg;
getch();
}
OUTPUT
enter the impedance value(R,X) in ohms
(20,50)
Enter the susceptance value in mho
(0,310e-6)
enter the load power and power factor
30e6 0.8
enter output voltage in volts
132e3
A=(0.99225,0.0031)
B=(19.845,49.83725)
C=(0,0.00031)
D=(0.99225,0.0031)
Sending end voltage=Vs(line)=143180.522358
% Regulation=10.102563

6) Determine the ABCD parameters of a long transmission line using Rigorous solutions having
R=0.073Ω/km, XL=0.491Ω/km, YC=0.116e-6mho/km and L=300km.
PROGRAM:
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<complex.h>
void main()
{
complex A,B,C,D,z,y,E;
floatl,r,xl,s;
clrscr();
cout<<”Enter resistance value in ohms/km\n”;
cin>>r;
cout<<”Enter reactance value in ohms/km\n”;
cin>>xl;
cout<<”Enter susceptance value in mho/km\n”;
cin>>s;
cout<<”Enter the length of the transmission line\n”;
cin>>l;
z=complex(r*l, xl*l);
y=complex (0, s*l);
A=D=cosh(sqrt(y*z));
B=sqrt(z/y)*sinh(sqrt(y*z));
C=sqrt(y/z)*sinh(sqrt(y*z));
E=A*D-B*C;
cout<<”\n A=”<<A;
cout<<”\n B=”<<B;
cout<<”\n C=”<<C;
cout<<”\n D=”<<D;
cout<<”\n E=”<<E;
getch();
}
OUTPUT
A= (0.997438, 0.000381)
B= (21.862594, 147.176961)
C= (-4.41803e-9, 3.477e-5)
D= (0.997438, 0.000381)
E= (1, 0)

DETERMINATION OF POWER ANGLE DIAGRAMS FOR SALIENT AND NON-

SALIENT POLE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES, RELUCTANCE POWER, EXCITATION
EMF AND REGULATION.
NON-SALIENT POLE MACHINES
1) A 34.64kV, 60MVA synchronous generator has a direct axis reactance of 13.5Ω and X G = 9.33Ω is
operated at 0.8p.f. lag. Determine the excitation emf, regulation and reactance power. Plot the
power angle diagram.
p=input('power in Mv:')
pf=input('power factor:')
vt=input('terminal voltage in kv:')
xd=input('direct axis reactance in ohms:')
xq=input('quadrature axis reactance in ohms:')
vtph=(vt*1000)/sqrt(3)
ang=acos(pf)
i=((p)*1e06)/(3*vtph*pf)
i=i*(cos(ang)-j*sin(ang))
del=0:1:180;
delrad=del*(pi/180);
ifxd~=xq
ef=vtph+(j*i*xq)
id=abs(i)*sin(angle(ef)-angle(i))
efmag=abs(ef)+((xd-xq)*id)
exemf=efmag
reg=(efmag-abs(vtph))*100/abs(vtph)
salientpower=(efmag*vtph*sin(delrad))/xd
relucpower=vtph^2*(xd-xq)*sin(2*delrad)/(2*xd*xq)
netrelucpower=3*relucpower/1e06

netsalientpower=3*salientpower/1e06
resultantpower=salientpower+relucpower;
netresultantpower=3*resultantpower/1e06
plot(del,netsalientpower,'k'),grid;
hold on
plot(del,netrelucpower,'r'),grid
hold on
plot(del,netresultantpower,'b'),grid
title('power angle curve for salient pole machine')
legend('salient power','reluctancepower','resultant power')
end
ifxd==xq
ef=vtph+(j*i*xd)
id=abs(i)*sin(angle(ef)-angle(i))
efmag=abs(ef)+((xd-xq)*id);
exemf=efmag
reg=(efmag-abs(vtph))*100/abs(vtph)
power=efmag*vtph*sin(delrad)/xd
netpower=3*power/1e06
plot(del,netpower,'r'),grid
title('power angle curve for non-salient pole machine')
legend('net power')
end
xlabel('delta(deg)')
ylabel('three phase power in MW')

For non salient pole synchronous machine

power angle curve for non-salient pole machine
180
net power
160
140
three phase power in MW
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
delta(deg)
For salient pole synchronous machine
power angle curve for salient pole machine

140
salient power
120 reluctance power
resultant power
100
three phase power in MW
80
60
40
20
-20
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
delta(deg)

OUTPUT FOR SALIENT

enter the power in MW =48
enter the power factor =0.8
enter the line to line voltage in kV =34.64
enterXd in ohms =13.5
enterXq in ohms =9.333
excitation_emf =3.0104e+004
reg =50.5233
OUTPUT FOR NON SALIENT

enter the power in MW =48
enter the power factor =0.8
enter the line to line voltage in kV =34.64
enterXdin ohms =10
enterXqin ohms =10
excitation_emf = 2.7203e+004
reg = 36.0171

SWING CURVE
1) Write a suitable program in Matlab to plot the swing curve for a single machine connected to infinite
bus with the following data. Pi=0.9, E=1.1 pu, V=1.0pu, transfer reactance before fault is 0.45pu,
transfer reactance during the fault is 1.25 pu, and the transfer reactance after the clearance of the fault
is 0.55pu. Plot the swing for sustained fault. Comment on the output obtained.
SWING CURVE FOR SUSTAINED FAULT
fid=fopen('swing.txt','r')
f=50
[P,E,V,M,X0,X1,X2]=textread('swing.txt','%f %f %f %f %f %f %f')
fclose(fid)
deld=0.0
delt=0.001
Pmax=E*V/X0
Pmax1=Pmax
sind=P/Pmax
d=asin(sind)
d0=d
d1=180*d0/pi
Pe=Pmax*sind
Pa1=P-Pe
Pmax=(E*V)/X1
Pe=Pmax*sind
Pa2=P-Pe
Pa=(Pa1+Pa2)/2
for t=0:.001:1
time=t
deld=deld+(delt*delt*Pa)/M
d=d+deld
Pe=Pmax*sin(d)
Pa=P-Pe
xindeg=d*180/pi
plot(time,xindeg,'r'),grid
hold on
title('swing curve for sustained fault')
legend('swing curve')
xlabel('Time(sec)')
ylabel('delta(deg)')
end
H=M*pi*f;
r1=X0/X1
r2=X0/X2
d3=asin(P/(r2*Pmax1))

dmax=pi-d3
dcc=acos(((dmax-d0)*sin(d0)+r2*cos(dmax)-r1*cos(d0))/(r2-r1))
tcc=sqrt(2*H*(dcc-d0)/(pi*f*P))
fprintf('\n critical clearing angle in degrees is:%g',(dcc*180/pi))
fprintf('\n critical clearing time in seconds is:%g',(tcc))
Outputs
swing curve for sustained fault

900
swing curve
800
700
600
delta(deg)
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time(sec)
Critical clearing angle in degrees is: 118.606

Critical clearing time in seconds is: 0.245349

2) Write a suitable program in Matlab to plot the swing curve for a single machine connected to infinite
bus with the following data. Pi=0.9, E=1.1 pu, V=1.0pu, transfer reactance before fault is 0.45pu,
transfer reactance during the fault is 1.25 pu, and the transfer reactance after the clearance of the fault
is 0.55pu. Plot the swing for fault clearing time of 0.3 sec and 0.5 sec.compare both the curves and
comment on the output obtained.
SWING CURVE FOR FAULT CLEARED
fid=fopen('swing2.txt','r')
f=50
[P,E,V,M,X0,X1,X2,tcr]=textread('swing2.txt','%f %f %f %f %f %f %f %f')
fclose(fid)
deld=0.0
t=0.0
delt=0.001
Pmax=(E*V)/X0
Pmax1=Pmax
sind=P/Pmax
d=asin(sind)
d0=d
d1=180*d0/pi
Pe=Pmax*sind
Pa1=P-Pe
Pmax=(E*V)/X1
Pe=Pmax*sind
Pa2=P-Pe
Pa=(Pa1+Pa2)/2
for t=0:0.001:1
if t==tcr
Pa1=Pa
Pmax=E*V/X2
Pe=Pmax*sin(d)
Pa2=P-Pe
Pa=(Pa1+Pa2)/2
end
if t>tcr
Pmax=E*V/X2
end
time=t+delt
xindeg=d*180/pi
plot(time,xindeg,'r'),grid
hold on
title('swing curve for fault cleared')

legend('swing curve')
xlabel('Time(sec)')
ylabel('delta(deg)')
deld=deld+(delt*delt*Pa)/M
d=d+deld
Pe=Pmax*sin(d)
Pa=P-Pe
end
OUTPUTS
swing curve for fault cleared

120
swing curve
100
80
60
delta(deg)
40
20
-20
-40
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Time(sec)

Y-BUS FORMATION FOR POWER SYSTEMS WITHOUT MUTUAL COUPLING BY

SINGULAR TRANSFORMATION METHOD
1) For the network shown, obtain the bus admittance matrix by singular transformation. The
impedance data is given in the following table. Take elements 1 and 2 as branch.
Element Bus Self

no code admittance
1 1-4 1.4
2 1-2 1.6
3 2-3 2.4
4 3-4 2.0
5 2-4 1.8
Clear
n=input('enter the no of buses');
e=input('enter the no of elements');
Y=zeros(e,e);
acap=zeros(e,n+1);
k=1;
while e!0
y=input('enter self admittance');
Y(k,k)=y;
p=input('From node:');
q=input('To node:');
acap(k,p)=1;
OUTPUT:
acap(k,q)=-1;
k=k+1;
e=e-1;
end
a=acap;
a(:,n+1)=[];
Ybus=a'*Y*a;

Ybus
2) Form the incidence matrices A', A and network matrix Ybus by singular transformation for the
sample network shown in the fig. The impedance data is given in the table.
Self Mutual
Element Bus Impedance Bus Impedance

no code(p-q) (Zpqpq) code( (Zpqrs)
p-q)
1 1-2(1) 0.6
2 1-3 0.5 1- 0.1

2(1)
3 3-4 0.5
4 1-2(2) 0.4 1- 0.2

2(1)
5 2-4 0.2
clear
acap=zeros(e,n+1);
Z=zeros(e,e);
k=1;
while e!0
z=input('Enter the impedance');
Z(k,k)=z;

acap(k,p)=1;
acap(k,q)=-1;
choice=menu('Is this line mutually coupled:','yes','no');
if choice==1
mu=input('enter the mutually coupled line no');
zmu=input('enter the impedance of the mutually coupled line');
Z(k,mu)=zmu;
Z(mu,k)=zmu;
else choice==2
end
e=e-1;
k=k+1;
end
a=acap;
a(:,1)=[];
Y=inv(Z);
Ybus=a'*Y*a;
Ybu
3) The graph shown in the figure is a three bus

transmission system with all buses lumped
together. Each TL has series impedance of
(0.02+j0.08) and half line charging admittance of
0.02. Choose 0 as the ground bus. Compute Ybus
by singular transformation method.
clear
Y=zeros(e,e);
acap=zeros(e,n+1);
k=1;
while e!0
y=input('enter self admittance');
Y(k,k)=y;
acap(k,p)=1;
acap(k,q)=-1;
k=k+1;
e=e-1;
end
a=acap;

a(:,n+1)=[];
Ybus=a'*y*a;
Ybus
OUTPUT
Ybus = [ +8.8200-35.2200i -2.94+11.7400i -2.9400+11.7400i
-2.94+11.7400i +8.8200-35.2200i -2.9400+11.7400i
-2.94+11.7400i -2.9400+11.7400i +8.8200-35.2200i ]

Write a matlab program to compute the Ybus for the given system by the Rule Of Inspection
method
From bus to bus Z=R+jX half line charging

1 2 0.05+0.15i 0.00i
1 3 0.1+0.3i 0.00i
2 3 0.15+0.45i 0.00i
2 4 0.1+0.3i 0.00i
3 4 0.05+0.15i 0.00i
c=[1 2 0.05+0.15i 0.00i;

1 3 0.1+0.3i 0.00i;
2 3 0.15+0.45i 0.00i;
2 4 0.1+0.3i 0.00i;
3 4 0.05+0.15i 0.00i];
frombus=c(:,1);
tobus=c(:,2);
Z=c(:,3);
HLC=c(:,4);
y=1./Z;
nbus=max(max(frombus),max(tobus));
nline=length(frombus);
Y=zeros(nbus);
for k=1:nline
p=frombus(k);
q=tobus(k);
Y(p,p)=Y(p,p)+y(k)+HLC(k);
Y(q,q)=Y(q,q)+y(k)+HLC(k);
Y(p,q)=Y(p,q)-y(k);
Y(q,p)=Y(p,q);
end
Ybus=Y
Output
Ybus =
3.0000 - 9.0000i -2.0000 + 6.0000i -1.0000 + 3.0000i 0

-2.0000 + 6.0000i 3.6667 -11.0000i -0.6667 + 2.0000i -1.0000 + 3.0000i
-1.0000 + 3.0000i -0.6667 + 2.0000i 3.6667 -11.0000i -2.0000 + 6.0000i
0 -1.0000 + 3.0000i -2.0000 + 6.0000i 3.0000 - 9.0000i

Write amatlab program to compute the Zbus for the given system by the Zbus building
Algorithmethod
4 1 0.25 1
4 2 0.25 1
1 3 0.10 2
1 2 0.10 4
2 3 0.10 4
ldata=[ 4 1 0.25 1
4 2 0.25 1
1 3 0.10 2
1 2 0.10 4
2 3 0.10 4];
from=ldata(:,1);
to=ldata(:,2);
Zse=ldata(:,3);
type=ldata(:,4);
refbus=max(max(from),max(to));
nl=length(from);
nb=refbus-1;
zbus=zeros(nb);
zbusflag=zeros(nb,1);
for x=1:nl
if type(x)==1
newbus=to(x);
zbus(newbus,newbus)=Zse(x);
elseif type(x)==2;
newbus=to(x);
oldbus=from(x);
zbus(newbus,:)=zbus(oldbus,:);
zbus(:,newbus)=zbus(:,oldbus);
zbus(newbus,newbus)=Zse(x)+zbus(oldbus,oldbus);
elseif type(x)==3
bus1=to(x);
z1=transpose(zbus(bus1,:));
z2=zbus(bus1,:);
zmod=z1*z2/(zbus(bus1,bus1)+Zse(x));
zbus=zbus-zmod;
else
bus1=from(x);
bus2=to(x);
z1=zbus(bus1,:);
z2=zbus(bus2,:);
zmod=(transpose(z1-z2)*(z1-z2))/(Zse(x)+zbus(bus1,bus1)+zbus(bus2,bus2)-2*zbus(bus1,bus2));
zbus=zbus-zmod;
end
end
zbus

HOW TO SOLVE LOAD FLOW
Example Load Flow Study

1) Figure shows a single line diagram of a 5 bus system with two generating units, seven lines.
Perunit transmission line series impedances and shunt susceptances are given on 100 MVA base
in table 1.1. Real power generation, real and reactive power loads in MW and MVAR are given in
table 1.2.
With bus 1 as slack, use the following methods to obtain a load flow solution:
(a) Gauss-Siedel using Y-bus, with acceleration factors of 1.4 and tolerances of 0.0001 and
0.0001 per unit for the real and imaginary components of voltage.
(b) Newton-Raphson using Ybus, with tolerance of 0.01 per unit for the change in the real and
reactive bus powers.
Assume the base voltage for the bus as 220 kV and system frequency as 60 Hz.
Assume the base voltage for the bus as 220 kV and system frequency as 60 Hz.

Impedances and line charging for the sample system.
Generation, loads and bus voltages for sample system
Procedure to enter the data for performing studies using MiPower.

MiPower - Database Configuration
Open Power System Network Editor. Select menu option Database Configure.
ConfigureDatabase dialog is popped up as shown below. Click Browse button.

Open dialog box is popped up as shown below, where you are going to browse the desireddirectory
and specify the name of the database to be associated with the single line diagram. ClickOpen
button after entering the desired database name. Configure Database dialog will appearwith path
chosen.
Note : Do not work in the MiPower directory

Click OK button on the Configure database dialog.
The dialog as shown appears.
Uncheck the Power System Libraries and
StandardRelay Libraries . For this example these

standardlibraries are not needed, because all the data is givenon pu for power system libraries (like
transformer, line\cable, generator), and relay libraries are requiredonly for relay co-ordination
studies. If Libraries areselected, standard libraries will be loaded along withthe database. Click
Electrical Information tab. Sincethe impedances are given on 100 MVA base, checkthe pu status.
Enter the Base MVA and Basefrequency as shown below. Click on Breaker Ratingsbutton to give
breaker ratings. Click OK button tocreate the database to return to Network Editor.
Bus Base Voltage Configuration

In the network editor, configure the base voltages for the single line diagram. Select menu option
Configure Base voltage. The dialog shown below appears. If necessary change the Basevoltages,
color, Bus width and click OK.

Procedure to Draw First Element - Bus

Click on Bus icon provided on power system tool bar. Draw a bus and a dialog appears promptingto give the
Bus ID and Bus Name. Click OK. Database manager with corresponding Bus Data form will appear. Modify
the Area number, Zone number and Contingency Weightage data if it is otherthan the default values. If this
data is not furnished, keep the default values. Usually the minimum and maximum voltage ratings are ± 5% of
the rated voltage. If these ratings are other than this, modify these fields. Otherwise keep the default values.
Bus description field can be effectively used if the bus name is more than 8 characters. If bus name is more
than 8 characters, then a short name is given in the bus name field and the bus description field can be used to
abbreviate the bus name. For example let us say the bus name is Northeast, then bus name can be given as NE
and the bus description field can be North East .
After entering data click Save which invokes Network Editor. Followthe same procedure for
remaining buses. Following table gives the data for other buses
Note: Since the voltages are mentioned in pu, anykV can be assumed. So the base voltage ischosen as 220 kV.
Procedure to Draw Transmission Line

Click on Transmission Line icon provided on power system tool bar. To draw the line click
inbetween two buses and to connect to the from bus double clicking LMB (Left Mouse Button) on
theFrom Bus and join it to another bus by double clicking the mouse button on the To Bus.
ElementID dialog will appear.Enter Element ID number and click OK. Database manager with
corresponding Line\Cable Dataform will be open. Enter the details of that line as shown below.
Enter Structure Ref No.as 1 and click on Transmission Line Library >> button.
Line & Cable Library form will appear. Enter

Transmission line library data in the form as shownbelow for Line1-2.
After entering data Save _and Close. Line\Cable Data form will appear. Click Save , whichinvokes
Network Editor to update next element. Data for remaining elements given in the followingtable.
Transmission Line Element Data

Transmission Line Library Data
Procedure to Draw Generator

Click on Generator icon provided on power system tool bar. Connect it to bus 1 by clicking theLMB
on Bus 1. The Element ID dialog will appear. Enter ID number and click OK. Database
withcorresponding Generator Data form will appear. Enter details as shown below.
Since the specified voltage is given as 1.06 pu, click the Compute Volt button and give 1.06
value.Voltage will be calculated and appear in the specified voltage field.Since generator at bus 1 is
mention as slack bus, only specified voltage will have importance.

Note: At slack bus, only voltage and angle are mentioned. Scheduled power, real power
minimumand maximum constraints do not have much importance.
If the bus is a PV bus (like bus 2), then scheduled power, specified voltage, minimum andmaximum
real and reactive power data is must.Enter Manufacturer Ref. No.as 1 and click on Generator Library
button. Generator library form willappear.
After entering data Save and close. In Generator Data form click Save. Network Editor
screen will be invoked. Similarly connect generator 2 at bus 2. Enter its details as given in the
following table.
Note: Since in the data at bus 2, it is mentioned the Q generation as 30 MVAR. It means
thatgenerator has to generate 30 MVAR compulsorily. So mention Q min and Q max data as same
(30) for this particular case. Thus bus has become PQ bus.
Procedure To Enter Load Data

Click on Load icon provided on power system tool bar. Connect load 1 at BUS2 by clicking the
LMB on Bus 2. Element ID dialog will appear. Give ID No as 1 and say OK. Load Data form
willappear. Enter load details as shown below. Then click Save button, which invokes Network
Editor.

Connect other loads to buses 3, 4 and 5. Enter other load details as given in the following table.
Solve Load Flow Analysis

Select Menu option SolveLoad FlowAnalysis. Following dialog will appear
When Study Info button is clicked, following dialog will open. Select Gauss-Siedel Method and
enter acceleration factor as 1.4 and P-Tolerance and Q-Tolerance as 0.0001. Click OK.

Execute load flow analysis and click on Report in load flow analysis dialog to view report. Repeatthe
procedure with P and Q tolerances as 0.01 for Newton Raphson Method
REPORT
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date and Time : Fri Jan 12 16:52:27 2001
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LOAD FLOW BY GAUSS-SIEDEL METHOD
CASE NO : 1 CONTINGENCY : 0 SCHEDULE NO : 0
CONTINGENCY NAME : Base Case
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LARGEST BUS NUMBER USED : 5 ACTUAL NUMBER OF BUSES : 5
NUMBER OF 2 WIND. TRANSFORMERS : 0 NUMBER OF 3 WIND. TRANSFORMERS : 0
NUMBER OF TRANSMISSION LINES : 7
NUMBER OF SERIES REACTORS : 0 NUMBER OF SERIES CAPACITORS : 0
NUMBER OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS : 0
NUMBER OF SHUNT REACTORS : 0 NUMBER OF SHUNT CAPACITORS : 0
NUMBER OF SHUNT IMPEDANCES : 0
NUMBER OF GENERATORS : 2 NUMBER OF LOADS : 4
NUMBER OF LOAD CHARACTERISTICS : 0 NUMBER OF UNDER FREQUENCY RELAY: 0
NUMBER OF GEN CAPABILITY CURVES: 0 NUMBER OF FILTERS : 0
NUMBER OF TIE LINE SCHEDULES : 0
NUMBER OF CONVERTORS : 0 NUMBER OF DC LINKS : 0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LOAD FLOW WITH GAUSS-SEIDEL METHOD : 5
NUMBER OF ZONES : 1
PRINT OPTION : 3 - BOTH DATA AND RESULTS
PRINT
PLOT OPTION : 1 - PLOTTING WITH PU VOLTAGE
NO FREQUENCY DEPENDENT LOAD FLOW, CONTROL OPTION: 0
BASE MVA : 100.000000

NOMINAL SYSTEM FREQUENCY (Hzs) : 60.000000

FREQUENCY DEVIATION (Hzs) : 0.000000
FLOWS IN MW AND MVAR, OPTION : 0
SLACK BUS : 1
TRANSFORMER TAP CONTROL OPTION : 0
Q CHECKING LIMIT (ENABLED) : 0
REAL POWER TOLERANCE (PU) : 0.00010
REACTIVE POWER TOLERANCE (PU) : 0.00010
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ITERATIONS : 15
BUS VOLTAGE BELOW WHICH LOAD MODEL IS CHANGED : 0.75000
CIRCUIT BREAKER RESISTANCE (PU) : 0.00000
CIRCUIT BREAKER REACTANCE (PU) : 0.00010
TRANSFORMER R/X RATIO : 0.05000
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ANNUAL PERCENTAGE INTEREST CHARGES : 15.000
ANNUAL PERCENT OPERATION & MAINTENANCE CHARGES : 4.000
LIFE OF EQUIPMENT IN YEARS : 20.000
ENERGY UNIT CHARGE (KWHOUR) IN RUPEES : 2.500
LOSS LOAD FACTOR : 0.300
COST PER MVAR IN LAKHS OF RUPEES : 5.000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ZONE WISE MULTIPLICATION FACTORS
MiPower How to solve load flow
PRDC, Bangalore 12
ZONE P LOAD Q LOAD P GEN Q GEN SH REACT SH CAP
---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
0 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
1 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BUS DATA
BUS NO. STATUS ZONE BUS KV VMIN-PU VMAX-PU NAME
------- ------ ---- -------- -------- -------- --------
1 1 1 220.000 0.950 1.050 North
2 1 1 220.000 0.950 1.050 South
3 1 1 220.000 0.950 1.050 Lake
4 1 1 220.000 0.950 1.050 Main
5 1 1 220.000 0.950 1.050 Elm
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TRANSMISSION LINE DATA
STA CKT FROM FROM TO TO LINE PARAMETER RATING KMS
NODE NAME* NODE NAME* R(P.U) X(P.U.) B/2(P.U.) MVA
--- --- ---- -------- ---- -------- --------- --------- --------- ------ -----
3 1 1 North 2 South 0.02000 0.06000 0.03000 100 1.0
3 1 1 North 3 Lake 0.08000 0.24000 0.02500 100 1.0
3 1 4 Main 5 Elm 0.08000 0.24000 0.02500 100 1.0
3 1 2 South 3 Lake 0.06000 0.18000 0.02000 100 1.0
3 1 2 South 4 Main 0.06000 0.18000 0.02000 100 1.0

3 1 2 South 5 Elm 0.04000 0.12000 0.01500 100 1.0

3 1 3 Lake 4 Main 0.01000 0.03000 0.01000 100 1.0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL LINE CHARGING SUSCEPTANCE : 0.29000
TOTAL LINE CHARGING MVAR AT 1 PU VOLTAGE : 29.000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL CAPACITIVE SUSCEPTANCE : 0.00000 pu - 0.000 MVAR
TOTAL INDUCTIVE SUSCEPTANCE : 0.00000 pu - 0.000 MVAR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GENERATOR DATA
SL.NO* FROM FROM REAL Q-MIN Q-MAX V-SPEC CAP. MVA STAT
NODE NAME* POWER(MW) MVAR MVAR P.U. CURV RATING
------ ---- -------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---- ------- ----
1 1 North 80.0000 0.0000 60.0000 1.0600 0 100.00 3
2 2 South 40.0000 30.0000 30.0000 1.0000 0 50.00 3
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LOAD DATA
SLNO FROM FROM REAL REACTIVE COMP COMPENSATING MVAR VALUE CHAR F/V
* NODE NAME* MW MVAR MVAR MIN MAX STEP NO NO
STAT
PRDC, Bangalore 13
---- ---- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------- ------- ------- ---- ----
1 2 South 20.000 10.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 0
30
2 5 Elm 60.000 10.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 0
30
3 3 Lake 45.000 15.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 0
30
4 4 Main 40.000 5.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 0
30
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL SPECIFIED MW GENERATION : 120.00000
TOTAL MIN MVAR LIMIT OF GENERATOR : 30.00000
TOTAL MAX MVAR LIMIT OF GENERATOR : 90.00000
TOTAL SPECIFIED MW LOAD : 165.00000 reduced 165.00000
TOTAL SPECIFIED MVAR LOAD : 40.00000 reduced 40.00000
TOTAL SPECIFIED MVAR COMPENSATION : 0.00000 reduced 0.00000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GENERATOR DATA FOR FREQUENCY DEPENDENT LOAD FLOW
SLNO* FROM FROM P-RATE P-MIN P-MAX %DROOP PARTICI BIAS
NODE NAME* MW MWMW FACTOR SETTING
C0 C1 C2
------ ---- -------- -------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------

1 1 North 80.000 0.0000 80.0000 4.0000 0.0000 0.0000

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 2 South 40.000 0.0000 40.0000 4.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acceleration factor : 1.40
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Iteration count = 1 Error = 0.052537 Bus = 2
PRDC, Bangalore 14
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BUS VOLTAGES AND POWERS
NODE FROM V-MAG ANGLE MW MVAR MW MVAR MVAR
NO. NAME P.U. DEGREE GEN GEN LOAD LOAD COMP
---- -------- ------ ------ -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
1 North 1.0600 0.00 129.534 -7.469 0.000 0.000 0.000 #<
2 South 1.0475 -2.81 40.000 30.000 20.000 10.000 0.000
3 Lake 1.0242 -5.00 0.000 0.000 45.000 15.000 0.000
4 Main 1.0236 -5.33 0.000 0.000 40.000 5.000 0.000
5 Elm 1.0180 -6.15 0.000 0.000 60.000 10.000 0.000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NUMBER OF BUSES EXCEEDING MINIMUM VOLTAGE LIMIT (@ mark) : 0
NUMBER OF BUSES EXCEEDING MAXIMUM VOLTAGE LIMIT (# mark) : 1
NUMBER OF GENERATORS EXCEEDING MINIMUM Q LIMIT (< mark) : 1
NUMBER OF GENERATORS EXCEEDING MAXIMUM Q LIMIT (> mark) : 0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LINE FLOWS AND LINE LOSSES
SLNO CS FROM FROM TO TO FORWARD LOSS %
NODE NAME NODE NAME MW MVAR MW MVAR LOADING
---- -- ---- -------- ---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------
1 1 1 North 2 South 88.825 -8.610 1.4093 -2.4345 84.2#
2 1 1 North 3 Lake 40.710 1.141 1.1911 -1.8583 38.4^
3 1 4 Main 5 Elm 6.334 -2.280 0.0307 -5.1178 6.8&
4 1 2 South 3 Lake 24.690 3.535 0.3513 -3.2385 24.7&
5 1 2 South 4 Main 27.936 2.957 0.4413 -2.9660 27.5^
6 1 2 South 5 Elm 54.824 7.346 1.1253 0.1756 52.8$
7 1 3 Lake 4 Main 18.901 -5.166 0.0357 -1.9898 19.1&

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
! NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BEYOND 125% : 0
@ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 100% AND 125% : 0
# NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 75% AND 100% : 1
$ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 50% AND 75% : 1
^ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 25% AND 50% : 2
& NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 1% AND 25% : 3
* NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 0% AND 1% : 0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NEW SYSTEM FREQUENCY FOR ISLAND 1 : 60.000 Hzs
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Summary of results
TOTAL REAL POWER GENERATION : 169.534 MW
TOTAL REACT. POWER GENERATION : 22.531 MVAR
TOTAL SHUNT REACTOR INJECTION : 0.000 MW
TOTAL SHUNT REACTOR INJECTION : 0.000 MVAR
TOTAL SHUNT CAPACIT.INJECTION : 0.000 MW
TOTAL SHUNT CAPACIT.INJECTION : 0.000 MVAR
TOTAL REAL POWER LOAD : 165.000 MW
TOTAL REACTIVE POWER LOAD : 40.000 MVAR
PRDC, Bangalore 15
TOTAL COMPENSATION AT LOADS : 0.000 MVAR
TOTAL HVDC REACTIVE POWER : 0.000 MVAR
TOTAL REAL POWER LOSS (AC+DC) : 4.585 MW ( 4.585+ 0.000)
PERCENTAGE REAL LOSS (AC+DC) : 2.704
TOTAL REACTIVE POWER LOSS : -17.429 MVAR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Zone wise distribution
Description Zone # 1
---------------- ----------
MW generation 169.5343
MVAR generation 22.5314
MW load 165.0000
MVAR load 40.0000
MVAR compensation 0.0000
MW loss 4.5846
MVAR loss -17.4293
MVAR - inductive 0.0000
MVAR - capacitive 0.0000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Zone wise export(+ve)/import(-ve)
Zone # 1 MW & MVAR
------ -------- --------
1 -----
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date and Time : Fri Jan 12 16:52:28 2001

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Procedure to plot the results on the Single Line Diagram:

Select Menu option Plot_Load Flow Analysis. Following dialog will appear.

1) Figure shows a single line diagram at a 5 bus system with 2 generating units, 6 lines, per unit
Transmission line series impedance & shunt susceptance are given on 100 MVA base in table 1.1.
real power generation , real & reactive power loads in MW & MVAR are given in table 1.2 with
bus 1 as slack. Use the following methods to obtain load flow solution.
a. Gauss – Siedel using Y-bus, with acceleration factor of 1.3 & tolerance of 0.00015 p.u. for real
and imaginary components of voltage.
b. Newton – Raphson method.
Assume the base voltage for the bus as 132kV & frequency as 50 Hz
Table 1.1
R in
Bus code Code Length X in R in X in Charging Structure
Ohms
From-To No. in km. Ohms p.u. p.u. MVAR Ref. No.
1-2 1 64.4 8 32 0.042 0.168 4.1 1

1-5 2 48.4 6 24 0.031 0.126 3.1 2
2-3 3 48.3 6 24 0.031 0.126 3.1 2
3-4 4 128.7 16 64 0.084 0.336 8.2 3

3-5 5 80.5 10 40 0.053 0.210 5.1 4
4-5 6 96.5 12 48 0.063 0.252 6.1 5
Table 1.2
Bus Generating Generating Load Load V (p.u.) Remark
MW MVAR MW MVAR
1 500 - 65 30 1.04 Slack Bus
2 0 0 115 60 1.00 Load Bus
3 180 - 70 40 1.02 v/g magnitude
constant
4 0 0 70 30 1.00 Load Bus
5 0 0 85 40 1.00 Load Bus
2) Determine the voltage at bus 2 & reactive power at bus 3, after the first iteration at a Gauss –
Seidel load flow method. Assume the initial voltage to be 1+j0 p.u. all the quantities are in p.u. on
a common base.

3) A 400kV interconnected system is supplied from bus A, which may be considered to be infinite bus
bar. The loads & line reactancesae as indicated in fig. deternine the flow of power in the each line.
Calculate the new power flow in line AC.
4) In the figure shown the branch resistances & bus bar loads are in p.u. on a common base. Branch
resistances are neglected. Using bus bar 1 as slack bus, carry out first iteration of Gauss -Seidel
load flow algorithm to determine voltages at all bus bars.
Assume initial voltages of all bus bars to be 1.01 p.u.
5) Enumerate the information which may be obtained from a load flow study. Part of a power system
is as shown in the figure. The line to neutral reactances& the value of real & reactive power (in
the form P+jQ) at the various stations are expressed as p.u. values on a common base. Resistance
may be neglected. By the use of an iterative method suitable for digital computer, calculate the
voltages at the stations after the first iteration without the use of an accelerating factor.

HOW TO SOLVE ECONOMIC DISPATCH USING B-COEFFICIENT METHOD
Problem:
Cost equation and loss co-efficient of different units in a plant are given. Determine
economicgeneration for a total load demand of 240 MW
Loss Co-efficient:
B11=0.0005; B12=0.00005; B13=0.0002;
B22=0.0004; B23=0.00018; B33=0.0005;
B21= B12 ; B23= B32 ; B13= B31;
1. To solve Economic Despatch by using MiPower Package, invoke "MiPower Tools" in

theMiPower main screen and select " Economic dispatch by B-Coefficient ".

3. Select location to save the file and give the file name.

4. Enter the values of total demand as 240 MW and No of generators as 3. SelectGenerator number
as 1 in generator details and enter corresponding values of Pmin,Pmax, Pscheduled and
Corresponding C0, C1, C2 values.

Similarly enter the values of Pmin, Pmax and Psch, and C0, C1and C2 values for other two
generators as
5. Enter initial value of Lamda as 5 .Enter the values of B11 as 0.0005 and save thevalue.

Similarly enter the values of B12 to B31 as
And save the values.
6. Click on save button to save all values. Now click on execute to run economic dispatch study

7. A part of the output file is as shown.
ECONOMIC DESPATCH USING B-COEFFICENT MATRIX AND PENALTY FACTOR

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Values of B-Coeff Matrix are
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0.0005000 0.0000500 0.0002000
0.0000500 0.0004000 0.0001800
0.0002000 0.0001800 0.0005000
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Scheduled Generations are
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Genp 90.000000 MW
Genp 90.000000 MW
Genp 90.000000 MW
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
total_loss 18.306000 MW
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Initial Cost of generation at bus 1 = 3005.000006 Rs for 90.000000 MW


Iter count 39 Lambda 32.339989 Total gen 255.925873 Total loss
15.978104
Total load 240.000000 Delta power -0.052231
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Initial Total generation cost 8928.000000 Rs
Final Cost of generation at Generator 1 = 2807.234673 Rs for 83.098381 MW
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Final Total generation cost is Rs 8489.398438
Cost Coefficient C0
This field specifies the constant cost coefficient C0 in rupees for the generator. This cost
is independent of generation.
Generation Cost = Co + C1 MW + C2 (MW)(MW) Rs / hour
Co = Fixed cost (Capital Cost) in Rs/hour, which includes plant installation cost, fuel cost
in controllable generator units, generating costs in base loaded units
C1 = Cost in Rs / MW / hour
C2 = Cost in Rs / (MW) (MW) / hour.

Economic load dispatch using β-co-efficients

Cost equation & loss co-efficient of different units in a plant are given. Determine economic
generation for a total load demand of 240MW.
1. For a 3 machine system
Unit No. Cost of fuel input in Rs/hr
1. C1 = 0.05 P12 +20P1 + 800 Rs./MWh; 0≤ P1≤100
2. C2 = 0.06 P22 +15P2 + 1000 Rs./MWh; 0≤ P2≤100
3. C3 = 0.07 P32 +20P3 + 900 Rs./MWh; 0≤ P3≤100
Loss Co-efficients:
Β11 = 0.0005 Β12 = 0.00005 Β13 = 0.0002
Β21 = Β12 Β22 = 0.0004 Β23 = 0.00018
Β31 = Β13 Β32 = Β23 Β33 = 0.0005
2. For a 2 machine system
Cost equations are:
Unit No. Cost of fuel input in Rs/hr
1) C1 = 0.015 P12 +16P1 + 50 Rs./MWh; 0≤ P1≤150
2) C2 = 0.0025 P22 +12P2 + 30 Rs./MWh; 0≤ P2≤100
Loss Co-efficients:
Β11 = 0.005 Β12 = 0.012
Β21 = Β12 Β22= 0.002

How to solve Short Circuit:
Figure shows a single line diagram of a 6-bus system with two identical generating units, five
linesand two transformers. Per-unit transmission line series impedances and shunt susceptances are
given on 100 MVA base, generator's transient impedance and transformer leakage reactances
aregiven in the accompanying table
If a 3 - phase to ground fault occurs at bus 5 - find the fault MVA. The data is given below.























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POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION LAB

Transmission lines can be classified based on its length L as follows:

 Medium Transmission line (50-150km and voltage 20kV-100kV)

 Long Transmission line (>150km and voltage above 100kV)

Generalized equations for a transmission line can be written as

Short Transmission line

DEPT OF EEE, MYSORE Page 1

Medium Transmission line

C=Y (1+ (YZ/4))

Long Transmission line

A=D=cosh ((√ (YZ)) l)

B=√ (Z/Y)*sinh (√ (YZ))

 Transmission efficiency η (%) = (Receiving end power/ Sending end power)*100

 Regulation=Sending end voltage – Receiving end voltage *100

Receiving end voltage

DEPT OF EEE, MYSORE Page 2

MEDIUM LINE ANALYSIS

PI – MODEL - enter vr in kV in polar form

DEPT OF EEE, MYSORE Page 4

DEPT OF EEE, MYSORE Page 5

DEPT OF EEE, MYSORE Page 6

DEPT OF EEE, MYSORE Page 7

DEPT OF EEE, MYSORE Page 8

DEPT OF EEE, MYSORE Page 9

DEPT OF EEE, MYSORE Page 10

DEPT OF EEE, MYSORE Page 11

DEPT OF EEE, MYSORE Page 12

DEPT OF EEE, MYSORE Page 13

DETERMINATION OF POWER ANGLE DIAGRAMS FOR SALIENT AND NON-

NON-SALIENT POLE MACHINES

DEPT OF EEE, MYSORE Page 14

DEPT OF EEE, MYSORE Page 15

For non salient pole synchronous machine

For salient pole synchronous machine

power angle curve for salient pole machine

DEPT OF EEE, MYSORE Page 16

OUTPUT FOR SALIENT

OUTPUT FOR NON SALIENT

DEPT OF EEE, MYSORE Page 17

SWING CURVE FOR SUSTAINED FAULT

DEPT OF EEE, MYSORE Page 18

swing curve for sustained fault

Critical clearing angle in degrees is: 118.606

DEPT OF EEE, MYSORE Page 19

SWING CURVE FOR FAULT CLEARED

DEPT OF EEE, MYSORE Page 20

swing curve for fault cleared

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Y-BUS FORMATION FOR POWER SYSTEMS WITHOUT MUTUAL COUPLING BY

Element Bus Self

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Element Bus Impedance Bus Impedance

2 1-3 0.5 1- 0.1

4 1-2(2) 0.4 1- 0.2

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3) The graph shown in the figure is a three bus

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From bus to bus Z=R+jX half line charging

c=[1 2 0.05+0.15i 0.00i;

3.0000 - 9.0000i -2.0000 + 6.0000i -1.0000 + 3.0000i 0

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HOW TO SOLVE LOAD FLOW