GASTROCNEMIUS AND HEART MUSCLE CONTRACTION ON

FROGS

By:
Name : Sunu Pertiwi
Student ID : B1B015007
Group : II
Sub Group :3
Assistant : Estri Jayanti

PRACTICAL REPORT OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY II

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY AND HIGHER EDUCATION

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
PURWOKERTO
2017
 I. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

According to Ville et al., (1988), muscle is the biocontactil system which the
cells or the part of cells can elongated especially to make strains on the longitudinal
axis. Muscle is a general tissue in the body which is mostly consist of elongated cell
or fiber to make contraction. It causes the movement of body and muscle worked
voluntary (under control of consciousness) and involuntary (spontaneous). The
structure of muscle is smooth muscle (yarn without striated) or striated yarns.
Generally, the muscle cells can be divided into three categories, namely:
1. Motority muscle, also called striated muscle (skeletal muscle) because there is
transverse stripes in the protoplasm. Generally, this muscle is attached to the
skeleton, so this muscle also called skeleton muscle. This muscle is worked
involuntary, the move is fast but quickly tired, the stimulation flowed through the
motor nerve.
2. Autonomous muscle, also called smooth muscle because lack of the transverse
lines. This muscle is found in ventricle, bowel, bladder blood vessel and others.
How it work outside consciousness (involuntary muscle) because of the
excitement through the autonomic nervous.
3. The heart muscle, the form is almost same with the striated muscle, in the cell
consist of branch transverse lines but the work of muscle is like the smooth
muscle, can move automatically as it gets stimulation of the autonomic nervous
system. This muscle is found only in the heart that has its own function
(Bevelander and Ramaley, 1979).
There are three types of muscle tissue that is involuntary striated or cardiac
(heart) and Voluntary striated or skeletal muscle weight. Structures muscle for action
in animals from inside and the outside environment is called effector. The important
effector is the effector that excrete substances gland and doing exercise. The most
important effector part for creating motion is muscle. So, muscle is the
biocontraction system in which cells or the part of cells undergo elongation and
devoted to create movement (contraction in the longitudinal axis). Characteristic of
muscle among others build skeletal muscle, can contract and conduction consist of
elongated cells, flattened myofibril and originate from the mesoderm layers (Ville et
al., 1988).

1.2 Purpose

The purpose of this laboratory activity is to determine the effect of electrical

stimulation of the gastronemius muscle contraction magnitude of response and the
effect of chemical stimulation of the heart muscle contraction of frog.
 II. MATERIAL AND METHODS

2.1 Material

The material that used in this practice are field forg (Fejervarya cancrivora),
frog ringer solution and acetylcholine 3-5%.
The tools that used in this practice are tray, needle, yarn, scissors, paper
millimeter block, pipette drops, kail, scalpel, tweezers and universal kymograph
complete with accessories.

2.2 Methods

2.2.1 Measurement of muscle

1. Prepare the universal kymograph accessories.

2. Kill the field frog (Fejervarya cancrivora) by damaging the brain and spinal
chord, the sign is the absence of a dead frog reflex that occurs when touched
frog legs.
3. Put the frog in the tub preparations with the abdomen at the top, and then
create a circular skin incision in the ankle are frogs. Be careful not to cut
through the muscles or tendons undemeath.
4. Take hold of the edge of the skin that have been cut, and expose the skin to
open up to the knee, cut the skin completely around the upper part of the leg.
Then pull the skin off over the toes.
5. Separate gastronemius muscle and other muscles of the lower limbs. Be sure
not to damage the muscle, carefully separate the gastronemius muscle from
the adjacent muscles by running a probe between then. Separate the muscles
of the upper leg in the same way.
6. Tie tendon with a thread that is strong enough and long, then cut with scissors
Achilles tendon.
7. Do not forget to always wet muscle gastronemius with frog ringer’s solution
using a pipette
8. Put the frog performed on board as an accessory fixation contained
kymograph.
9. Record the large or high for eeach scale on kymograph electrical stimulation
is used. In this experiment used 0,10,15,20,25 volts.
 10. 10. Make a graph of voltage with an amplitude of muscular contractions
gastronemius frog.

2.2.2 Measurement of heart muscle contraction

1. Prepare universal kymograph and its accessories
2. Kill the Fejervarya cancrivora by damaging the brain and spinal cord, the
sign is the absence of a dead forg reflax that occurs when the frog legs
touched.
3. Perform chest surgery frog from the stomach to the heart of the frogs appear.
4. Do cutting pericardium of frog.
5. Turn kymograph at a speed of 25 mm per second, and observe the heart
muscle contraction.
6. Put 1-2 drops of 3-5% acetylcholine and observe contractions ( illustrated on
graph paper ).
7. Compare the strength of heart muscle contractions in both of these conditions
and discuss.
 III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Result

3.1.1 Calculation of cardiac muscle contraction on frog:

Stimulate (V) = length of amplitude
10
15 Volt = 0,40
10
= 0,04 mm

20 Volt = 0,30
10
= 0,03 mm

25 Volt = 1,30
10
= 0,13 mm
3.1.2 Table Observation Data of Gastronemius Muscle Contraction

Voltage Amplitude (mm)

0 0
5 0
10 0
15 0,40
20 0,30
25 1,30

3.1.2 Table Observation Data of Cardiac Muscle Contraction

Subgroup Before (per minute) After (per minute)

1 12 6
2 64 16
3 72 12
4 72 12
5 28 20
1.4

1.2

0.8

Amplitude
0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 Volt 5 Volt 10 Volt 15 Volt 20 Volt 25 Volt

3.1.3 Graphic of Observation Data of Gastronemius Muscle Contraction

3.2 Discussion

Muscles are biokontraktil system in which cells or parts of cells elongate and
is devoted to the stresses on the longitudinal axis. Muscles gastronemius including
striated muscle. This muscle is located on the back foot frog. This muscle is used to
produce a diving motion, this motion will occur when gastronemius muscle
contractions. Vertebrate muscle cells is largely a piece of heart muscle tissue and
skeletal muscle. Muscles only works with contraction and should resist antagonistic
that in terms of the physiology of the contraction caused by a nerve impulse. Animal
muscle seen from the structure can be grouped into two striated muscle (skeletal
muscle) and smooth muscle. Striated muscles composed of cardiac muscle and
skeletal muscle, smooth muscle while covering the muscles that make up the blood
vessels, intestines, swim bladder and uterus (Ville et al., 1988). The gastrocnemius
muscle functions to plantar flex the foot at the ankle joint and flex the leg at the knee
joint in the non-weight-bearing state (Nsitem, 2013). Muscles attached to most of the
bones we looked striped or mottled-striated when viewed through a microscope. The
muscle is composed of many sets (bundle) long parallel fibers with a diameter of 20-
200 μm cross section called muscle fibers (Gunawan, 2001).
Muscle contractions can be defined as an activity that generates a tension in
the muscles. Usually the contraction was caused by a nerve impulse. Neurons and
muscle fibers are served a motor unit. Individual muscle fibers is a structural unit of
skeletal muscle, this is not a functional unit. All motor neurons leading to skeletal
muscle has branching axons, each ending in a neuromuscular junction with the
muscle fibers. Nerve impulses through the neurons would thus trigger a contraction
in all muscle fibers to which the branches of neurons that ends (Hickman, 1972).
Gastronemius frog muscle must always drops of the Ringer solution at the
time of treatment observation. Function of Ringer solution is a physiological solution
to maintain the muscle cells of the frog in order to remain viable. Therefore, don’t let
the muscle until dry. Factors that influenced the contraction called electrical stimulus
which is given to the muscle will cause the muscles to contract simultaneously and
move the graph on the paper so that the larger the voltage applied to the further pin
will be distorted and scraping on paper charts kymograph (Galambos, 1962).
According to Ville et al., (1988) contraction is caused of electrical stimulus, if the
volt are more higher, the muscle contraction it will higher. Muscle contraction is also
affected by the state of actin, myosin and calcium ions.
Based on the observation of the gastrocnemius muscle contraction on frog,
gastrocnemius muscle was give the stimulus 0 Volt, 5 Volt, 10 Volt, 15 Volt, 20 Volt
and 25 volt and the result showed change the amplitude. When the frog give 0 Volt,
5 Volt and 10 Volt there is not change in the amplitude. In 15 Volt the amplitude is
0,04 mm. In 20 Volt the amplitude is 0,03 mm. In 25 Volt the amplitude is 0,13 mm.
Factors causing the observation data are not according to the theory can be
caused by several possibilities. Possibilities that may occur include the error in
calculating the average amplitude, a key regulator of voltage is not stable so it does
not correspond to the size of the voltage to be supplied, or for the number of fibers
that contract in each individual is different. Acoording to Kimball (1991) which
states that the number of muscle fibers in particular. Increased muscle strength and
size due to the increased thickness of the individual fibers and the growing number
of other tissues, such as blood vessels and connective tissue in the muscle. No visible
change in muscle fibers during (and immediately after) period of action potential
propagates along the fiber. This period is the average length of 3-10 m seconds
depending on the specialty fibers studied. Followed by a contraction of fibers. Over a
period of about 50 m sec, fibers exert tension and if possible shorten.
According to Hadikastowo (1982), factors that affect the contraction of
gastronemius muscle are:
1. Expenses
Loads cause decreased muscle contractions than those not given load.
2. The length of the muscle
Muscle length is shorter than normal or greater than normal, the active voltage
that occurs less so decreased muscle contraction.
3. Voltage (LV)
The higher the voltage the higher the muscle contraction.
4. The number of individual fibers
Every muscle contraction force increases with the increasing number of
individual fibers that contract.
Heart made of specialized muscle tissue that does not exist anywhere in the
body. The first layer is called endocardial which serves as the inside of the heart. The
second layer is called the myocardium muscle is the heart's main pumping that carry
blood to circulate. Epicardium is the third layer of the heart muscle, a thin protective
membrane that covers the outside of the heart. The heart muscle cells contraction
occur by potential act delivered throughout heart muscle cells. The heart will contract
ryhtmically, result from existence of electric impulses excited by heart its self. The
potential act at cells membrane of nerve cells and striated muscle can occur when
there is stimuli from outer, while cells membrane of heart muscle can occur without
stimuli. Nerve cells and striated muscle cells have rest potential membrane, specific
heart cells have no rest potential membrane. These cells show “pacemaker activity”
are slow depolarization followed with potential act when the potential membrane
reach the stable threshold. Therefore, the potential appear periodically that will
spread throughout the heart and cause heart bite regularly without stimuli via nerve.
The potential act of heart autorhytmic cell have 4 phase: phase 0 (fast
depolarization), phase 1 (initial repolarization), phase 2 (plateau), and phase 4
(resting) (Irawati, 2015). Vertebrate striated muscle contraction is regulated through
activation of thin filaments as Ca2 + binding to troponin C subunit (TNC) of
troponin, which together with tropomyosin composed of thin filaments (Richard and
Daniel, 2010).
Based on the data from observation of cardiac muscle contraction on frog, the
heart rate are decrease after given of acetylcholine. The heart rate of group 1 before
given of the acetylcholine is 12 and after give the acetylcholine is 6. The heart rate of
group 2 before given of the acetylcholine is 64 and after give the acetylcholine is 16.
The heart rate of group 3 before given of the acetylcholine is 72 and after give the
acetylcholine is 12. The heart rate of group 4 before given of the acetylcholine is 72
and after give the acetylcholine is 12. The heart rate of group 28 before given of the
acetylcholine is 12 and after give the acetylcholine is 20.
The mechanism of muscle contraction beginning of a nerve impulse that
arrived at the neuromuscular junction that will be contracted to the sarcomere by
tubulatransversal system. Muscle sarcomere will receive the signal for contraction so
that the muscles can contract. The electrical signal is delivered to the cytoplasmic
reticulum (SR), which owns a flat vesicle system. SR membrane that normally non-
permeable to Ca2 + containing transmembrane Ca2 + ATPase that pumps Ca2 + into
the SR to maintain contraction when the muscles relax. The arrival of nerve impulses
to make SR becomes impermeable to Ca2 +. Consequently Ca2 + diffused through
special channels to the interior myofibril Ca2 + and internal Ca2 + concentration
increases. Increasing the concentration of Ca2 + is sufficient to trigger konformasial
troponin and tropomyosin. Finally the mechanism of muscle contraction occurs with
"rowboat", while the relaxation mechanisms of Ca2 + preceded by the withdrawal of
the thin filament by SR. Ca2 + diffuse from the thin filament to SR. Ca2 + is
removed from the component troponin Ca2 +. Tropomyosin back into position and
then blocking actin myosin cross bridge broke. Last component of myosin ATP
reshaped in the head from the thick filament (Gunawan, 2001).
 IV. CONCLUSION

Based on the result can be concluded that

1. The conclusion is the voltage affected to the contraction of gastrocnemius
muscle. And the acetylcholine also affected to the heart rate, the data show the
different heart rate at before and after give the acetylcholine.
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