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SEPARABLE EQUATIONS TKA 108 KALKULUS II

SEPARABLE EQUATIONS
Consider a differential equation in differential form:

If M(x,y) = A(x) (a function only of x) and N(x,y) = B(y) (a function

only of y), the differential equation is separable, or has its variables
separated.
The general solution to the first-order separable differential equation:

is

where c represents an arbitrary constant.

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SEPARABLE EQUATIONS:
SOLUTIONS TO THE INITIAL-VALUE PROBLEM
The solution to the initial-value problem

can be obtained, by first using Equation 2.2 to solve the differential

equation and then applying the initial condition directly to evaluate c.

Alternatively, the solution to Equation 2.3 can be obtained from:

where s and t are variables of integration.

SOAL

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SOLUSI

SEPARABLE EQUATIONS:
EXAMPLES
1. Solve

2. Solve

3. Solve

4. Solve

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EXERCISE

EXERCISE

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NONSEPARABLE TO SEPARABLE
EQUATION

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NONSEPARABLE TO SEPARABLE EQUATION

Some differential equations are not separable. Depending on the
nature of the ODEs, some can be transformed into separable
equations.

Example:
This differential equation is not separable.
Solve Instead, it is homogeneous:

Substituting y = v x into the equation

results in a separable equation.

HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS

can be transformed into a separable equation by making the

substitution

along with its corresponding derivative

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SOAL

SOLUSI

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SOLUSI

IN THE PROBLEM BELOW, DETERMINE WHETHER THE GIVEN DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATIONS ARE HOMOGENOUS, IF SO SOLVE THEM

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SEPARABLE EQUATIONS: Growth and Decay Problems

ILLUSTRATION OF APPLICATIONS

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GROWTH AND DECAY PROBLEMS

Let N(t) denote the amount of substance (or population) that is either
growing or decaying. If we assume that dN/dt, the time rate of change
of this amount of substance, is proportional to the amount of substance
present, then dN/dt = kN, or

where k is the constant of proportionality.

We are assuming that N(t) is a differentiable, hence continuous, function of
time. For population problems, where N(t) is actually discrete and integer-
valued, this assumption is incorrect. Nonetheless,Eq. ( 3.1) still provides a
good approximation to the physical laws governing such a system.

A bacteria culture is known to grow at a rate proportional

to the amount present. After one hour, 1000 strands of the bacteria
are observed in the culture; and after four hours, 3000 strands.
Find:
(a) an expression for the approximate number of strands of the
bacteria present in the culture at any time t and
(b) the approximate number of strands of the bacteria originally in
the culture.

Assuming that the growth rate is proportional to population size,

develop model for the population of the world. In 1950, the
population is 2560 millions & in 2000 increase to 6080 millions

-What is the relative growth rate?

- Estimate the number of world population in 2020.

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POPULATION GROWTH

POPULATION GROWTH

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MORE ON POPULATION GROWTH: LOGISTIC

MODEL

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LOGISTIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

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EXERCISE

EXERCISE

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EXERCISE

EXERCISE

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SEPARABLE EQUATIONS: Temperature Problems

ILLUSTRATION OF APPLICATIONS

TEMPERATURE PROBLEMS
Newton’s law of cooling, which is equally applicable to heating, states
that the time rate of change of the temperature of a body is proportional
to the temperature difference between the body and its surrounding medium.
Let T denote the temperature of the body and let Tm denote the temperature of the
surrounding medium. Then the time rate of change of the temperature of the
body is dT/dt, and Newton’s law of cooling can be formulated as dT/ dt = −k(T −
Tm), or as

where k is a positive constant of proportionality.

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NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING

NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING

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NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING

SEPARABLE EQUATIONS: Mixing Problem

ILLUSTRATION OF APPLICATIONS

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Kreyszig, Adv Eng Math, Ch 1.3 Separable Eq & Modeling

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MIXING PROBLEM

EXAMPLE

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EXERCISE

SEPARABLE EQUATIONS: Chemical Reaction

ILLUSTRATION OF APPLICATIONS Kinetics

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CHEMICAL REACTION KINETICS

REACTION KINETICS

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REACTION KINETICS

REACTION KINETICS

Penguraian hidrogen peroksida dengan katalis adalah

reaksi orde satu. Tetapan laju penguraian hidrogen
peroksida adalah 6,2 x 10-4 s-1

a. Hitung berapa % hidrogen peroksida yang terurai

dalam waktu 20 menit
b. Hitung waktu paro t½, yaitu waktu yang diperlukan
agar hidrogen peroksida terurai sebanyak 50%

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REACTION KINETICS

Suatu gas A terurai menurut reaksi orde dua. Jika

konsentrasi gas A mula-mula 2,1 M dan dalam waktu 5
menit konsentrasinya turun menjadi 1,55 M,
a. Hitung harga k
b. Hitung t½
c. Perkirakan waktu yang diperlukan agar konsentrasi A
turun hingga hanya 0,1 M

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EXERCISE

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