International Journal of Emerging Technology in Computer Science & Electronics (IJETCSE)
ISSN: 0976-1353 Volume 20 Issue 1 – FEBRUARY 2016.
WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM BASED
ON PWM - CSC & PMSG USING AN ADAPTIVE
CONTROL STRATEGY
T.Nagaraju#1, P. Anil kumar*2, G.N.S. Vaibhav*3
#1
M.Tech Dept of CSE, Sri PVKK College, Affiliated to JNTUA, AP, India .
*2
Associate Professor, Dept of CSE, PVKK College, Affiliated to JNTUA, AP, India.
*3
Associate Professor, Dept of CSE, PVKK College, Affiliated to JNTUA, AP, India.
Abstract—Residential generation of electricity from renewa-ble
sources has grown substantially owing to active govern-mental
stimulation programs in many countries. Permanent magnet
synchronous generators (PMSG) are a preferable solution for
residential wind turbines (WTs) due to their high efficiency and
reliability. In the design of grid integration equipment, PMSG-
based WTs need special attention because of their variable-
speed-variable-voltage nature. This paper reviews current
trends in residential wind energy conversion systems based on
the PMSG. Specific focus is on the design standards, PMSG-
based WTs technology, typical power electronics building
blocks, maximum power point tracking, and control systems for
grid integration.
Index Terms—permanent magnet synchronous generator, wind
turbine, design standards, residential wind energy conversion
system, power electronic interfaces for renewable energy
sources, control system for grid integration.
I. INTRODUCTION
Various types of generators are in use in wind turbines
(WTs). The oldest and the most common type of generators
in wind applications is the induction machine [1]. Such
solutions generally need some type of transmission to be
used, which decreases the reliability of the machine. To
increase the reliability, directly driven WTs are gaining
popularity. Permanent magnet (PM) machines are mainly
used in such WTs [2], [3]. Electric part of the PM
synchronous generator (PMSG) based residential wind
turbine consists of a generator and a power electronic
conditioning unit. The power electronic conditioning unit
stabilizes the generator’s changing output voltage and is able
to feed the energy to the grid. Small residential WTs are
usually connected to low voltage 230/400 V AC grids at a
typical frequency 50 Hz or 60 Hz [3]. Generators should
fulfill some main criteria, such as simple construction, light
weight, low speed, high output power, variable-speed
generation, low starting torque, low cost [3], [4].
The main criteria for a power converter are low cost and the
ability to ensure maximum possible power flow from the
generator to the grid according to power quality require-
ments. Also, the power loss of the whole system should be as
low as possible. Control systems along with appropriate
control and protection algorithms must be able to stabilize
the fluctuating output voltage of the PMSG, synchronize the
power converter with the grid, to estimate and measure the
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generator and grid parameters, to ensure user safety and keep
the system operational.
Wind turbine system parameters are determined by the user
specified parameters, technical possibilities and specific
standards, as shown in End-users usually specify the power
of the wind turbine and its main field of use. Weight, cost,
safety and reliability considerations dictate the power
converter topology as well the type of the generator. State of
the art magnetic materials with new semiconductor materials
also help to meet the expectations of the end-users while the
standards ensure the compliance with the grid and electric
safety.
II. PMSG-BASED WIND TURBINES
To choose the proper construction of the generator, the user
must make sure that the generator suits for the use in WTs
and meets the following design requirements [4]: simple
construction, light weight, slow rotational speed, high output
power, changeable rotational speed, small starting torque,
and low cost.
Generally, the synchronous generators used with WTs can be
divided into two general categories: generators with wounded
rotor and superficial permanent magnet genera-tors. Absence
of excitation losses in permanent magnet generators allows
much higher efficiency to be achieved than with wounded
rotor machines. The other classification divides the
generators to low-speed machines with direct drive and high-
speed machines with a gearbox. Direct drive generators that
are used in WTs are large, heavy and expensive as compared
to the genera-tors used in WTs with transmission [12]. On
the other hand, direct drive WTs offer significantly higher
reliability as less mechanically wearing parts are used. When
choosing the generator topology, one of the goals is to
construct a generator as lightweight as possible, which would
be suita-ble for use in direct drive WTs? Therefore, the
energy efficient PM machine was chosen for use in WTs [3].
One of the most important parameters of the generator is the
power. To find the needed power of the generator, one must
rely on a generator’s potential use and its peculiarities. The
power that a WT can achieve depends on different aspects.
Those are, for example, climatic aspects – both the wind
speed and the wind density affect wind power. The kinetic
energy of the wind per second Pwind can be found according
to the flowing equation of fluids and gases [3],However, this
equation does not describe directly the power that the WT is
 International Journal of Emerging Technology in Computer Science & Electronics (IJETCSE)
ISSN: 0976-1353 Volume 20 Issue 1 – FEBRUARY 2016.

able to produce. To find the mechanical power of the WT on grid. Space vector modulation (SVM) is used to modulate the
its shaft, it is necessary to consider the productivity of the current of the Converter.
blades used in the WT. The productivity of the blades is A. Maximum Tracking Point
described using the blade power factor Cp. The maximum The power generated by a wind turbine is
blade power factor is set by Betz’ law, which sets it to 16/27 proportional to the cube of the wind velocity as given in (1):
(or 59.3%). This is the maximum theoretical value [13]. The
best blades used in WTs achieve a value of Cp of 0.45–0.5,
which is around 75–85% of the theoretical maximum [13].
Yet, this maximum power factor depends on a certain wind
Maximum power transference is achieved by an optimal
speed and rotational speed of the blades. In the whole wind
valueof. Consequently the rotational Speed W must be
speed spectrum, the Cp of the WT changes depending on the
proportional to the wind velocity and hence, power must be
shape and number of the blades. To find the productivity of
proportional to the Cube of the rotational speed as given in
the WT, it is necessary to know the Cp of the blade in the
(2):
whole speed range [3].

On the other hand, the PMSG is modeled on the rotor

reference Frame (dq) as follows:

Figure.5.5 Reference for Idc using a maximum tracking point

algorithm.

Fig. 2. Dependence of the wind turbine power
factor on the wind speed [3], [4]. important wind speed
values that describe the WT proper-ties – the wind speed that
starts the WT, the rated wind speed of the WT (usually it is
the wind speed where Cp has the maximum value), and the
maximum wind speed of the WT that it can handle while
working, above that speed the WT is shut off [3]. To find the
annual productivity of the wind, wind information is needed.
These are values that are measurable. Measuring is one of the
most important ways of obtaining accurate information while
building a wind park. On the other hand, meteorological
observations have shown that statistically the annual wind
speed is distributed according to a specific function on which
the generator parameters rely. Statistic distribution, more
specifically Weibull distribution, described by its density
function ρ(v) (2) and cumulative distribution function f(v) (3),
is the information to be taken into account in the design of
the generator [3]:
III. PROPOSED ADAPTIVE CONTROL FOR PWM-CSC
The voltage UDC on the diode rectifier (see Fig.12)
is proportional to the voltage in the A Terminal Of the
machine which in turn is given by (5) where a proportional
constant is:
This expression was obtained by replacing (2) in the
modelof the PMSG in stationary state and ignoring the
voltage drop-in the inductance. A speed sensor is not
required when using this expression since the Voltage Udc is
measured. The generated power is given by Udc.Idc (PMSG
Losses are ignored) then result, the optimal Idc to achieve
maximum tracking is given by (6):
Where G is a proportional value which can be approximated
as follows:

A hierarchical control is proposed for integration of

the wind turbine into the grid as depicted in Fig.5.7 First, the
maximum tracking point algorithm is modified in terms of
the DC current in the PWM-CSC. Therefore, the reference
for this current is modified dynamically according to the
Wind velocity. Next, an adaptive PI control is designed in
order to track this reference.
Finally, a model reference control is included in
order to reduce the over-voltages resulting from fault in the
This equation establishes a set point for current Idc as given
inFig.5.5 low pass digital filter (LPF) is required to smooth
voltageUDC. The cut-off frequency is set below
commutationFrequency.On the other hand, the dynamics of
Idc depends on the inductance Idcas follows:

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 International Journal of Emerging Technology in Computer Science & Electronics (IJETCSE)
ISSN: 0976-1353 Volume 20 Issue 1 – FEBRUARY 2016.

feedback. An adaptive PI control is designed where the plant

Each element in this equation is given in Fig.5.1. The
modulation of the converter depends on the CurrentIdc which
varies according to the wind velocity but cannot be zero.
Therefore,(8) can be written in terms of power as given in (9):
parameters are estimated by an online identifier, as shown in
Fig. 5.7 In continuous time, a PI controller can be defined as
being u(t) the control signal, and e(t) the error signal
(represented by the difference between the reference and the
output signals). In this case, these variables are given as
follows:

Where Px is the power delivered by the converter which in

turn depends on the modulation index m as follows:

In discrete time, the PI controller can be defined as

C. Model Reference Adaptive Control

Reference current is modified during a short circuit

. Figure.5.6 Block diagram for adaptive control of the energy conversion
system based on a pulse-width modulated current source converter
in order to improve the short circuit behavior of the converter.
As lightly different current in which the desired output is
generated by a linear reference model is proposed. The
reference model can be selected with an order less than or
equal to the order of the process by using three steps to
discussingadaptive control. Model reference adaptive Control
using toreduce the post fault voltages.
IV. SIMULATION AND RESULTS

4.1 Simulation Circuit Connected Without Three-Phase

Faults For Proposed Adaptive Control For Pwm-Csc.

Figure.5.7 Adaptive controller and identifier.

The output power beyond the capacitive filter is

approximately equal to Px. Usually; the control in current
source converters is made in two stages, one controlling the
active power and the other controlling the voltage in the AC
side. This approach directly controls the active power and the
reactivepoweris maintained by the modulation itself.
Therefore, the possible resonances on the Controls are
reduced. The resulting nonlinear system requires an adaptive
control as will be demonstratedin the next subsection.
B. Adaptive Control
This paper means by adaptive control any control Figure.4.1 simulation circuit for Adaptive control strategy for windenergy
strategy which uses parameter estimation ofthe plant in real Conversion system based on PMSG and PWM-CSC without three-phase
fault.
time byusing recursive identification. The adaptive controller
to be designed based on the certainty equivalence principle:
4.2 Simulation Circuits Connected With Three-Phase
design the controller as long as the plant parametersare
Faults For Proposed Adaptive Control For Pwm-Csc.
known. since these are unknown at time, they are replaced
byan estimate given an online identifier [22].
This adaptive controller is easy to implement, since
for the controlled plant, only the output signal is needed for
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 International Journal of Emerging Technology in Computer Science & Electronics (IJETCSE)
ISSN: 0976-1353 Volume 20 Issue 1 – FEBRUARY 2016.

4.4 Model Simulation Circuit For Wind Turbine Contol

[Adaptive Control]-Pmsg.

Figure.4.2 Simulation circuit for Adaptive control strategy for a

wind energy Conversion system based on PMSG and PWM-CSC with
three-phase fault for Three phase voltages and currents.

4.3. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Model

Simulation Circuit
Figure. 4.4. Simulation diagram model for Wind Turbine controls (Adaptive
Control) -PMSG.

4.5 Simulation Circuit For Grid Side Controls

Figure.4.3 simulation circuit for permanent magnet synchronous generator

Fig.4.5 Simulation circuit for Grid Side controls required value for
modulation index “m” to be obtains 1pu generated voltage by the converter.

4.6 Simulation Results

time[s]
Figure.4.6 Three-phase voltages and currents on the PWM-
CSC

connected through grid-side and machine-side converter.

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 International Journal of Emerging Technology in Computer Science & Electronics (IJETCSE)
ISSN: 0976-1353 Volume 20 Issue 1 – FEBRUARY 2016.

time[s] time[s].
Figure.4.7 Output voltages and currents with time when three-phase fault in Figure.4.9.1 Active power and Reactive power with time
the grid.

Figure.4.9.2 Values of the adaptive controls Kp and Ki.

time[s].
Figure.4.8 DC voltage vstime.

time[s]
Figure.4.9.3 Modulation index[m] and Time[s].
time[s].

Figure.4.9 DC current Idcvs Time[s].

Figure.4.9.4 VoltageUdc versus rotational speed.

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 International Journal of Emerging Technology in Computer Science & Electronics (IJETCSE)
ISSN: 0976-1353 Volume 20 Issue 1 – FEBRUARY 2016.
A detailed switching model of the proposed energy
conversion system was simulated using Matlab-Simulink.
The system consists of a 13.2-kV distribution feeder with a
2-MWwind turbines are used in this project. Parameters of
this system are shown in Table2.1.
Wind velocity for 15-s simulation is depicted above
Fig.4.8. Base wind velocity is 12 m/s. A gust is simulated in
order to demonstrate the maximum tracking point capability
of the proposed Control. Wind velocity profile was created
using a detailed model which considers stochastic Behavior
[23]. Rotational speed and voltage are plotted above Fig.4.7.
These two variables are Proportional as expected. Fig.4.9.3
shows voltage Udcwith respect to rotational speed for the
aforementioned simulation. The linear approximation given
in (5) is more accurate for low wind Velocities. At high wind
velocities, the generated power increases the current and
hence, the voltage drop on the inductance influences the
generated voltage. Nevertheless, the linear approximation is
accurate enough from a practical point of view and maximum
tracking is achieved as shown above Fig.4.9. High inertia of
the set turbine-generator produces a delay in the rotational-
speed tracking capability but also a smoothing effect. This is
expected in almost all type of controls for wind energy.
Generated power is nothing but combination of
active power and reactive power shown above Fig.4.9.1.
Wind velocity is again shown in this simulation figure was
measured. An almost Perfect tracking characteristic is
achieved in as illustrated above Fig. 4.8.
The control strategy changes dynamically according
to the wind conditions as shown above Fig.4.9.2. If a time
invariant PI control is used the performance could be similar
at least at nominal wind velocity. In that case, the proposed
algorithm can be used as a tuning technique.
Three-phase voltages and currents in the PWM-CSC
are shown above Fig.4.9. Small harmonic distortions are
present in three-phase voltages due to the commutation
process. They are attenuated by the transformer and hence,
the voltage in the point of common coupling is completely
sinusoidal. A smoother waveform cansbe achieved by
increasing the switching frequency at the expense of higher
switching losses.Transient behavior of the proposed control
was also tested in the same distribution feeder. Wind
Velocity was maintained constant in 12 m/s. A three-phase
short Circuit at Node 3 was simulated in primary feeder with
the proposed energy conversion system.Results are shown
above Fig.4.9.3.The voltage on the grid dropped to almost
zero [Fig.4.5]. Current Idc increased due to the drop onthe
grid voltage in Node 3. The converter still worked in this
condition maintaining the unitypower factor. The reference
model enter into operation by Maintaining I ’ref=I dc. This
allows for energy storage the inductance during a fault.
Thereference for changes smoothly since it depends on the
wind velocity. The modulation index increases up to the
point of over- modulation. Consequently the parameters of
the control decreases. These parameters return to
theirnormalvalue after the fault is cleared. Notice thatthe
voltages and currents after the fault are within the maximum
limits due to the introduction of the reference model.
V. CONCLUSION
An adaptive control for a PWM-CSC-based energy
conversion system particularly designed for wind power
applications was presented.
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 Both the control and the type of converter increase
the flexibility of the wind turbine.
 They are able to operate in critical conditions such
as short circuit and fast changes in wind velocity.
Measurements of wind velocity or rotational speed
are not required.
 A reference model is used to improve the transient
behaviour of the control after critical faults.
 For systems with time invariant behaviour, the
adaptive controller also behaves as a fixed controller.
Therefore, it can be seen that the adaptive controller
method can be used as a technique for self-tuning
the controller based on the desired response.
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[7] H. Li, F. Li, Y. Xu, D. Rizy, and J. Kueck, “Adaptive voltage control
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P.ANIILKUMAR completed B.Tech in Electrical & Electronics
Engineering from SriKrishna Devaraya Engineering College in
Gooty, affiliated to JNT University, Hyderabad in 2008, M.Tech in
Electrical Power systems from JNTU Hyderabad in 2012. Currently
working as Asst. prof. in P.V.K.K Institute of Technology,
Anantapur, Areas of interest include Electrical machines, Power
Systems.
G.N.S.VAIBHAV received the B.Tech degree in Electrical &
Electronics Engineering from Intell Engineering college, affiliated
to JNTUH University, in 2007, the M.TECH degree in Electrical
Power Systems from JNTUA University, and presently he is
interested to reach topics includes power systems especially in
ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM, he was currently
working as Assistant Professor and HOD of EEE department at
 International Journal of Emerging Technology in Computer Science & Electronics (IJETCSE)
ISSN: 0976-1353 Volume 20 Issue 1 – FEBRUARY 2016.

PVKK institute of technology, Affiliated to JNTUA university,

Andhra Pradesh, India.

Thoti Nagaraju student of M.Tech at PVKK Engineering College,

affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

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