Professional Documents
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Aglipa, Davy
Alpas, Jon Vincent Claude VI
Delica, Juliven
Dabon, Jasmin
Hisola, Divine Grace
Servano, Charie Ann
October 2017
Instructor:
Liezl Anne R. Sumagaysay
CE 516 – HYDROLOGY
OUTLINE
1. Temperature
1.1 Thermometers
1.2 Probes
1.2.1 Resistance Elements
1.2.2 Thermopiles
1.2.3. Semiconductor Probes
1.3 Non-Contact Devices
2. Pressure
2.1. Manometers
2.2. Mechanical Pressure Measurement Gauges
3. Precipitation
3.1. Ordinary / Standard Rain Gauge
3.2. The Weighing Rain Gauge
3.3. Optical Rain Gauge
3.4. Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge
4. Evaporation
4.1. SWB Class A Evaporation Pan
4.2. ISI Standard Pan
4.3. Colorado Sunken Pan
4.4. USGS Floating Pan
5. Stream flow
5.1. Bucket Method
5.2. Float Method
5.3. Weirs
5.4. Meters
5.4.1. Pygmy Meter
5.4.2. Vortex Meter
5.4.3. Flow Probe
5.4.4. Current Meter
There are a wide variety of temperature measurement probes in use today depending
on what you are trying to measure, how accurately you need to measure it, if you need
to use it for control or just man monitoring, or if you can even touch what you are trying
to monitor.
1. Thermometers
2. Probes
3. Non-contact Devices
1.1 Thermometers
➢ Liquid-in-Glass Thermometer
The liquid-in-glass thermometer is one of the most common instruments used today
to measure temperature. As the name suggests, the instrument consists of a glass bulb
containing a special liquid. The bulb is connected to a stem that has a scale for
measuring the temperature. The liquid must expand and contract significantly in
response to a temperature increase or decrease. Changes in temperature therefore
lead to changes in the liquid level on the stem. The most commonly used liquid in these
types of thermometers is mercury.
➢ Bimetal Thermometers
Bimetallic devices take advantage of the expansion of metals when they are
heated. In these devices, two metals are bonded together and mechanically linked to a
pointer. When heated, one side of the bimetallic strip will expand more than the other.
And when geared properly to a pointer, the temperature is indicated.
If two materials with different linear coefficients are bonded together, as the
temperature changes their rate of expansion will be different. This will cause the entire
assembly to bend in an arc as shown in figure 1.1.3.
When the temperature is raised, an arc is formed around the material with the
smaller expansion coefficient. Since this assembly is formed by joining two dissimilar
materials, it is known as a bimetallic element.
A modification of this bimetallic strip serves as the basis for one of the simplest and
most commonly encountered temperature-measuring instruments, the bimetallic
thermometer. Figure 1.1.2 shows a bimetallic thermometer. In it, a bimetallic strip is
wound in the form of a long helix. One end of the helix is held rigid. As the temperature
varies, the helix tries to wind or unwind. This causes the free end to rotate.
The free end is connected to a pointer. The pointer actually indicates angular
rotation of the helix; however, since the rotation is linear and a function of temperature,
the scale is marked in units of temperature.
1. Resistance elements
2. Thermopiles
3. Semiconductor Probes
➢ Thermistors
1.2.2. Thermopiles
➢ Thermocouples
Semiconductor probes are the third main category of probe. Like a resistance
probe, they require a current (or voltage) supply to create a reading. This is where
the similarity ends. Semiconductor probes are created from a semiconductor wafer
that contains a number of active circuits. Probably the most common of these are
the Analog Devices AD590 Device. The actual circuit that the device consists of is
shown in figure 1.3.2.
Figure 1.2.3.2
The non-contact temperature sensor category includes a wide variety of primarily optical
devices. These all operate on some form of radiative heat transfer measurement. In
general, all things radiate heat. This heat can be detected as a radiation from the
device.
By measuring this radiation, you can determine the temperature of the device, not only
from a distance of a few millimeters, but also from millions of light years distant.
Pressure is typically measured in units of force per unit of surface area. Many
techniques have been developed for the measurement of pressure and vacuum.
1. Manometers
2. Mechanical Pressure Measurement Gauges
2.1. Manometers
➢ U-Tube Manometer
➢ Differential Manometer
➢ Bourdon Gauge
The Bourdon Gauge has a coiled tube whose one end is connected to
the system under consideration and other end is sealed. With the application
of the pressure in the tube it straightens up causing deflection of the sealed
end. The sealed end is connected to the indicating needle through a gear
and linkage mechanism. The deflection of the sealed end results in
movement of the needle which moves on a calibrated dial.
➢ Diaphragm Gauge
➢ Pressure Transducers
The most common rain gauge is the ordinary rain gauge, which simply consists
of a collector place above a funnel that leads into measuring cylinder, where the
rainwater is stored between observations. The measuring cylinder is specially graded to
give the rainfall measurement in mm. Alternatively, where rainfall can be particularly
heavy, a large container is used to collect the rainwater. Readings are made by pouring
the rainwater out of the container into measuring cylinder so that the rainfall could be
measured.
Another way of determining how much rainwater has been collected is to weigh
the water inside the container. In these instruments, the container sits on top of a scale
and this weighs the container together with the rainwater inside continuously.
A known volume of water collects in a calibrated bucket, which tips on its pivot
whenever it becomes full. Each tipping motion of the bucket closes a switch. The
number of times the switch is closed in a given period provides a measure of rainfall
rate.
4. Evaporation
• 920mm square pan made of unpainted GI sheet, 460mm deep, and buried
into the ground within 100mm of the top
• Main advantage of this pan – its aerodynamic and radiation characteristics are
similar to that of a lake
• Disadvantages – difficult to detect leaks, expensive to install, extra care is
needed to keep the surrounding area free from tall grass, dust etc
5. Stream Flow
Flow is the total volume of a fluid that flows past a fixed point in a river or stream over
time. It is comparable to the speed at which a volume of fluid travels as seen in Figure 5
• liters/sec (lit/s)
• cubic feet/sec (cu.f/s)
• gallons/min (gpm)
• cubic meters/sec (cu.m/s)
1. Bucket Method
2. Float Method
3. Weirs
4. Meters
The Bucket method is a simple way to measure the flow rate using household items. It
requires a stopwatch, a large bucket, and preferably two to three people. To measure
the flow rate using the bucket method:
The float method (also known as the cross-sectional method) is used to measure the
flow rate for larger streams and rivers. It is found by multiplying a cross sectional area of
the stream by the velocity of the water. To measure the flow rate using the float method:
1. Locate a spot in the stream that will act as the cross section of the stream.
2. Using a meter stick, or some other means of measurement, measure the depth
of the stream at equal intervals along the width of the stream (see Figure 5.2).
This method is like hand calculating a Riemann sum for the width of the river.
Figure 5.2 Finding the flow rate using a float and a meter stick.
5.3. Weirs
Weirs are small dams that can be used in measuring flow rate for small to medium sized
streams (a few meters or wider). They allow overflow of the stream to pour over the top
of the weir, creating a waterfall, as seen in Figure 5.3. Weirs increase the change in
elevation making the streamflow more consistent which makes flow rate measurements
more precise. However, it is very important that all the water in the stream be directed
into the weir for it to accurately represent the stream flow. It is also important to keep
5.4. Meters
Meters are devices that measure the stream flow by directly measuring the current.
Types Of Meters
1. Pygmy Meter
2. Vortex Meter
3. Flow Probe
4. Current Meter
A wheel is rotated by water flow and the rate of the rotation signifies the water velocity.
It is primarily used in measuring discharge.
Velocity is proportional to the downstream frequency of the vortex flow and is read on a
digital readout. It is used for measuring flow in pipes.
The flow turns a propeller that sends the water velocity data to a digital readout display
in ft/s or m/s.
Electronic pulses determine water velocity. Can be used in large bodies of water like
oceans to measure the current.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_measurement
https://www.wwdmag.com/water/7-basic-types-temperature-measuring-sensors
https://sea.omega.com/ph/prodinfo/temperaturemeasurement.html
http://www.brighthubengineering.com/hydraulics-civil-engineering/43777-pressure-measurement-
pressure-measurement-devices/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_measurement
http://www courses.nres.uiuc.edu/nres401/rainfall_measurements.ppt
http://www.africaguide.com/country/egypt/info.htm
http://ccc.atmos.colostate.edu/~hail/index.php
http://www en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainfall
http://www.landwirtschaft.sachsen.de/de/wu/Landwirtschaft/lfl/inhalt/10182_10194.htm
https://theconstructor.org/water-resources/evaporation-and-its-measurement/4575/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmometer
http://www.appropedia.org/How_to_measure_stream_flow_rate