15 LATERAL SYSTEMS FOR

BUILDING STRUCTURES

J Y Richard Liew
Professor
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
National University of Singapore
Tel: +65 6516 2154
Fax: +65 6779 1635
Email: ceeljy@nus.edu.sg

2012/11/8 1
 Lateral Systems

• Vertical framing system or walls to resist

lateral loads
• Diaphragm action to transfer lateral loads
to the lateral-load resisting system

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 Frame Classification

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 Braced Versus Unbraced
Frame A
This image cannot currently be display ed.

B

• Frame B is braced if

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Design of Simple Braced Frame

Bracing Frame Simple Frame

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Classification of Sway Frame
4

4

2

1

Frame is non sway if cr > 10

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Deflection of a Bracing Frame

Deformation of diagonal
Deformation of legs
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 Deflection of an Unbraced Frame

Inter-storey deflection

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Design of non-sway frames

Non-sway frames should be designed:

 design the frame to resist gravity loads (1.35Q+1.5G).
• the non-sway mode effective length of the columns may be used.
• pattern loading should be used to determine the most severe
moments and forces.
• sub frames may be used to reduce the number of load cases.
• the frame should then be checked for combined vertical and
horizontal loads without pattern loading based on first order
analysis using load combinations such as
– 1.35G + 1.5Q + 0.75W+EHF;
– 1.35G + 1.5W + 1.05Q+EHF).

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Design of Sway Sensitive Frames

Sway sensitive frames should be designed as follows:

• First, design the frame as non-sway mode i.e. design to resist
gravity loads (1.35G+1.5Q) as for independently braced frames
without taking account of sway ( i.e. without horizontal forces,
but must consider pattern loading).
• Check the frame in the sway mode for combined vertical and
horizontal loads, without pattern loads such as
– 1.35G + 1.5Q + 0.75W+EHF and
– 1.35G + 1.5W + 1.05Q+EHF
• The sway effect should be allowed for by using (1) column
effective lengths, (2) amplified sway moments, or (3) direct
analysis.

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10
 Design Considerations For Multi-
storey Buildings
Deflection Limit
Internal beam < Span/200 to Span /360 or 40mm
Edge beam < Span/300 to Span / 500 or 20mm
Drift Requirements
< H/300 to H/600 for wind with 50 years return period
Comfort Criteria
Top floor acceleration < 1.5%g with 10 year return period of service wind
Floor vibration > 4 cycles/second
(including interaction between primary and secondary beams)
Stability, Overturning & Uplift (foundation and continuity of
column)
Building frequencies (Period < 2 seconds)
Continuity of floor diaphragms
Continuity of vertical bracing
Location
2012/11/8 of lateral bracing 11
 Frame
Lateral
System
Tube-
Frame
Frame- Frame-
Wall core
Tube
Tube- Tube-
Wall Core
Core-
Wall
2012/11/8 Core
12
Wall
 Simple Braced Frame

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 UE SQUARE
•18 Storey office buildin
•Steel weight = 1800 to
•Castellated beams
•Composite slab

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2012/11/8 15
2012/11/8 16
 CUPPAGE CENTRE
(STARHUB CENTRE)

• Completed in 1998
• Rebuilt 10-Storey
building
• Steel weight = 3000 tons
• Composite beam
• Encased composite
column
• Composite slab
• Simple construction
• Core wall with addition
steel braces for lateral
2012/11/8 stability 17
2012/11/8 18
2012/11/8 19
2012/11/8 20
 Floor Diaphragm

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 Floor
Diaphragm

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 Diaphragm
action

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 Diaphragm action

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 Location of Bracing

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 Core Braced System

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 Treasury Building
(1986)

• 52-Storey
• Height = 231m
• Diameter = 37m
• H/D ratio = 6.2
• Steel usage =
112kg/m2
• 25 m internal core
with 11.6m
cantilever girders
2012/11/8 27
Treasury Building

2012/11/8 28
 Simple Versus Moment Connection

Stiffener

Stiffener

HSFG

Moment Connection

2012/11/8 Simple Connection 29

 Moment Frame &
Core Braced System

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2012/11/8 31
 CAPITAL TOWER

• Completed in May 2000

• 52 storey building
• Height = 260m
• Width = 45m
• Height/Width = 5.7
• Steel Weight = 10,500 t
• Steel usage = 87 kg/m2
2012/11/8 32
 M&E
services

M&E
services

High -Rise Mid -Rise

High -Rise

•Knock-out panel
M&E
• 2 nos. per typical service
floor for future
inter-floor stairs
connection by
tenants

Low - Rise

M&E
servic
CAPITAL TOWER

• Composite beams and

trusses as primary
members
• composite beams as
secondary members
• Steel truss = 18m
• composite beam = 11.5m
• Composite Floor with
Bondek
• Perimeter frame with
infilled circular columns
 CAPITAL TOWER
• Circular infilled columns

• Perimeter frames
designed as continuous
with composite beam
rigidly connected to
columns

• Lateral stability is
provided by central core
with deep spandrel
beams rigidly connected
to the perimeter columns
2012/11/8 35
 • Primary beam
span between
core wall and
perimeter
columns
• Secondary beams
designed as
simply supported

CAPITAL TOWER
2012/11/8 36
Beam to Column and Wall Connection

Plate Attachment to
support metal decking

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 Simple
Construction

Beam to RC wall

Beam to Steel column

 Beam to Concrete Wall
Connection

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Connection to transfer shear and moment

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 Technical Innovation
Roof Top
Construction
• Stainless steel bow truss externally for
the frameless skylight allows full
utilization of the internal space without
any structural encumbrances
•The intermediate bracing truss doubles
up as maintenance platform and
sunscreen
Capital Tower, Singapore
2012/11/8 43
 Outrigger and Belt
Truss Systems

2012/11/8 44
 Outrigger & Belt Trusses
• The outrigger trusses and belt truss help to
enhance the lateral resistance by engaging the
exterior columns with the core brace to
develop cantilever action.
• The belt truss combines the columns at the
perimeter of the building forming a tube
structure which will then be engaged by the
outrigger trusses to provide lateral resistance.

2012/11/8 45
 The Republic Plaza
(1995)

• 66-Storey office building

• Height = 280m
• Width = 45m
• Height/Width = 6.2
• Steel usage = 84 kg/m2
• Composite beam
• Infilled composite columns
• Concrete central core with
outrigger braces to
perimeter frame to provide
lateral stability
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 The Republic Plaza
• Peak horizontal
acceleration < 0.01 g
• Fundamental period = 6.84
seconds
• Lateral deflection < H/500
• 125-150mm Composite
slab for 1.5-2.0 hrs fire
rating without fire
protection
• Live load = 4kN/m2 for
typical floor and 15 kN/m2
for M&E floor
2012/11/8 47
2012/11/8 48
2012/11/8 49
2012/11/8 50
 Outrigger Truss
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 Continuity of Column

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 ORQ – 50 storey building

(b)

(a) (c)
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 Slender composite column

Tie back to core wall

to reduce buckling
length

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2012/11/8 55
 detail of outrigger truss to column connection

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2012/11/8 57
To be welded after allowance for movement due to permanent load
 I-beam to tubular column
connection

2012/11/8 58
 OUB Building
(1986)

• 63-Storey + 4
• Height = 280m
• Height/Width
= 8 - 10
• Steel usage =
132kg/m2
• Hybrid system of
steel frame with
2012/11/8
concrete cores59
 OUB Building

49th

4.3m

950

2012/11/8 20m 60
Composite
Frame
Tube

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Shear Lag in Frame Tube

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Shear Lag in Cellular Tubes

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Bundled Tube

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Lateral Load Resisting System

Not efficient

More efficient

2012/11/8 65
 Bending rigidity Index

100

35 40

40
2012/11/8 50 66
65
 Handbook of Structural Engineering, CRC Press
Chapter 12: Multi-storey Frame Structures
by J Y R Liew, T Balendra & W F Chen

Republic Plaza
Treasury B. OUB Centre
Capital Tower

High-rise

Medium-rise

2012/11/8 67
 Summary
• Definition of braced/unbraced and
Treasury Building

sway/non-sway frames
• Simple and continuous frames
• Issues of frame stability and design
• Steel-concrete composite design
• Gravity load resisting system
• Lateral load resisting systems
• Case studies
2012/11/8 68
 A Resource Book For
Structural Steel Design
& Construction
A BCA/SSSS Publication
Author: J Y Richard Liew
• New approaches of
buildable design
• Multistorey buildings using
steel-concrete composite
technology
 Large span roof and
flooring systems
 Latest construction
technique, design issues,
steel erection and cost
implication
2012/11/8
 CASE STUDY

2012/11/8 70
 38-STOREY TOWER BLOCK - OUB PLAZA II (2010)

213.85 m

2012/11/8 71
 The Structure System

– The proposed building comprises composite steel

column and RC lift core with composite steel trusses
and beams supporting the floors.
– Typical floor system is generally comprised metal deck
slab system spanning one way in between the supporting
beams
– Cast-in-situ bored piles adopted as the foundation
system

2012/11/8 72
Floor
PLAN
Lift Shaft :
・RC Structure.
Column :
・Built-up Box 750×750,850×850.
・Plate Thickness 20～60mm.
・Site Welding Joints.
・Concrete-filled Steel Tube.
Beam :
・UB & Built-up.
・Bolt Joints (HSFB)
Truss :
・L ≑ 16～18m.
・H = 1100mm.
RC
・Bolt Joints (HSFB).
Lift Slab
・Profiled Steel Deck RC Slab.
Shaft ・Live load 3.5kN/m2 (Office).
SECTION
VOLUME OF STEEL
TIER WEIGHT (t) Pcs REMARK

22～24 208.8 144 M&E SPACE

19～21 602.5 327 OFFICE

18 456.4 229 M&E ROOM (TRANSFER FLOOR)

7～17 2,932.0 1,450 OFFICE

5～ 6 675.3 319 M&E ROOM (TRANSFER FLOOR)

3～ 4 552.2 277 RETAIL / OFFICE

1～ 2 325.4 113 RETAIL / ENTRANCE

TOTAL 5,752.6 2,859

SECTION
 Building Height: 213.85 m

9th34.56
Storey
m Plan No of Storey: 38-Storey
Building Width (X): 34.56 m
Building Width (Y): 37.10 m

Composite Floor
Trusses
37.1 m 17-18 m span

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 Typical Story Model

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 Transfer Truss---8th Storey

One typical transfer truss

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 Transfer Column---24th Storey

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 Outrigger, Belt Truss at 33th Storey

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 ETABS Modeling

Building Height: 213.85 m

No of Storey: 38-Storey
Building Width (X): 34.56 m
Building Width (Y): 37.10 m

Maximum Lateral Displacement

max X (mm) : 220 =H/950<H/300
 max Y (mm) : 270 =H/775<H/300
Max Storey Drift Ratio
 X : 1 / 445 < 1/300 (26 Floor)
 Y : 1 / 519 < 1/300 (26 Floor)

2012/11/8 80
3. MODEL
4. TYPICAL FLOOR
5. COLUMN CONNECTION
6. BEAM CONNECTION
7. TRUSS CONNECTION
8. STEEL-RC CONNECTION
9. MEGA-TRUSS (1)
10. MEGA-TRUSS (2)
11. ROOF

30m

ROOF SLAB LEVEL

12. BOX COLUMN DETAIL

PENETRATING DIAPHRAGM INNER DIAPHRAGM

Column skin plate can continue

from base plate to roof top.
COMPARISON BETWEEN STEEL STRUCTURE AND RC STRUCTURE
G. PROGRESS PHOTO
1. LOWER FLOOR
2. TYPICAL FLOOR(1)
3. TYPICAL FLOOR(2)
4. TYPICAL FLOOR(3)
5. TYPICAL FLOOR(4)
6. TYPICAL FLOOR(5)
7. MEGA-TRUSS
8. HIGHER PART
9. ROOF TOP(1)
10. ROOF TOP(2)
 CFST column to steel beam connection with external diaphragms

Bolt

For circular tube

Weld

Bolt

For square tube

Weld
CFST column to steel beam connection with internal diaphragms

For circular tube

For square tube

 Column to Foundation Design

2012/11/8 104
(a) Embedded Connection

1: Main Reinforcements in Foundation

Beam;
2: Vertical Reinforcements in Foundation;
3: Stirrups;
4: Binding Concrete;
5: Construction Reinforcements;
6: Holding-down Bolt;
7: Shear Studs;
7: Shear Studs;
8: Base Plate of Column;
(b) Exposed Connection

1: Concrete;
2: Shear Studs;

3: Foundation Beam;
4: Stirrups;
5: Base Plate of Column;
2: Shear Studs;

5: Base Plate of
Column;