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9, SEPTEMBER 2011
I. I NTRODUCTION
to all layers
ΔAtooth (Bmax, airgap ) = Hk∗ Δx. (8)
k
π/2
2dα
Φpole =2 Bairgap (α)Rairgap Lcore
Npole
0
π
2
2 Rairgap Lcore
=2 Bairgap (α) dα. (12)
Npole
0
π/2
Bairgap (α)dα
Φpole π 0
kΦ = = .
Φpole, fund
4 π/2
Bairgap (α) cos α · dα
0
Ns −1
π/2
8 2 Rairgap Lcore Σfun = Bairgap (αi ) cos(αi ).
= Bairgap (α) cos α · dα (11)
π Npole i=0
0
3738 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 58, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2011
Ns −1
Step 6) The two coefficients are computed by Step 5.1) The yoke flux density at the angular coordinate αi
can be computed by
π Bmax, airgap Ns Bt max, airgap
kB = = Rairgap 1 2
4 Σfun · 2Nπ
2 Σfun Byoke (αi ) = Σtot (i) · Δα.
s
hy Kir Npole
π Σtot
kΦ = . Step 5.2) The MMF drop for the yoke arc Δα can be added
4 Σfun
to the total yoke MMF drop.
2
The operation from steps 3) to 6) can be repeated for several Ayoke = Ayoke + H (Byoke (αi )) · Rave, yoke · Δα.
values of Bmax, airgap in order to build the following complete Npole
table: Step 6) After the loop at step 5), Ayoke is the total yoke
MMF drop for the chosen Bmax, airgap value, while the coef-
Ateeth zone Bmax, airgap kB kΦ . ficients kB e kΦ have to be calculated as in algorithm 4. For
convenience aims, they are hereinafter rewritten using the new
symbols
π Bmax, airgap Ns Bmax, airgap
D. Yoke MMF Drop kB = =
4 Σfun · 2Nπ
s
2 Σfun
In the machine yoke, the flux density increases progressively
along the airgap angle. The induction in the yoke starts from π Σtot (Ns − 1)
kΦ = .
zero, where the airgap induction is maximum, and reaches 4 Σfun
its maximum value at 90 electrical degrees, where the airgap
induction is zero, as shown in Figs. 9 and 10.
With reference to Fig. 9, the yoke flux density waveform can E. Fundamental Airgap Flux Density Versus the Total MMF
be evaluated by Drop Characteristic
α For each considered Bmax, airgap value, the total fundamental
Rairgap 1 2
Byoke (α) = Bairgap (α) dα. (13) MMF is achieved by summing the MMF drops in the different
hy Kir Npole motor parts. The fundamental magnetization characteristic is
0
then obtained by referring the obtained MMF value to the am-
Once the yoke induction values are known as a function plitude of the corresponding fundamental flux density evaluated
of the airgap α-coordinate, it is possible to evaluate the yoke by (10).
BOGLIETTI et al.: COMPUTATIONAL ALGORITHMS FOR EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT PARAMETER DETERMINATION II 3739
TABLE I
PARAMETER E STIMATION P ERCENTAGE E RRORS [%]
TABLE II
AVERAGE P ERCENTAGE E RRORS [%]
the obtained errors can be considered acceptable, particularly [15] K. I. Laskaris and A. G. Kladas, “Internal permanent magnet motor design
during the initial machine design stage. for electric vehicle drive,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 1,
pp. 138–145, Jan. 2010.
[16] P.-D. Pfister and Y. Perriard, “Very-high-speed slotless permanent-magnet
motors: Analytical modeling, optimization, design, and torque measure-
VI. C ONCLUSION ment methods,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 296–303,
Jan. 2010.
In this paper, the authors have provided methods and al- [17] Standard Test Procedure for Polyphase Induction Motors and Generators,
gorithms for the estimation of induction motor no-load char- IEEE Std 112-2004, 2004.
acteristics, starting from the geometrical and electrical data
generally available after an electromagnetic design. A complete
Aldo Boglietti (M’04–SM’06) was born in Rome,
theoretical analysis plus the step-by-step algorithms to develop Italy, in 1957. He received the Laurea degree in
numerical code have been included in this paper. The compar- electrical engineering from the Politecnico di Torino,
ison between the predicted and measured values is reported, Torino, Italy, in 1981.
In 1984, he joined the Dipartimento di Ingegneria
confirming the validity of the proposed approaches. Algorithms Elettrica, Politecnico di Torino, as a Researcher in
to compute the skin effect coefficients to be applied at the rotor electrical machines, where he became an Associate
bar resistance and leakage inductance are also reported. Professor of electrical machines in 1992, has been a
Full Professor since November 2000, and is currently
the Head of the department. He is the author of about
120 papers. His research interests include energetic
R EFERENCES problems in electrical machines and drives, high-efficiency industrial motors,
magnetic materials, and their applications in electrical machines, electrical
[1] P. L. Alger, Induction Machines, 2nd ed. New York: Gordon and Breach,
machine and drive models, and thermal problems in electrical machines.
1970.
Prof. Boglietti is an Associate Editor for the IEEE T RANSACTIONS ON
[2] A. Boglietti, A. Cavagnino, and M. Lazzari, “Geometrical approach to
I NDUSTRIAL E LECTRONICS, the Technical Chair of the Electrical Machine
induction motor design,” in Conf. Rec. IEEE-IECON, Taipei, Taiwan,
Committee IEEE Industry Applications Society (IAS) and the Chair of the
Nov. 5–8, 2007, pp. 149–156.
Electrical Machine Committee IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. He was the
[3] A. Boglietti, A. Cavagnino, and M. Lazzari, “Algorithms for the computa-
recipient of the First Prize, Best Paper Award from IEEE IAS Electric Machines
tion of the induction motor equivalent circuit parameters—Part I,” in Conf.
Committee in 2008.
Rec. IEEE-IECON, Orlando, FL, Nov. 10–13, 2008, pp. 2020–2027.
[4] A. Boglietti, A. Cavagnino, and M. Lazzari, “Algorithms for the com-
putation of the induction motor equivalent circuit parameters—Part II,” in
Conf. Rec. IEEE-IECON, Orlando, FL, Nov. 10–13, 2008, pp. 2028–2034. Andrea Cavagnino (M’04–SM’10) was born in
[5] A. Boglietti, A. Cavagnino, and M. Lazzari, “A recursive algorithm to Asti, Italy, in 1970. He received the M.Sc. and
resolve the skin effects in rotor bars of squirrel cage induction motor,” in Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the
Conf. Rec. ICEM, Cracovia, Poland, 2004, pp. 394–400. Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy, in 1995 and
[6] I. Boldea and S. A. Nasar, The Induction Machine Handbook. Boca 1999, respectively.
Raton, FL: CRC, 2002. Since 1997, he has been with the Electrical
[7] A. Boglietti, A. Cavagnino, L. Ferraris, and M. Lazzari, “Skin effect Machines Laboratory, Dipartimento di Ingegneria
experimental validations of induction motor squirrel cage parameters,” in Elettrica, Politecnico di Torino, where he is currently
Proc. ICEM, Vilamoura, Portugal, 2008, pp. 1–4, [CD-ROM]. an Assistant Professor. He is the author of more than
[8] F. W. Carter, “The magnetic field of the dynamo-electric machine,” J. IEE, 80 papers published in technical journals and con-
vol. 64, no. 359, pp. 1115–1138, Nov. 1926. ference proceedings. His research interests include
[9] B. Heller and V. Hamata, Harmonic Field Effect in Induction Machines. electromagnetic design, thermal design, and energetic behaviors of electric
Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier, 1977. machines.
[10] D. M. Ionel and M. V. Cistelecan, “Analytical and numerical computa- Dr. Cavagnino is an Associate Editor for the Electrical Machine Committee
tion of the no-load magnetic field in induction motors,” COMPEL-Int. J. T RANSACTIONS ON I NDUSTRIAL A PPLICATIONS. He was the recipient of the
Comput. Math. Elect. Electron. Eng., vol. 17, no. 1–3, pp. 225–231, 1998. First Prize, Best Paper Award from IEEE Industry Applications Society Electric
[11] A. Boglietti, A. Cavagnino, L. Ferraris, and M. Lazzari, “The annealing Machines Committee in 2008.
influence onto the magnetic and energetic properties in soft magnetic
material after punching process,” in Conf. Rec. IEEE-IEMDC, Madison,
WI, Jun. 1–4, 2003, vol. 1, pp. 503–508. Mario Lazzari was born in Lucca, Italy, in 1945. He
[12] M. A. Waqas, T. Ryckebush, F. Magnussen, H. Lendenmann, J. Soulard, received the Laurea degree in electrical engineering
B. Eriksson, and B. Malmros, “Incorporating lamination processing and from the Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy, in 1969.
component manufacturing in electrical machine design tools,” in Conf. In 1970, he joined the Dipartimento di Ingegneria
Rec. IEEE-IAS Annu. Meeting, New Orleans, LA, Sep. 23–27, 2007, Elettrica, Politecnico di Torino, where he is currently
pp. 94–102. a Full Professor of electrical machines and drives.
[13] M. Aydin, S. Huang, and T. A. Lipo, “Design, analysis, and control of a From 1991 to 1993, he was the Chairman of the
hybrid field-controlled axial-flux permanent-magnet motor,” IEEE Trans. Laurea course of electrical engineering. His research
Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 78–87, Jan. 2010. interests include the dynamics of electrical machines
[14] C. Gerada and K. J. Bradley, “Integrated PM machine design for an and electromechanical design, particularly in regard
aircraft EMA,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 9, pp. 3300–3306, to energetic problems. He is the author of several
Sep. 2008. technical papers on these topics.