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Prof. Dr.-Ing. G. Sedlacek

Dipl.-Ing. R. Schneider
Aachen, October19th, 2003 Dipl.-Ing. N. Schäfer
1 of 36 2011-08-18
Design example for Eurocode 3 – Part 6: Cranes supporting structures -2-
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1.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................................ 6
1.2 GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES ..................................................................................................................... 6
1.3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES .................................................................................................................. 6
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2.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................................ 6
2.2 DYNAMIC MAGNIFICATION FACTOR ϕ1 ................................................................................................ 6
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3.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................................ 8
3.2 UNLOADED CRANE .............................................................................................................................. 9
3.3 LOADED CRANE .................................................................................................................................. 9
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4.1 GENERAL .......................................................................................................................................... 11
4.2 CAUSED BY ACCELERATION AND DECELERATION OF THE CRANE ...................................................... 11
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4.3 CAUSED BY SKEWING OF THE CRANE ................................................................................................ 12
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4.4 CAUSED BY ACCELERATION OR BRAKING OF THE CRAB .................................................................... 15
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1.1 SYSTEM............................................................................................................................................. 18
1.2 CROSS-SECTION PROPERTIES ............................................................................................................. 18
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2.1 GENERAL .......................................................................................................................................... 18
2.2 INTERNAL FORCES AND MOMENTS AT POINT 2.875 ........................................................................... 19
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2.3 INTERNAL FORCES AND MOMENTS AT SUPPORT................................................................................. 22
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3.1 POINT 2.875 ...................................................................................................................................... 24
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5.1 GENERAL .......................................................................................................................................... 29
5.2 DETAIL CATEGORIES ......................................................................................................................... 30
5.3 POINT 2.785 ...................................................................................................................................... 31
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3 of 36 2011-08-18
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This report demonstrates the application of Eurocode 1 - Part 3: “Actions induced by
cranes and machinery” and the application of Eurocode 3 - Part 6: “Crane supporting
structures” for a top mounted crane.
4 of 36 2011-08-18
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The geometric properties which are assumed in the design example are summarized in
section 1.2 and the mechanical details of the crane are defined in section 1.3. Further
assumptions for the crane are given where they are necessary.
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The following geometric properties are assumed in the design example for the crane:
Span length of the crane bridge: 15,00 m

Wheel spacing a: 2,50 m
Min. spacing between crab and supports emin: 0,00 m
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The following mechanical properties are defined for the crane:

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Self-weight of the crane Qc1 : 60,0 kN

Self-weight of the crab Qc2 : 10,0 kN
Hoistload Qh,nom : 100,0 kN
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The dynamic effects of a crane structure are taken into account by magnification factors
which are defined in Eurocode 1 - Part 3.
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The magnification factor ϕ1 takes into account vibrational excitation of the crane
structure due to lifting the hoist load off the ground and is to be applied to the self-
weight of the crane.
ϕ1 = 1,1 (upper value of the vibrational pulses) (EC 1- P 3: Table 2.4)
6 of 36 2011-08-18
The magnification factor ϕ2 is only to be applied to the hoistload and takes into account
the dynamical effects when the hoistload is transferred from the ground to the crane.
The magnification factor depends on the hoisting class of the crane. It is assumed that
the crane is classified as HC 3. Recommendations about the classification of cranes are
given in Annex B of Eurocode 1 - Part 3.
Assumption:
Hoisting class of the crane: HC 3

vh = 6 m/min
6
ϕ 2 = ϕ 2,min + β 2 v h = 1,15 + 0,51 ⋅ = 1,20 (EC 1- P 3: Table 2.4)
60
The parameters ϕ2,min and β2 were obtained from table 2.5 of EC 1- Part 3.
The magnification factor ϕ3 considers the dynamical effects when a payload is sudden
released. These dynamic effects occur at cranes which use magnets as hoist tools. In the
design example it is assumed that no part of the payload is able to sudden release.
Assumption:
No sudden release or dropped part of the load.
ϕ3 = 1,00 (EC 1- P 3: Table 2.4)
This magnification factor is to be applied to the self-weight of the crane and to the
payload, if the rail track observes not the tolerances specified in ENV 1993 - 6.
Assumption:
The tolerances for rail tracks are observed as specified in ENV 1993 - 6.
ϕ4 = 1,00 (EC 1- P 3: Table 2.4)
The magnification factor ϕ5 takes into account the dynamic effects caused by drive
forces and depends on the characteristic of the drive forces.
Assumption:
The drive force change smoothly.
ϕ5 = 1,50 (EC 1- P 3: Table 2.6)
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In this section the minimum and the maximum vertical wheel loads of the crane are cal-
culated according to table 3.1 which was obtained from Eurocode 1 - Part 3 (Table 2.2).
Table 3.1 defines the groups of loads which are to be considered as one characteristic
crane load, when additional actions apply at the structure (for example: self-weight,
wind action, snow). With the definition of the groups of loads the relevant combinations
of the magnification factors are given.
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Groups of loads
Symbol Section ULS SLS Acci-
dental
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 Self-weight of crane Qc 2.6 Q Q 1 Q Q Q 1 Q1 1 1
2 Hoist load Qh 2.6 Q Q - Q Q Q
- 1 1
3 Acceleration of crane HL, HT 2.7 Q Q Q Q - - - Q5 - -
bridge
4 Skewing of crane bridge HS 2.7 - - - - 1 - - - - -
5 Acceleration or braking of HT3 2.7 - - - - - 1 - - - -
crab or hoist block
6 In service wind FW* Annex A 1 1 1 1 1 - - 1 - -
7 Test load QT 2.10 - - - - - - - Q6 - -
8 Buffer force HB 2.11 - - - - - - - - Q7 -
9 Tilting force HTA 2.11 - - - - - - - - - 1
is the part of the hoist load that remains when the payload is removed, but is not included in the self-
1)
weight of the crane.
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The minimum vertical wheel load apply at a crane runway girder when the crane is
unloaded.
Qr,min Qr,min ΣQr,min ΣQr; (min) Qr,´(min) Qr,(min)
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a) Load group 1,2
ϕ = 1,1: ⇒ Q C1,k = 1,1 ⋅ 60,0 = 66,0 kN

⇒ Q C 2,k = 1,1 ⋅ 10,0 = 11,0 kN
1
∑Q r ,(min) =
2
⋅ 66,0 + 11,0 = 44,0 kN ⇒ Q r ,(min) = 22,0 kN
1
∑Q r , min =
2
⋅ 66,0 = 33,0 kN ⇒ Q r , min = 16,5 kN
b) Load group 3,4,5,6
ϕ = 1,0: ⇒ Q c1,k = 1,0 ⋅ 60,0 = 60,0 kN

⇒ Q c 2,k = 1,0 ⋅10,0 = 10,0 kN
1
∑Q r ,(min) =
2
⋅ 60,0 + 10,0 = 40,0 kN ⇒ Q r ,(min) = 20,0 kN
1
∑Q r , min =
2
⋅ 60,0 = 30,0 kN ⇒ Q r ,min = 15,0 kN
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The maximum vertical wheel loads apply at a crane runway girder when the crane is
loaded.
Qr,max Qr,max ΣQr,max ΣQr ,(max) Qr, (max) Qr, (max)
Crab
Qh,nom = nominal hoist load

emin
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a) Load group 1
ϕ = 1,1: ⇒ Q c1,k = 1,1 ⋅ 60,0 = 66,0 kN
9 of 36 2011-08-18
Design example for Eurocode 3 – Part 6: Cranes supporting structures - 10 -
⇒ Q c 2,k = 1,1 ⋅10,0 = 11,0 kN
ϕ = 1,2: ⇒ Q h ,k = 1,2 ⋅100,0 = 120,0 kN
1
∑Q r ,(max) =
2
⋅ 66,0 = 33,0 kN ⇒ Q r ,(max) = 16,5 kN
1
∑Q r , max =
2
⋅ 66,0 + 11,0 + 120,0 = 164,0 kN ⇒ Q r ,max = 82,0 kN
b) Load group 2
ϕ = 1,1: ⇒ Q c1,k = 1,1 ⋅ 60,0 = 66,0 kN

⇒ Q c 2,k = 1,1 ⋅10,0 = 11,0 kN
ϕ = 1,0: ⇒ Q h ,k = 1,0 ⋅100,0 = 100,0 kN
1
∑Q r ,(max) =
2
⋅ 66,0 = 33,0 kN ⇒ Q r ,(max) = 16,5 kN
1
∑Q r , max =
2
⋅ 66,0 + 11,0 + 100,0 = 144,0 kN ⇒ Q r ,max = 72,0 kN
c) Load group 4,5,6
ϕ = 1,0: ⇒ Q c1,k = 1,0 ⋅ 60,0 = 60,0 kN

⇒ Q c 2,k = 1,0 ⋅10,0 = 10,0 kN
ϕ = 1,0: ⇒ Q h ,k = 1,0 ⋅100,0 = 100,0 kN
1
∑Q r ,(max) =
2
⋅ 60,0 = 30,0 kN ⇒ Q r ,(max) = 15,0 kN
1
∑Q r , max =
2
⋅ 60,0 + 10,0 + 100,0 = 140,0 kN ⇒ Q r ,max = 70,0 kN
10 of 36 2011-08-18
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In this section the following horizontal loads are calculated:
-horizontal loads caused by acceleration and deceleration of the crane bridge, see 4.2;
-horizontal loads caused by skewing of the crane bridge, see 4.3;
-horizontal loads caused by acceleration or braking of the crab, see 4.4;
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Rail i = 1 Rail i = 2
K
K2
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Friction factor: = 0,2 (EC 1- P 3: 2.7.3(4))
Number of single wheel drivers: mw = 2
∑Q *
r , min = m w ⋅ Q r ,min = 2 ⋅ 15,0 = 30,0 kN (EC 1- P 3: 2.7.3(3))
K = µ ⋅ ∑ Q *r ,min = 0,2 ⋅ 30,0 = 6,0 kN (EC 1- P 3: 2.7.3(3))
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H L ,1 H L ,2
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Number of runway beams: nR = 2
K 6,0
H L,1 = H L,2 = ϕ5 ⋅ = 1,5 ⋅ = 4,5 kN (EC 1- P 3: 2.7.2(2))
nr 2
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H T ,1 H T ,2
M S
a
HT ,1 H T ,2
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s
K1 K = K 1+ K2 K2

ξ O ξ O
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∑ Qr,max
ξ1 = (EC 1- P 3: 2.7.2(3))
∑ Qr
∑ Q =∑ Qr r , max + ∑ Q r ,(max) = 140,0 + 30,0 = 170,0 kN (EC 1- P 3: 2.7.2(3))
140,0
ξ1 = = 0,82 (EC 1- P 3: 2.7.2(3))
170,0
ξ2 = 1 − ξ1 = 0,18 (EC 1- P 3: 2.7.2(3))
lS = (ξ1 − 0,5)⋅ l = (0,83 − 0,5)⋅ 15,0 = 4,95 m (EC 1- P 3: 2.7.2(3))
M = K ⋅ l S = 6,0 ⋅ 4,95 = 29,7 kNm (EC 1- P 3: 2.7.2(3))
M 29,7
H T ,1 = ϕ 5 ⋅ ξ2 ⋅ = 1,5 ⋅ 0,18 ⋅ = 3,2 kN (EC 1- P 3: 2.7.2(3))
a 2,5
M 29,7
H T,2 = ϕ 5 ⋅ ξ1 ⋅ = 1,5 ⋅ 0,82 ⋅ = 14,6 kN (EC 1- P 3: 2.7.2(3))
a 2,5
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0,75 x 10
αF = = = 0,004 rad (EC 1- P 3: Table 2.7)
a 2500
y 0,1 ⋅ 50
αV = = = 0,002 rad (EC 1- P 3: Table 2.7)
a 2500
α0 = = 0,001 rad (EC 1- P 3: Table 2.7)
--------------
α = α F + α V + α 0 = 0,007 rad
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f = 0,3 (1 − exp (− 250 α )) = 0,3 (1 − exp (− 250 ⋅ 0,007 )) = 0,248 (EC 1- P 3: 2.7.4(2))

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(a) Distance ei of the wheel pair i from the guidance means
e1 = 0 as flanged wheels are used
e2 = a = 2,50 m
(b) Combination of wheel pairs: IFF
m=0
(c) Distance h:
mξ1ξ 2 l 2 + ∑ e 2j 0 + 2,50 2
h= = = 2,50 m (EC 1- P 3: Table 2.8)
∑e j 2,50
n=2
λS = 1 −
∑e j
= 1−
2,50
= 0,5 (EC 1- P 3: Table 2.9)
n⋅h 2 ⋅ 2,50
λ S,1,L = λ S, 2,L = 0 (EC 1- P 3: Table 2.9)
for wheel pair 1:
ξ2  e1  0,18
λ S,1,1,T = 1 −  = (1 − 0) = 0,09 (EC 1- P 3: Table 2.9)
n  h 2
ξ  e  0,82
λ S, 2,1,T = 1 1 − 1  = (1 − 0) = 0,41 (EC 1- P 3: Table 2.9)
n h 2
for wheel pair 2:
ξ2  e2  0,18  2,50 
λ S,1, 2,T = 1 −  = 1 − =0 (EC 1- P 3: Table 2.9)
n  h 2  2,50 
ξ  e  0,82  2,50 
λ S, 2 , 2 , T = 1 1 − 2  = 1 − =0 (EC 1- P 3: Table 2.9)
n h 2  2,50 
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H L ,1 H L ,2

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H S,1,L = f ⋅ λS,1,L ⋅ ∑ Q r = 0 (EC 1- P 3: 2.7.4(1))

H S , 2 , L = f ⋅ λS , 2 , L ⋅ ∑ Q r = 0 (EC 1- P 3: 2.7.4(1))
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Rail i = 1 Directon of motion Rail i = 2
S Wheel pair j = 1
H 67
HS ,2,1,T
Wheel pair j = 2
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Guide force S:
S = f ⋅ λS ⋅ ∑ Q r = 0,248 ⋅ 0,5 ⋅ 170,0 = 21,1 kN (EC 1- P 3: 2.7.4(1))
for wheel pair 1:
H S,1,1,T = f ⋅ λS,1,1,T ⋅ ∑ Q r = 0,248 ⋅ 0,09 ⋅ 170,0 = 3,8 kN (EC 1- P 3: 2.7.4(1))

H S, 2,1,T = f ⋅ λS, 2,1,T ⋅ ∑ Q r = 0,248 ⋅ 0,41 ⋅ 170,0 = 17,3 kN (EC 1- P 3: 2.7.4(1))
⇒ H S,1,T = S − H S,1,1,T = 17,3 kN

⇒ H S, 2,T = H S, 2,1,T = 17,3 kN
for wheel pair 2:
H S,1, 2,T = f ⋅ λS,1, 2,T ⋅ ∑ Q r = 0,248 ⋅ 0 ⋅ 170,0 = 0 kN (EC 1- P 3: 2.7.4(1))

H S, 2, 2,T = f ⋅ λS, 2, 2,T ⋅ ∑ Q r = 0,248 ⋅ 0 ⋅ 170,0 = 0 kN (EC 1- P 3: 2.7.4(1))
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H T ,3 = 0,1 ⋅ (10,0 + 100,0 ) = 11,0 kN (EC 1- P 3: 2.7.5)

(EC 1- P 3: 2.11.2)
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1 1
e= ⋅ b r = ⋅ 55 = 13,75 mm (EC 1- P 3: 2.5.3(2))
4 4
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Q e ,i = ϕ fat ⋅ λ i ⋅ Q max,i (EC 1- P 3: 2.12.1(4))
1 + ϕ1 1 + 1,1
ϕ fat ,1 = = = 1,05 (EC 1- P 3: 2.12.1(7))
2 2
1 + ϕ 2 1 + 1,2
ϕ fat , 2 = = = 1,10 (EC 1- P 3: 2.12.1(7))
2 2
Assumption: crane is classified in class S6:
λ i = 0,794 for normal stresses (EC 1- P 3: Table 2.12)

λ i = 0,871 for shear stresses (EC 1- P 3: Table 2.12)
For normal stresses:

Q e ,i = ϕ fat ⋅ λ i ⋅ Q max,i = 1,1 ⋅ 0,794 ⋅ 70,0 = 61,1 kN (EC 1- P 3: 2.12.1(4))
For shear stresses:

Q e ,i = ϕ fat ⋅ λ i ⋅ Q max,i = 1,1 ⋅ 0,871 ⋅ 70,0 = 67,1 kN (EC 1- P 3: 2.12.1(4))
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For the XOWLPDWHOLPLWVWDWH the results are summarised in the following table according
to the groups of loads.
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Groups of loads 1 2 3 4 5 6
Magnification factor which are Q = 1,10 Q = 1,10 Q = 1,00 Q = 1,00 Q = 1,00 Q = 1,00
considered for the group of load
Q = 1,20 Q = 1,00 Q = 1,50 Q = 1,50
Q = 1,50 Q = 1,50
Vertical Self-weight of the Qr,(min) 22,0 kN 22,0 kN 20,0 kN 20,0 kN 20,0 kN 20,0 kN
loads crane
Qr,min 16,5 kN 16,5 kN 15,0 kN 15,0 kN 15,0 kN 15,0 kN
Self-weight of the Qr,(max) 16,5 kN 16,5 kN - 15,0 kN 15,0 kN 15,0 kN
crane and hoistload
Qr,max 82,0 kN 72,0 kN - 70,0 kN 70,0 kN 70,0 kN
Horizontal Acceleration of the HL,1 4,5 kN 4,5 kN 4,5 kN 4,5 kN - -
loads crane
HL,2 4,5 kN 4,5 kN 4,5 kN 4,5 kN - -
HT,1 3,2 kN 3,2 kN 3,2 kN 3,2 kN - -
HT,2 14,6 kN 14,6 kN 14,6 kN 14,6 kN - -
Skewing of the HS1,L - - - - 0 -
crane
HS2,L - - - - 0 -
HS1,T - - - - 17,3 kN -
HS2,T - - - - 17,3 kN -
Acceleration of the HT,3 - - - - - 11,0 kN
crab
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Single-span girder with fork-support, length: l = 7,00 m
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In the design example it is assumed that the rail is rigid fixed with clamps on the crane
runway girder.
The benefit effects of the rigid fixed rail on the design resistance are not taken into
account in the design example (see 5.3.3 (2) of EC 3 - Part 6)
Cross-section properties of the crane runway girder (without rail) HE-B 500:
A [cm2] Iy [cm4] Iz [cm4] Wel,y [cm3] Wel,z [cm3]

239,0 107200 12620 4290 842
Area of the flange: AF = 300$28,0 = 84,0 cm2

Area of the web: AW = 444$14,5 = 64,4 cm2
Cross-section properties of the rail A55:
A [cm2] Iy [cm4] Iz [cm4]

40,5 178 337
Material S235
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The cross-section is classified into class 1.
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For the verification of the crane runway girder the internal forces and moments are
calculated with influence lines for the following points:
Point 2.875: Maximum bending moment of the crane runway girder (in field)
Support: Maximum shear forces of the crane runway girder (at support)
The design example is carried out for load group 1, see table 7.1.
18 of 36 2011-08-18
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Load position for the maximum bending moment:
Qr,max 2,50 Qr,max

x
7,00
11,5 − 2 ⋅ x
A=
7,0
11,5 ⋅ x − 2 ⋅ x 2
M( x ) = A ⋅ x =
7,0
11,5 − 4 ⋅ x
M ’( x ) = = 0 for max M ⇒ x = 2,875
7,0
gk = 1,873 + 0,318 = 2,2 kN

2,2 ⋅ 7,0
A (g k ) = = 7,7 kN
2
2,875 2 ⋅ 2,2
M y, k = 7,7 ⋅ 2,875 − = 13,0 kNm
2
Vz , k = 7,7 − 2,875 ⋅ 2,2 = 1,4 kN
a) Bending moment
Qr,max 2,50 Qr,max
0,095
0,242
max M y, k = Q r , max ⋅ (η1 + η 2 ) ⋅ l = 82,0 ⋅ (0,242 + 0,095) ⋅ 7,0 = 193,7 kNm

min M y ,k = 0 kNm
19 of 36 2011-08-18
b) Shear force
Qr,max 2,50 Qr,max
0,411
0,232
0,589
max Vz ,k = Q r ,max ⋅ (η1 + η 2 ) = 82,0 ⋅ (0,589 + 0,232) = 67,3 kN
Qr,max 2,50 Qr,max
0,054 0,411
min Vz ,k = Q r ,max ⋅ (η1 + η 2 ) = 82,0 ⋅ (−0,054 − 0,411) = −38,1 kN
a) Bending moment
HT,2 2,50 HT,2
0,095
0,242
min M z , k = (H T , 2 ⋅ η1 + H T , 2 ⋅ η 2 ) ⋅ l = (−14,6 ⋅ 0,242 + 14,6 ⋅ 0,095) ⋅ 7,0 = −15,0 kNm
HT,2 2,50 HT,2
0,032
0,242
max M z , k = (H T , 2 ⋅ η1 + H T , 2 ⋅ η 2 ) ⋅ l = ( −14,6 ⋅ 0,0316 + 14,6 ⋅ 0,242) ⋅ 7,0 = 21,5 kNm
20 of 36 2011-08-18
b) Shear force
HT,2 2,50 HT,2
0,411
0,232
0,589
max Vy ,k = H T , 2 ⋅ η1 + H T , 2 ⋅ η 2 = (−14,6) ⋅ (−0,411) + 14,6 ⋅ 0,232 = 9,4 kN
HT,2 2,50 HT,2
0,054 0,411
min Vy,k = H T , 2 ⋅ η1 + H T , 2 ⋅ η 2 = (−14,6) ⋅ (−0,054) + 14,6 ⋅ (−0,411) = −5,2 kN
N k = − 4,5 kN
Rail A 55: br =55 mm

h1 =65 mm
Wheel loads: Qr,max = 82,0 kN

e y = 0,25 ⋅ b r = 13,75 mm (EC 1-P 3: 2.5.3 (2))
Horizontal loads due to acceleration and deceleration: H T = ±14,6 kN

e z = 0,5 ⋅ h + h 1 = 0,5 ⋅ 500 + 65 = 315 mm
M t1 = 82,0 ⋅ 0,01375 + 14,6 ⋅ 0,315 = 5,7 kNm

M t 2 = 82,0 ⋅ 0,01375 − 14,6 ⋅ 0,315 = −3,5 kNm
2,50
Mt2 Mt1
0,054 0,411
-
0,589 +
max M t ,k = 5,7 ⋅ 0,589 − 3,5 ⋅ (−0,054) = 3,5 kNm
21 of 36 2011-08-18
,QWHUQDOIRUFHVDQGPRPHQWVDWVXSSRUW
There are no bending moments at the support (Single-span girder)
Vz , k = 7,7 kN
max Vz , k = Q r ,max ⋅ (η1 + η 2 ) = 82,0 ⋅ (0,0 + 0,0) = 0 kN
Qr,max 2,50 Qr,max
0,643 1,0
min Vz ,k = Q r ,max ⋅ (η1 + η 2 ) = 82,0 ⋅ (−1,0 − 0,6428) = −134,7 kN
HT,2 2,50 HT,2
1,0
max Vy ,k = H T , 2 ⋅ η1 + H T , 2 ⋅ η 2 = (−14,6) ⋅ (−1,0) + 14,6 ⋅ 0,0 = 14,6 kN
HT,2 2,50 HT,2
0,357
min Vy ,k = H T , 2 ⋅ η1 + H T , 2 ⋅ η2 = (−14,6) ⋅ 0,0 + 14,6 ⋅ (−0,357) = −5,2 kN
N k = − 4,5 kN
22 of 36 2011-08-18
Rail A 55: br =55 mm

h1 =65 mm
Wheel loads: Qr,max = 82,0 kN

e y = 0,25 ⋅ b r = 13,75 mm (EC 1- P 3: 2.5.3 (2))
Horizontal loads due to acceleration and deceleration: H T = ±14,6 kN

e z = 0,5 ⋅ h + h 1 = 0,5 ⋅ 500 + 65 = 315 mm
M t1 = 82,0 ⋅ 0,01375 + 14,6 ⋅ 0,315 = 5,7 kNm

M t 2 = 82,0 ⋅ 0,01375 − 14,6 ⋅ 0,315 = −3,5 kNm
2,50
Mt1 Mt2
1,0 +
0,643
max M t ,k = 5,7 ⋅ 1,0 − 3,5 ⋅ 0,643 = 3,4 kNm
23 of 36 2011-08-18
&URVVVHFWLRQUHVLVWDQFHRIWKHFUDQHUXQZD\JLUGHU
3RLQW
d/tw = 390/14,5 = 26,9 < 60 ⇒ Verification for shear buckling is not necessary
(EC 3- P 1: 5.1)
max Vz ,Sd = γ G G k + γ Q Q k = 1,35 ⋅ 1,4 + 1,35 ⋅ 67,3 = 92,75 kN

A V = 390 ⋅ 14,5 = 56,55 cm 2
fy / 3 235 / 3
Vz , Rd = A V ⋅ = 56,55 ⋅ = 697,5 kN > 92,75 kN (EC 3- P 1: 6.2.6)
γM 1,1
It is assumed that the horizontal loads are resisted by the top flange of the girder.
max Vy ,Sd = γ Q Q k = 1,35 ⋅ 9,4 = 12,7 kN

A V = A TV = 300 ⋅ 28 = 84,0 cm 2
fy / 3 235 / 3
Vy ,Rd = A V ⋅ = 84,0 ⋅ = 1036,1 kN > 12,7 kN (EC 3- P 1: 6.2.6)
γM 1,1
6KHDUUHVLVWDQFHGXHWRWRUVLRQ
max M t ,Sd = 1,35 ⋅ 3,5 = 4,7 kN

M t ,Sd ⋅ t 4,7 ⋅ 2,8 ⋅ 100 kN f y / 3 kN
τ V ,Ed = = = 2,45 2 < = 12,3 2 (EC 3- P 1: 6.2.6)
It 538 cm γM cm
Vpl,Rd =
(
Av ⋅ fy / 3 ) = 697,5 kN (EC 3- P 1: 6.2.6 (2))
γM
τ t ,Ed 2,45
Vpl,T ,Rd = 1 − ⋅Vpl,Rd = 1 − ⋅ 697,5 = 639,5 kN
( )
1,25 ⋅ f y / 3 / γ M 0 1,25 ⋅ 12,3
(EC 3- P 1: 6.2.7)
VEd = 92,75 kN ≤ 319,8 kN = 0,5 ⋅ Vpl,T ,Rd (EC 3- P 1: 6.2.8)
⇒ no interaction between shear and normal stresses necessary
24 of 36 2011-08-18
%HQGLQJDQGD[LDOIRUFHV
It is assumed that the horizontal loads are resisted by the top flange.
a) Verification for max My,Sd:
N Sd = −1,35 ⋅ 4,5 = 6,1 kN

max M y ,Sd = 1,35 ⋅ 13,0 + 1,35 ⋅ 193,7 = 279,0 kNm
M z ,Sd = 1,35 ⋅ 15,0 = 20,3 kNm
ATF = 84 cm2
Wel,y = 4290 cm3
Wel,z = 842 cm3
N Sd M y ,Sd M z ,Sd
+ + ≤ 1,0 (EC 3- P 1: 6.2.1)
A TF ⋅ f y,d Wel, y ⋅ f y ,d Wel,z ⋅ f y ,d
6,1 279,0 ⋅ 100 20,3 ⋅ 100

+ + = 0,42 ≤ 1,0
84 ⋅ 23,5 / 1,1 4290 ⋅ 23,5 / 1,1 842 ⋅ 23,5 / 1,1
b) Verification for max Mz,Sd:
N Sd = −1,35 ⋅ 4,5 = 6,1 kN

M y, k = 82,0 ⋅ (0,0316 + 0,2420) ⋅ 7,0 = 157,0 kNm
M y,Sd = 1,35 ⋅ 13,0 + 1,35 ⋅ 157,0 = 229,5 kNm
max M z ,Sd = 1,35 ⋅ 21,5 = 29,03 kNm
ATF = 84 cm2
Wel,y = 4290 cm3
Wel,z = 842 cm3
N Sd M y ,Sd M z ,Sd
+ + ≤ 1,0 (EC 3- P 1: 6.2.1)
A TF ⋅ f y,d Wel, y ⋅ f y ,d Wel,z ⋅ f y ,d
6,1 229,5 ⋅ 100 29,03 ⋅ 100

+ + = 0,42 ≤ 1,0
84 ⋅ 23,5 / 1,1 4290 ⋅ 23,5 / 1,1 842 ⋅ 23,5 / 1,1
1RWH The cross-section properties of the rail are not taken into account though the
rail is rigid fixed.
25 of 36 2011-08-18
6XSSRUW
d/tw = 390/14,5 = 26,9 < 60 ⇒ Verification for shear buckling is not necessary
(EC 3- P 1: 5.1)
max Vz ,Sd = γ G G k + γ Q Q k = 1,35 ⋅ 7,7 + 1,35 ⋅ 134,7 = 192,2 kN

A V = 390 ⋅ 14,5 = 56,55 cm 2
fy / 3 235 / 3
Vz , Rd = A V ⋅ = 56,55 ⋅ = 697,5 kN > 192,2 kN (EC 3- P 1: 6.2.6)
γM 1,1
It is assumed that the horizontal loads are resisted by the top flange of the girder.
max Vy ,Sd = γ Q Q k = 1,35 ⋅ 14,6 = 19,7 kN

A V = A TV = 300 ⋅ 28 = 84,0 cm 2
fy / 3 235 / 3
Vy ,Rd = A V ⋅ = 84,0 ⋅ = 1036,1 kN > 19,7 kN (EC 3- P 1: 6.2.6)
γM 1,1
6KHDUUHVLVWDQFHGXHWRWRUVLRQ$QQH[*RI(XURFRGH3DUW
max M t ,Sd = 1,35 ⋅ 3,4 = 4,6 kN

M t ,Sd ⋅ t 4,6 ⋅ 2,8 ⋅ 100 kN f y / 3 kN
τ V ,Ed = = = 2,39 < = 12,3 2 (EC 3- P 1: 6.2.6)
It 538 cm 2
γM cm
Vpl,Rd =
(
Av ⋅ fy / 3 ) = 697,5 kN (EC 3- P 1: 6.2.6 (2))
γM
τ t ,Ed 2,39
Vpl,T ,Rd = 1 − ⋅Vpl,Rd = 1 − ⋅ 697,5 = 641,0 kN
( )
1,25 ⋅ f y / 3 / γ M 0 1,25 ⋅ 12,3
(EC 3- P 1: 6.2.7)
VEd = 192,2 kN ≤ 321,0 = 0,5 ⋅ Vpl,T ,Rd (EC 3- P 1: 6.2.8)
⇒ no interaction between shear and normal stresses necessary

0
26 of 36 2011-08-18
$[LDOIRUFHV
1RWH It is assumed that the horizontal loads are resisted by the top flange. The rail is
rigid fixed with clamps on the top flange. Therefore the net section properties
of the crane runway girder are considered. The cross-section properties of the
rail are not taken into account though the rail is rigid fixed.
N Sd = −1,35 ⋅ 4,5 = −6,1 kN
∆A = 2 ⋅ 21 ⋅ 28 = 11,8 cm 2
A TF,net = A TF − ∆A = 84,0 − 11,8 = 72,2 cm 2
N Sd
≤ 1,0 (EC 3- P 1: 6.2.4)
A TF,net ⋅ f y,d
6,1
= 0,004 ≤ 1,0
72,2 ⋅ 23,5 / 1,1
27 of 36 2011-08-18
5HVLVWDQFHRIWKHZHEWRWUDQVYHUVHIRUFHV
The resistance of the web to transverse forces is determined according to section 4.4 of
the draft of Eurocode 3 - Part 1.5: „Supplementary rules for planar plated structures
without transverse loading“.
s s = 2 ⋅ h + 50 = 2 ⋅ (0,75 ⋅ 65) + 50 = 14,75 cm

h w = 500 − 2 ⋅ 28 = 444 mm
k f = 6,0 + 2,0 ⋅ (h w / a ) 2 = 6,0 + 2 ⋅ (44,4 / 700) 2 = 6,0 (EC 3- P 5: 6.1 (4))
0,9 ⋅ k f ⋅ E ⋅ t 3w 0,9 ⋅ 6,0 ⋅ 21000 ⋅ 1,45

3
Fcr = = = 7786,4 kN (EC 3- P 5: 6.4 (1))

hw 44,4
f yf ⋅ b f 235 ⋅ 300
m1 = = = 20,7 (EC 3- P 5: 6.5 (1))
f yw ⋅ t w 235 ⋅ 14,5
2 2
h   444 
m 2 = 0,02 ⋅  w  = 0,02 ⋅   = 5,0 (EC 3- P 5: 6.5 (1))
t
 f   28
[ ] [
l y = s s + 2 ⋅ t f ⋅ 1 + m 1 + m 2 = 14,75 + 2 ⋅ 1,45 ⋅ 1 + 20,7 + 5,0 = 32,4 cm]
(EC 3- P 5: 6.5 (2))
l y ⋅ t w ⋅ f yw 32,4 ⋅ 1,45 ⋅ 23,5

λF = = = 0,38 < 0,5 ⇒ κ F = 1 (EC 3- P 5: 6.4 (1))
Fcr 7786,4
⇒ l eff = κ F ⋅ l y = 1,0 ⋅ 32,4 = 32,4 cm (EC 3- P 5: 6.2)
FRd = l eff ⋅ t w ⋅ f yw = 32,4 ⋅ 1,45 ⋅ 23,5 = 1104,0 kN (EC 3- P 5: 6.2)

FSd = γ Q ⋅ Q r ,max = 1,35 ⋅ 82,0 = 110,7 kN
FSd < FRd
28 of 36 2011-08-18
)DWLJXH
*HQHUDO
According to 9.1.4 of Eurocode 3 - Part 6 no fatigue assessment is necessary, if the

number of load cycles with more than 50 % of the full payload is smaller than 10000
cycles.
In the design example this condition is not fulfilled, so that a fatigue check is necessary.
The fatigue assessment is carried out for the crane runway girder on the basis of
nominal stress ranges.
∆σ c
γ Ff ∆σ E 2 ≤ (EC 3- P 9: 8 (2))
γ Mf
∆σ E 2 = λ ⋅ Φ fat ⋅ ∆σ P (EC 3- P 6: 9.4.1 (4))
γ Ff = 1,0 (EC 3- P 6: 9.3 (1))
γ Mf = 1,15 (EC 3- P 9: Table 3.1)
Provided that the crane is classified into loading class S6 the following values are
obtained from Eurocode 1 – Part 3:
λ = 0,794 for normal stresses (EC 1- P 3: Table 2.12)

λ = 0,871 for shear stresses (EC 1- P 3: Table 2.12)
Φ fat = 1,1 (EC 1- P 3: 2.12.1 (7))
In the design example the stresses ∆σ E 2 are direct calculated with the following fatigue
loads:
for normal stresses:

Q e ,i = λ ⋅ Φ fat ⋅ Q max,i = 0,794 ⋅ 1,1 ⋅ 70,0 = 61,1 kN (EC 1- P 3: 2.12.1 (4))
for shear stresses:

Q e ,i = λ ⋅ Φ fat ⋅ Q max,i = 0,871 ⋅ 1,1 ⋅ 70,0 = 67,1 kN (EC 1- P 3: 2.12.1 (4))
29 of 36 2011-08-18
'HWDLOFDWHJRULHV
The runway beam is checked for the following detail categories which were obtained
from Eurocode 3 - Part 9 (Tab. 8.1, 8.2, 8.10).
Detail category Constructional detail Amendments
Verification of normal
125 stresses in the runway
beam.
Verification of normal
80 stresses in the runway
beam.
Verification of shear
80
stresses in the web.
Verification of vertical
stresses in the web due
160
to wheel loads.
(Eurocode 3 - Part 6)
30 of 36 2011-08-18
3RLQW
9HULILFDWLRQRIWKHFURVVVHFWLRQ
a) Selfweight
M y = 13,0 kNm
b) Wheel loads
max M y = Q e ,i ⋅ (η1 + η 2 ) ⋅ l = 61,1 ⋅ (0,242 + 0,0952) ⋅ 7,0 = 144,2 kNm

min M y = 0,0 kNm
Normal stresses at the top flange
Detail category 80 (due to the net section properties by clamps)
144,2 + 13,0 kN
max σ x = = 3,7
4290,0 cm 2
0,0 + 13,0 kN
min σ x = = 0,3 2
4290,0 cm
kN
∆σ E 2 = 3,7 − 0,3 = 3,4
cm 2
8,0 kN
∆σ c = = 7,0 2
1,15 cm
∆σ E 2 < ∆σ c
Normal stresses at the lower flange
Detail category 125
144,2 + 13,0 kN
max σ x = = 3,7
4290,0 cm 2
0,0 + 13,0 kN
min σ x = = 0,3 2
4290,0 cm
kN
∆σ E 2 = 3,7 − 0,3 = 3,4
cm 2
12,5 kN
∆σ c = = 10,9
1,15 cm 2
∆σ E 2 < ∆σ c
31 of 36 2011-08-18
6KHDUVWUHVVHV
a) Selfweight
Vz = 1,4 kN
kN
τ xz ≈ 0
cm 2
b) Wheel loads
max Vz = Q e ,i ⋅ (η1 + η 2 ) = 67,1 ⋅ (0,589 + 0,232) = 55,1 kN

min Vz = Q e ,i ⋅ (η1 + η 2 ) = 67,1 ⋅ (−0,054 − 0,411) = −31,2 kN
55,1 kN
max τ xz = = 0,9 2
44,4 ⋅ 1,45 cm
− 31,2 kN
min τ xz = = −0,5 2
44,4 ⋅ 1,45 cm
c) Local shear stresses in the web due to wheel loads
d r = 0,75 ⋅ h r + t f + r = 0,75 ⋅ 65 + 28 + 27 = 104 mm (EC 3- P 6: 7.5.2 (1))

b eff = b fr + d r = 150 + 104 = 254 mm < b = 300 mm (EC 3- P 6: 7.5.2 (2))
t 3f ⋅ b eff 2,8 ⋅ 25,4
3
I f ,eff = = = 46,5 cm 4 (EC 3- P 6: 7.5.2 (2))

12 12
I r = 136 cm 4 (25 % wear, see “Petersen Stahlbau”, page 1360) (EC 3- P 6: 6.2.1 (13))
I rf = I r + I f ,eff = 136 + 46,5 = 182,5 cm 4
(EC 3- P 6: 7.5.2 (2))
1 1
l eff = 3,25 ⋅ [I rf / t w ] 3 = 3,25 ⋅ [182,5 / 1,45] 3 = 16,3 cm (EC 3- P 6: 7.5.2 (2))

Fz 67,1 kN
σ⊥ = = = 2,8 (EC 3- P 6: 7.5.2 (1))
l eff ⋅ t w 16,3 ⋅ 1,45 cm 2
kN
τ || = 0,2 ⋅ σ ⊥ = 0,2 ⋅ 2,8 = 0,6
cm 2
kN
max τ || = 0,9 + 0,6 = 1,5
cm 2
kN
min τ || = −0,5 − 0,6 = −1,1
cm 2
kN
∆τ E 2 = 1,5 + 1,1 = 2,6
cm 2
8,0 kN
∆τ c = = 6,4
1,25 cm 2
∆τ E 2 < ∆τ c
32 of 36 2011-08-18
'LUHFWVWUHVVHV
a) Local stresses in the web due to wheel loads
l eff = 16,3 cm (EC 3- P 6: 7.5.2 (2))

Fz 61,1 kN
σ⊥ = = = 2,6 (EC 3- P 6: 7.5.2 (1))
l eff ⋅ t w 16,3 ⋅ 1,45 cm 2
b) Local stresses in the web due to bending
TSd = Fz ,d ⋅ e y = 61,1 ⋅ 0,01375 = 0,84 kNm (EC 3- P 6: 9.4.2.2 (1))
a = 700,0 cm
d w = 50,0 − 2 ⋅ 2,8 = 44,4 cm
t w = 1,45 cm
1
I t ≈ ⋅ 30,0 ⋅ 2,8 3 = 220 cm 4
3
0,5
 0,75 a t 3w sinh 2 (π d w / a ) 
η= ⋅  (EC 3- P 6: 9.4.2.2 (1))
 It sinh(2 π d w / a ) − 2 π d w / a 
0, 5
 0,75 ⋅ 700 ⋅ 1,45 3 sinh 2 (π ⋅ 44,4 / 700) 
= ⋅  = 5,247
 220 sinh(2 ⋅ π ⋅ 44,4 / 700) − 2 ⋅ π ⋅ 44,4 / 700 
6 TSd
σ T ,Ed = ⋅ η ⋅ tanh (η) (EC 3- P 6: 9.4.2.2 (1))
a t 2w
6 ⋅ 0,84 ⋅ 100 kN
= ⋅ 5,247 ⋅ tanh (5,247) = 1,8
700 ⋅ 1,45 2
cm 2
kN
max σ T ,Sd = 1,8 + 1,8 = 3,6
cm 2
kN
min σ T ,Sd = 1,8 − 1,8 = 0
cm 2
kN
⇒ max ∆ σ E = 3,6
cm 2
16,0 kN
∆ σc = = 12,8
1,25 cm 2
∆σ E < ∆σ c
33 of 36 2011-08-18
3 5
   
 γ ⋅ ∆σ   γ ⋅ ∆τ 
 Ff E2 
+  Ff E2 
≤ 1,0 (EC 3- P 9: 8 (3))
 ∆σ c   ∆τ c 
 γ   γ 
 Mf   Mf 
3 5
   
1,0 ⋅ 3,6  1,0 ⋅ 2,6 
  +  = 0,033 ≤ 1,0
 16,0   8,0 
 1,25   1,25 
34 of 36 2011-08-18
6XSSRUW
6KHDUVWUHVVHV
a) Selfweight
Vz = −7,7 kN
− 7,7 kN
τ xz = = −0,1 2
44,4 ⋅ 1,45 cm
b) Wheel loads
max Vz = Q e ,i ⋅ (η1 + η 2 ) = 67,1 ⋅ 0,0 = 0,0 kN

min Vz = Q e ,i ⋅ (η1 + η 2 ) = 67,1 ⋅ (−1,0 − 0,6428) = −110,2 kN
0,0 kN
max τ xz = = 0,0
44,4 ⋅ 1,45 cm 2
− 110,2 kN
min τ xz = = −1,7
44,4 ⋅ 1,45 cm 2
c) Local shear stresses in the web due to wheel loads
1 1
l eff = 3,25 ⋅ [I rf / t w ] = 3,25 ⋅ [182,5 / 1,45] = 16,3 cm

3 3
(EC 3- P 6: 7.5.2 (2))
Fz 67,1 kN
σ⊥ = = = 2,8 (EC 3- P 6: 7.5.2 (1))
l eff ⋅ t w 16,3 ⋅ 1,45 cm 2
kN
τ xz = 0,2 ⋅ σ ⊥ = 0,2 ⋅ 2,8 = 0,6
cm 2
kN
max τ xz = 0,0 + 0,6 = 0,6
cm 2
kN
min τ xz = −1,7 − 0,6 = −2,3
cm 2
kN
∆τ E 2 = 0,6 + 2,3 = 2,9
cm 2
8,0 kN
∆τ c = = 6,4
1,25 cm 2
∆τ E 2 < ∆τ c
35 of 36 2011-08-18
'LUHFWVWUHVVHV
a) Local stresses in the web due to wheel loads
l eff = 16,3 cm (EC 3- P 6: 7.5.2 (2))

kN
σ ⊥ = 2,6 , see 6.3.2.2 (a) (EC 3- P 6: 7.5.2 (1))
cm 2
b) Local stresses in the web due to bending
kN
σ T ,Ed = 1,8 , see 6.3.2.2 (b) (EC 3- P 6: 9.4.2.2 (1))
cm 2
kN
σ T ,Ed = 1,8
cm 2
kN
max σ T ,Sd = 1,8 + 1,8 = 3,6
cm 2
kN
min σ T ,Sd = 1,8 − 1,8 = 0
cm 2
kN
⇒ max ∆ σ E = 3,6
cm 2
16,0 kN
∆ σc = = 12,8
1,25 cm 2
∆σ E < ∆σ c
3 5
   
 γ ⋅ ∆σ   γ ⋅ ∆τ 
 Ff E2 
+  Ff E2 
≤ 1,0 (EC 3- P 9: 8 (3))
 ∆σ c   ∆τ c 
 γ   γ 
 Mf   Mf 
3 5
   
1,0 ⋅ 3,6  1,0 ⋅ 2,9 
  +  = 0,041 ≤ 1,0
 16,0   8,0 
 1,25   1,25 
36 of 36 2011-08-18

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Prof. Dr.-Ing. G. Sedlacek

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Span length of the crane bridge: 15,00 m

The following mechanical properties are defined for the crane:

Self-weight of the crane Qc1 : 60,0 kN

ϕ1 = 1,1 (upper value of the vibrational pulses) (EC 1- P 3: Table 2.4)

Hoisting class of the crane: HC 3

ϕ3 = 1,00 (EC 1- P 3: Table 2.4)

ϕ4 = 1,00 (EC 1- P 3: Table 2.4)

ϕ5 = 1,50 (EC 1- P 3: Table 2.6)

weight of the crane.

a) Load group 1,2

ϕ = 1,1: ⇒ Q C1,k = 1,1 ⋅ 60,0 = 66,0 kN

b) Load group 3,4,5,6

ϕ = 1,0: ⇒ Q c1,k = 1,0 ⋅ 60,0 = 60,0 kN

Qh,nom = nominal hoist load

ϕ = 1,1: ⇒ Q c1,k = 1,1 ⋅ 60,0 = 66,0 kN

⇒ Q c 2,k = 1,1 ⋅10,0 = 11,0 kN

ϕ = 1,2: ⇒ Q h ,k = 1,2 ⋅100,0 = 120,0 kN

ϕ = 1,1: ⇒ Q c1,k = 1,1 ⋅ 60,0 = 66,0 kN

ϕ = 1,0: ⇒ Q h ,k = 1,0 ⋅100,0 = 100,0 kN

c) Load group 4,5,6

ϕ = 1,0: ⇒ Q c1,k = 1,0 ⋅ 60,0 = 60,0 kN

ϕ = 1,0: ⇒ Q h ,k = 1,0 ⋅100,0 = 100,0 kN

In this section the following horizontal loads are calculated:

Friction factor:  = 0,2 (EC 1- P 3: 2.7.3(4))

Number of single wheel drivers: mw = 2

K = µ ⋅ ∑ Q *r ,min = 0,2 ⋅ 30,0 = 6,0 kN (EC 1- P 3: 2.7.3(3))

Number of runway beams: nR = 2

∑ Q =∑ Qr r , max + ∑ Q r ,(max) = 140,0 + 30,0 = 170,0 kN (EC 1- P 3: 2.7.2(3))

ξ2 = 1 − ξ1 = 0,18 (EC 1- P 3: 2.7.2(3))

lS = (ξ1 − 0,5)⋅ l = (0,83 − 0,5)⋅ 15,0 = 4,95 m (EC 1- P 3: 2.7.2(3))

M = K ⋅ l S = 6,0 ⋅ 4,95 = 29,7 kNm (EC 1- P 3: 2.7.2(3))

(a) Distance ei of the wheel pair i from the guidance means

e1 = 0 as flanged wheels are used

(b) Combination of wheel pairs: IFF

λ S,1,L = λ S, 2,L = 0 (EC 1- P 3: Table 2.9)

for wheel pair 1:

for wheel pair 2:

H S,1,L = f ⋅ λS,1,L ⋅ ∑ Q r = 0 (EC 1- P 3: 2.7.4(1))

S = f ⋅ λS ⋅ ∑ Q r = 0,248 ⋅ 0,5 ⋅ 170,0 = 21,1 kN (EC 1- P 3: 2.7.4(1))

for wheel pair 1:

H S,1,1,T = f ⋅ λS,1,1,T ⋅ ∑ Q r = 0,248 ⋅ 0,09 ⋅ 170,0 = 3,8 kN (EC 1- P 3: 2.7.4(1))

⇒ H S,1,T = S − H S,1,1,T = 17,3 kN

for wheel pair 2:

H S,1, 2,T = f ⋅ λS,1, 2,T ⋅ ∑ Q r = 0,248 ⋅ 0 ⋅ 170,0 = 0 kN (EC 1- P 3: 2.7.4(1))

H T ,3 = 0,1 ⋅ (10,0 + 100,0 ) = 11,0 kN (EC 1- P 3: 2.7.5)

Q e ,i = ϕ fat ⋅ λ i ⋅ Q max,i (EC 1- P 3: 2.12.1(4))

Assumption: crane is classified in class S6:

λ i = 0,794 for normal stresses (EC 1- P 3: Table 2.12)

For normal stresses:

For shear stresses:

Single-span girder with fork-support, length: l = 7,00 m

A [cm2] Iy [cm4] Iz [cm4] Wel,y [cm3] Wel,z [cm3]

Area of the flange: AF = 300$28,0 = 84,0 cm2

Cross-section properties of the rail A55:

A [cm2] Iy [cm4] Iz [cm4]

The cross-section is classified into class 1.

Load position for the maximum bending moment:

Qr,max 2,50 Qr,max

gk = 1,873 + 0,318 = 2,2 kN

6800$5<2)7+(&5$1($&7,216

ϕ = 1,1: ⇒ Q C1,k = 1,1 ⋅ 60,0 = 66,0 kN

ϕ = 1,0: ⇒ Q c1,k = 1,0 ⋅ 60,0 = 60,0 kN

ϕ = 1,1: ⇒ Q c1,k = 1,1 ⋅ 60,0 = 66,0 kN

ϕ = 1,2: ⇒ Q h ,k = 1,2 ⋅100,0 = 120,0 kN

ϕ = 1,1: ⇒ Q c1,k = 1,1 ⋅ 60,0 = 66,0 kN

ϕ = 1,0: ⇒ Q h ,k = 1,0 ⋅100,0 = 100,0 kN

ϕ = 1,0: ⇒ Q c1,k = 1,0 ⋅ 60,0 = 60,0 kN

ϕ = 1,0: ⇒ Q h ,k = 1,0 ⋅100,0 = 100,0 kN

Friction factor: = 0,2 (EC 1- P 3: 2.7.3(4))