[ Chapter 4
~ 1 231
the applied tensile force will tend to reduce the
joint clamping force established when the bolts
were pre-tensioned. The joint clamping force
must not be permitted to fall to a point where it
no longer provides enough friction to support the
shear load. Figure 4.49 illustrates exactly this kind
of situation. It shows the arrangement of a bracket
for supporting a large horizontal water pipe from
a concrete wall in the basement of a multi-storey
building which your company is designing.
There are a number of these brackets to be
fabricated. They will be placed at intervals of 10.0
m along the length of the pipe, and fastened to the
concrete wall by means of bolts fitted into
expanding bolt anchors. The anchors do not
perform well when the bolts are subject to lateral
forces, hence the need for a friction joint. Details
of the bolts and anchors are shown in Figure 4.50.
Notice that a fibre washer is being proposed for
insertion onto each bolt between the wall and the
plate.
Notes
9 As long as a reasonable a m o u n t of
compression is maintained in the washer, it
behaves in an approximately linear elastic
fashion with a Young's Modulus of 550 MPa.
9 Compressive stress in the fibre washer may
be taken as being approximately uniform over
the m i n i m u m of the two contact areas
between the washer and its neighbours.
Figure 4.49 Sketch of Pipe Support Bracket, dimensions are mm (not to scale)
9 The coefficient of friction between the
compressed fibre material and steel is ~ -
0.6. Between the compressed fibre material
and concrete the value is greater than this.
9 The plate may be taken to be rigid.
4.5.2 The design problem
(a) Calculate the vertical and horizontal support
reactions acting on this pipe bracket in
service. Describe which part of the bracket
(bolts, plate, washers) each of these external
reactions acts on, and with what type of force
(shear, tensile, bearing). Hence evaluate the
external force imposed on each bolt of this
bolted joint.
(b)Assuming that you require the vertical
friction force which can be supported by the
friction joint to be always greater than the
vertical force which is imposed on it by a
factor of at least 3.0, calculate the minimum
allowable joint force, FjM/x (on aper bolt basis).
(c) Develop an expression for the required initial
bolt force, F~i, on the basis ofFjMi,,..
(d)By manipulating Equation (4.8) and the
expression from (c) above, estimate the
maximum tensile force experienced by the
bolt, F~.~t-L,(.Hence select an appropriate size
for the bolt from the table below, using a
factor of safety Fa =4.0.
 Design of mechanical connections .
2321
(e) Calculate the actual stiffnesses of the bolt and
the gasket. Calculate the initial bolt force, FI,~.
C o m m e n t on the effect of" the relative
magnitudes ofkj, and k~. On the basis of these
results, do you think the inclusion of washers
was worthwhile?
(t) If this water pipe were to be frequently
emptied and filled with water (say, several
times a day), the fatigue life of the bolts might
need to be considered. What measures could
be used to reduce the susceptibility of these
bolts to fatigue failure?
(g) Estimate (to within 20%) the torque required F~gure 4.50 Detail of Bolted joint (not to scale)
to pre-tighten the bolts. Refer to Section
4.2.7(c) for an appropriate method.
(h)Fillet welds are required in three different
locations on the pipe bracket, as shown in
Figure 4.49. Basing calculations on an
arbitrary but reasonable size for these fillets
Of hA = hB = hc = 4mm, decide on the
required effective length of each weld, r,:q,
gin, and ~acc..Use the approach given in Section
4.4 and summarised in Section 4.4.8.

Table 4,5 Data for 'Unbrako' socket head Cap Screws

Thread Shank Stress Tensile Yield

Pitch B A Area Area r Strength ] Strength
Size m m t tl t 11
m
I
t l i

I11t11: in,l" MPa t,'.\ '! MPa kN i,

. . . . . . . . . . .
9 . . . . .

M6 1.0 6.0 10.0 28.3 20.1 1240 24.9 1115 22.4

. . . . . . : . . . . .
. . . . . . . -
. . . . . . . . . . . .
i

M8 1.25 8.0 I3.0 50.3 36.6 1240 45.4 1115 40.8

MIO 1.5 10.0 I6.0 78.5 58.O 1240 71.9 1115 64.7
. . . . . . . .

M12 1.75 12.0 18.0 113.0 84.~ I240 105 1115 94

t . . . . .

M14 2.0 I4.0 21.0 154.0 ' 115.0 I240 I43 1115 128
- _ -, ,,

M16 2.0 16.0 24.0 201.0 I57.0 1240 195 1115 I75
] . . . .
_

. . . . . . . . . . .
I i

M20 2.5 20.0 30.0 314.0 245.0 1240 304 i 1115 273 ,
i

M24 3.0 24.0 36.0 452.0 353.0 1240 438 1115 394
.. ,., ,.

M30 3.5 30.0 45.0 707.0 561.0 1240 696 1115 626
. ,
. . . . . . I . .

M36 4.0 36.0 1. . . 54.0

. . . . . i . 1018.0 817.0 1240 1010 1115 910
~ . . . . . . . .
. . . . l, . i '1

B - shank diameter; A - Head diameter

I Chapter4
~ 1 133
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