Sudan University of Science And Technology

College of Petroleum Engineering and Technology

Department of Transportation and Rifining Engineering
Course Tile: Pipeline Corrosion Exam duration
Final Exam M.Sc/2nd Semester 03.00 hrs

Given: R= 8.31441joule mole 1 K 1, F = 96500 C.mol-1

Question-1:

Define the following in not more than two lines:

1. Corrosion in chemistry science.

2. Electrode.
3. Passivation.
4. Polarizability

Question-2:

Select ONE correct answer from the following multiple choice answers.

1. Electrochemical corrosion takes place on,

A. Anodic area
B. Cathodic area
C. Near cathode
D. Near anode

2. Which of following metals could provide cathodic protection to Fe?

A. Al & Cu
B. Al & Zn
C. Zn & Cu
D. Al & Ni

3. Process of corrosion enhanced by,

A. AIR & Moisture
B. Electrolytes in water
C. Metallic impurities
D. Gases like CO2 & SO2
E. All of above

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4. Acidic media are more corrosive than _________ and neutral media.
A. Less acidic
B. Alkaline
C. Inert
D. Non-reactive

5. Which of the following metal does not resists the corrosion process?
A. Ni
B. Cu
C. Pb
D. Fe

6. Required potential for protecting metal / alloy can be obtained from its _______.
A. Potential current curve.
B. Protecting curve.
C. Potential curve.
D. None of above.

7. Corrosion process is nothing but ________.

A. Reduction
B. Oxidation
C. Protection
D. None of above

8. More active metal used in sacrificial anodic protection method is known as,
A. Sacrificial anode
B. Sacrificial cathode
C. Active anode
D. Active cathode

9. . _________ is the process of coating Fe or steel with a zinc coating.

A. Tinning
B. Hot dipping
C. Galvanizing
D. None of above

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 10. Zn is more ________ than Fe.
A. Electronegative
B. Corrosive
C. Electropositive
D. None of above

Question-3:

1) Write cell reactions for the electrochemical cells given below in standard notation. Using
the data in the table of reduction potentials, calculate E° for each reaction.
a) Al(s) | Al3+ (aq) || Sn2+ (aq) | Sn(s)
b) Pt(s) | Fe2+ (aq), Fe3+ (aq) || Ag+(aq) | Ag(s)

2) Consider the following half-reactions and half-cell potentials:

Ag+ (aq) + e– → Ag(s) E° = +0.80 V
Cu2+ (aq) + 2e– → Cu(s) E° = +0.34 V
Pb2+ (aq) + 2e– → Pb(s) E° = –0.13 V

Answer the following questions;

a) Which of the metals Ag, Cu and Pb is the strongest oxidizing agent, and which the
strongest reducing agent?
b) The half-cells can be used to construct three different voltaic cells.
i. Which cell delivers the highest voltage?
ii. Which metal electrode is the anode and which is the cathode?
iii. In which direction do the electrons travel?

Question 4:

1) Calculate the corrosion rate for an alloy AISI as below composition in (mpy);

Metal Wt% n (density) Molar mass

ρ g/cm3 (g/mole)
Cr 18 1 7.1 52.01
Ni 8 2 8.9 58.68
Mo 4 1 10.2 95.95
Fe 70 2 7.86 55.8

2) Use the Nernst Equation and the table of standard reduction potentials to calculate Ecell
for each of the following cells:

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 a) Al(s) | Al3+ (0.18 M) || Fe2+ (0.85 M) | Fe(s)
b) Ag(s) | Ag+ (0.34 M) || Cl2(g, 0.55 atm) | Cl– (0.098 M) | Pt(s)

Question 5:

Answer the following questions;

1) Differentiate between the cathodic and anodic protections.

2) List the two types of coating protection.
3) List the types of the electrochemical cells.
4) Give two examples for each wet and dry corrosion.

Unit conversion table:

mA cm-2 mm year-1 mpy g m-2 day-1

mA cm-2 1 3.28 M/nd 129 M/nd 8.95 M/n

mm year-1 0.306 nd/M 1 39.4 2.74 d

mpy 0.00777 nd/M 0.0254 1 0.0694 d

g m-2 day-1 0.112 n/M 0.365 /d 14.4 /d 1

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List of equations and models

Ecell = E Cathode – E Anode [𝐶]𝑐 [𝐷]𝑑

𝑄=
[𝐴]𝑎 [𝐵]𝑏
Eooxidation= - Eoreduction [𝐶]𝑐 [𝐷]𝑑
𝑄 = 𝑘𝑐 =
[𝐴]𝑎 [𝐵]𝑏

Ecell = Eocell - (RT/nF) ln Q 𝑎𝑐 𝑎𝑑

𝑄 = 𝑘𝑎 =
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑏
Pilling–Bedworth Ratio=Md/nmD 𝜇 𝑖 −𝜇 𝑖∅
𝑎𝑖 = 𝑒 𝑅𝑇

Δ G = − n×F×E 𝑏𝑖 𝑐𝑖 𝑝𝑖
𝑎𝑖 = 𝛾𝑥,𝑖 𝑥𝑖 = 𝛾𝑤,𝑖 𝑤𝑖 = 𝛾𝑏,𝑖 = 𝛾𝑐,𝑖 = 𝛾𝑝,𝑖
𝑏∅ 𝑐∅ 𝑝∅

Δ G= Δ G o +RT ln Q 𝑜
[𝐶]𝑐 [𝐷]𝑑
∆𝐺 = ∆𝐺 + 𝑅𝑇 𝑙𝑛
[𝐴]𝑎 [𝐵]𝑏

1 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑
𝑝𝐻 = − log10 𝑎𝐻 + = log10 ( ) ∆𝐺 = ∆𝐺 𝑜 + 𝑅𝑇 𝑙𝑛
𝑎𝐻 + 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎𝑏

𝑀
𝑅𝑀 = 𝑖 (𝑔𝑚. 𝑑𝑎𝑦 −1 )
𝑛. 𝐹. 𝜌 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟

𝑀 𝑀 1
𝑅𝑀 = 𝑖 (𝑔𝑚. 𝑑𝑎𝑦 −1 ) 𝑅𝑀 = × 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟 (𝑔𝑚. 𝑚−2 𝑑𝑎𝑦 −1 )
𝑛. 𝐹. 𝜌 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝑛. 𝐹. 𝜌 𝐴

i = Q/t Q = it
it M it M 1
𝑅𝑀 = × (gm. day −1 ) 𝑅𝑀 = × × (gm. day −1 . m−2 )
F n F n A
𝑀 fj × Mj
𝑒𝑞𝑢 = 𝜌 𝑒𝑞𝑢 = ρ
𝑛 nj

Ke = kf/ kb = (cb/ ca)e vf = kf aA = kf cA

vb = kb ab = kb cb
vnet = vf - vb = (kf cA)e – (kb cb)e
k = f (1/T) = A e(-Ea/RT) lnk=ln(Ae−Ea/RT)=lnA+ln(e−Ea/RT)
lnk=lnA+−Ea/RT=(−Ea/R)(1/T)+lnA lnk=−Ea/RT+lnA
Ea = H - TS = G k = AeG/RT
∆𝐺 ∗ ∆𝑆 ∗ ∆𝐻∗  =  - e
𝑙𝑛𝐾 = − = −
𝑅𝑇 𝑅 𝑅𝑇

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 i = ic - ia
i = io exp (- α nF/RT) ) − io exp((1− α)(nF/RT) )
ia= io exp[(1-α)nF/RT) ] ic= io exp [(- α nF/RT) ]

vc=kcCox=[ 𝑘𝑜 𝑒 −𝐺𝑐,𝑜 /𝑅𝑇 ]𝑐𝑜𝑥


𝐺𝑐,  = 𝐺𝑐,𝑜
 −  𝑛𝐹
va=kaCred= 𝑘𝑜 𝑒
 /𝑅𝑇
−𝐺𝑎𝑜 
]𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑑

Vc=𝑘 𝑜 𝑒 −𝐺𝑐,𝑜

]𝑒 −𝑛𝐹/𝑅𝑇 . 𝐶𝑜𝑥
//RT 𝐺𝑎,  = 𝐺𝑎,𝑜
 + 1 𝑛𝐹

𝐺𝑐,  = 𝐺𝑐,𝑜
 −  𝑛𝐹  1− 𝑛𝐹
Va= [𝑘 𝑜 𝑒 −𝐺𝑎,𝑜 //RT]𝑒 𝑅𝑇 . 𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑥

Vc = kc 𝐶𝑀 𝑛+ 𝐺𝑎,  = 𝐺𝑎,𝑜
 + 1 𝑛𝐹
 
Vc = [𝑘 𝑜 𝑒 −𝐺𝑐,𝑜 Va = ka 𝐶𝑀
//RT −𝑛𝐹/𝑅𝑇
]𝑒 . 𝐶𝑜𝑥

 enF/RT  𝐶 
inet = nFAKo [𝐶𝑜𝑥  1− 𝑛𝐹
𝑟𝑒𝑑 Va= [𝑘 𝑜 𝑒 −𝐺𝑎,𝑜 //RT]𝑒 𝑅𝑇 . 𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑥
e(1-)nF/RT]  (the Transfer coefficient) =  (Gc)/ 
(Ga)
(Cox/Cred)-equi=𝑒 −𝑛𝐹 𝑒 /𝑅𝑇 ∗
𝐶𝑜𝑥 e-nF/RT = 𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑑
∗
. e-(1-)nF/RT

e,cell  [a + c ]corr ie = ic,e = nFAKo Cox 𝑒 −𝑛𝐹𝑒 /𝑅𝑇

icorr =
R soln
i
c, corr = corr - c, e = - c log
i cor corr == c, e - c =log+ cor log icor
 a, corr corr a, e i o a,c
i o ,c i o ,a
i cor
corr = c, e  c log corr = a, e + a log
i cor
i o ,c i o ,a

𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟 =
1 a c  di
i cor 1 𝑎 𝑐  i
corr 2.3
= 𝑎 +a,ec +da log 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟 =
2.3 𝑎 + 𝑐 
i o ,a
𝐶 𝑑𝑖 𝐶 𝐶
𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟 = 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟 = 𝐶 = =
𝑅𝑝 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑖 𝑅𝑃
𝑐 𝑎
𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟 = 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑟 𝑟 =
2.3𝑅𝑝 2.3𝑅𝑝