Chapter 05

Chapter 5
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ISBN: 0-07-869132-X Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Chapter 5 Resource Masters
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 XXX 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04
Contents
Vocabulary Builder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii-x Lesson 5-7
Study Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Lesson 5-1 Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Study Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Lesson 5-8
Study Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Lesson 5-2 Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Study Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Chapter 5 Assessment
Chapter 5 Test, Form 1A . . . . . . . . . . . . 205-206
Lesson 5-3 Chapter 5 Test, Form 1B . . . . . . . . . . . . 207-208
Study Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Chapter 5 Test, Form 1C . . . . . . . . . . . . 209-210
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Chapter 5 Test, Form 2A . . . . . . . . . . . . 211-212
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Chapter 5 Test, Form 2B . . . . . . . . . . . . 213-214
Chapter 5 Test, Form 2C . . . . . . . . . . . . 215-216
Lesson 5-4 Chapter 5 Extended Response
Study Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Chapter 5 Mid-Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Chapter 5 Quizzes A & B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Chapter 5 Quizzes C & D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Lesson 5-5 Chapter 5 SAT and ACT Practice . . . . . 221-222
Study Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Chapter 5 Cumulative Review . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
SAT and ACT Practice Answer Sheet,
Lesson 5-6 10 Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A1
Study Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 SAT and ACT Practice Answer Sheet,
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 20 Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A2
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 ANSWERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A3-A17
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill iii Advanced Mathematical Concepts

A Teacher’s Guide to Using the
Chapter 5 Resource Masters
The Fast File Chapter Resource system allows you to conveniently file the
resources you use most often. The Chapter 5 Resource Masters include the core
materials needed for Chapter 5. These materials include worksheets, extensions,
and assessment options. The answers for these pages appear at the back of this
booklet.
All of the materials found in this booklet are included for viewing and printing in
the Advanced Mathematical Concepts TeacherWorks CD-ROM.
Vocabulary Builder Pages vii-x include a Practice There is one master for each lesson.
student study tool that presents the key These problems more closely follow the
vocabulary terms from the chapter. Students are structure of the Practice section of the Student
to record definitions and/or examples for each Edition exercises. These exercises are of
term. You may suggest that students highlight or average difficulty.
star the terms with which they are not familiar.
When to Use These provide additional
When to Use Give these pages to students practice options or may be used as homework
before beginning Lesson 5-1. Remind them to for second day teaching of the lesson.
add definitions and examples as they complete
each lesson.
Enrichment There is one master for each

lesson. These activities may extend the concepts
Study Guide There is one Study Guide in the lesson, offer a historical or multicultural
master for each lesson. look at the concepts, or widen students’
perspectives on the mathematics they are
When to Use Use these masters as learning. These are not written exclusively
reteaching activities for students who need for honors students, but are accessible for use
additional reinforcement. These pages can also
with all levels of students.
be used in conjunction with the Student Edition
as an instructional tool for those students who When to Use These may be used as extra
have been absent. credit, short-term projects, or as activities for
days when class periods are shortened.
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill iv Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Assessment Options Intermediate Assessment
The assessment section of the Chapter 5 • A Mid-Chapter Test provides an option to
Resources Masters offers a wide range of assess the first half of the chapter. It is
assessment tools for intermediate and final composed of free-response questions.
assessment. The following lists describe each • Four free-response quizzes are included to
assessment master and its intended use. offer assessment at appropriate intervals in
the chapter.
Chapter Assessments Continuing Assessment

• The SAT and ACT Practice offers
Chapter Tests
continuing review of concepts in various
• Forms 1A, 1B, and 1C Form 1 tests contain formats, which may appear on standardized
multiple-choice questions. Form 1A is tests that they may encounter. This practice
intended for use with honors-level students, includes multiple-choice, quantitative-
Form 1B is intended for use with average- comparison, and grid-in questions. Bubble-
level students, and Form 1C is intended for in and grid-in answer sections are provided
use with basic-level students. These tests
on the master.
are similar in format to offer comparable
testing situations. • The Cumulative Review provides students
an opportunity to reinforce and retain skills
• Forms 2A, 2B, and 2C Form 2 tests are as they proceed through their study of
composed of free-response questions. Form advanced mathematics. It can also be used
2A is intended for use with honors-level as a test. The master includes free-response
students, Form 2B is intended for use with
questions.
average-level students, and Form 2C is
intended for use with basic-level students.
These tests are similar in format to offer
comparable testing situations. Answers
• Page A1 is an answer sheet for the SAT and
All of the above tests include a challenging ACT Practice questions that appear in the
Bonus question. Student Edition on page 341. Page A2 is an
• The Extended Response Assessment answer sheet for the SAT and ACT Practice
includes performance assessment tasks that master. These improve students’ familiarity
are suitable for all students. A scoring with the answer formats they may
rubric is included for evaluation guidelines. encounter in test taking.
Sample answers are provided • The answers for the lesson-by-lesson
for assessment. masters are provided as reduced pages with
answers appearing in red.
• Full-size answer keys are provided for the
assessment options in this booklet.
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill v Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Chapter 5 Leveled Worksheets
Glencoe’s leveled worksheets are helpful for meeting the needs of every
student in a variety of ways. These worksheets, many of which are found
in the FAST FILE Chapter Resource Masters, are shown in the chart
below.
• Study Guide masters provide worked-out examples as well as practice
problems.
• Each chapter’s Vocabulary Builder master provides students the
opportunity to write out key concepts and definitions in their own
words.
• Practice masters provide average-level problems for students who
are moving at a regular pace.
• Enrichment masters offer students the opportunity to extend their
learning.
Five Different Options to Meet the Needs of

Every Student in a Variety of Ways
primarily skills
primarily concepts
primarily applications
BASIC AVERAGE ADVANCED
1 Study Guide
2 Vocabulary Builder
3 Parent and Student Study Guide (online)
4 Practice
5 Enrichment
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill vi Advanced Mathematical Concepts

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
5 Reading to Learn Mathematics
Vocabulary Builder
This is an alphabetical list of the key vocabulary terms you will learn in Chapter 5.
As you study the chapter, complete each term’s definition or description.
Remember to add the page number where you found the term.
Found
Vocabulary Term on Page Definition/Description/Example
ambiguous case
angle of depression
angle of elevation
apothem
arccosine relation
arcsine relation
arctangent relation
circular function
cofunctions
cosecant
(continued on the next page)
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill vii Advanced Mathematical Concepts

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
Vocabulary Builder (continued)
Found
Vocabulary Term on Page Definition/Description/Example
cosine
cotangent
coterminal angles
degree
Hero’s Formula
hypotenuse
initial side
inverse
Law of Cosines
Law of Sines
leg
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill viii Advanced Mathematical Concepts

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
3
Vocabulary Term Found

on Page Definition/Description/Example
minute
quadrant angle
reference angle
secant
second
side adjacent
side opposite
sine
solve a triangle
standard position
tangent
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill ix Advanced Mathematical Concepts

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
Vocabulary Term Found

on Page Definition/Description/Example
terminal side
trigonometric function
trigonometric ratio
unit circle
vertex
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill x Advanced Mathematical Concepts

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
5-1 Study Guide

Angles and Degree Measure
Decimal degree measures can be expressed in degrees(°),
minutes(′), and seconds(″).
Example 1 a. Change 12.520° to degrees, minutes, and

seconds.
12.520° 12° (0.520 60)′ Multiply the decimal portion of
12° 31.2′ the degrees by 60 to find minutes.
12° 31′ (0.2 60)″ Multiply the decimal portion of
12° 31′ 12″ the minutes by 60 to find seconds.
12.520° can be written as 12° 31′ 12″.
b. Write 24° 15′ 33″ as a decimal rounded to the
nearest thousandth.
24° 15′ 33″ 24° 15′ 1

° 33″ 1
60′
°
3600″
24.259°
24° 15′ 33″ can be written as 24.259°.
An angle may be generated by the rotation of one ray
multiple times about the origin.
Example 2 Give the angle measure represented by each

rotation.
a. 2.3 rotations clockwise
2.3 360 828 Clockwise rotations have negative measures.
The angle measure of 2.3 clockwise rotations is 828°.
b. 4.2 rotations counterclockwise

4.2 360 1512 Counterclockwise rotations have positive
measures.
The angle measure of 4.2 counterclockwise rotations is 1512°.
If is a nonquadrantal angle in standard position, its reference
angle is defined as the acute angle formed by the terminal side of
the given angle and the x-axis.
For any angle , 0° < < 360°, its reference angle ′ is defined by
Reference a. , when the terminal side is in Quadrant I,
Angle Rule b. 180° , when the terminal side is in Quadrant II,
c. 180°, when the terminal side is in Quadrant III, and
d. 360° , when the terminal side is in Quadrant IV.
Example 3 Find the measure of the reference angle for 220°.

Because 220° is between 180° and 270°, the
terminal side of the angle is in Quadrant III.
220° 180° 40°
The reference angle is 40°.
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 181 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
5-1 Practice
Angles and Degree Measure
Change each measure to degrees, minutes, and seconds.
1. 28.955 2. 57.327
Write each measure as a decimal degree to the nearest

thousandth.
3. 32 28′ 10″ 4. 73 14′ 35″
Give the angle measure represented by each rotation.

5. 1.5 rotations clockwise 6. 2.6 rotations counterclockwise
Identify all angles that are coterminal with each angle. Then find
one positive angle and one negative angle that are coterminal
with each angle.
7. 43 8. 30
If each angle is in standard position, determine a coterminal angle

that is between 0 and 360, and state the quadrant in which the
terminal side lies.
9. 472 10. 995
Find the measure of the reference angle for each angle.

11. 227 12. 640
13. Navigation For an upcoming trip, Jackie plans to sail from

Santa Barbara Island, located at 33 28′ 32″ N, 119 2′ 7″ W, to
Santa Catalina Island, located at 33.386 N, 118.430 W. Write
the latitude and longitude for Santa Barbara Island as decimals
to the nearest thousandth and the latitude and longitude for
Santa Catalina Island as degrees, minutes, and seconds.

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
5-1 Enrichment
Reading Mathematics: If and Only If Statements
If p and q are interchanged in a conditional statement so that p
becomes the conclusion and q becomes the hypothesis, the new state-
ment, q → p, is called the converse of p → q.
If p → q is true, q → p may be either true or false.
Example Find the converse of each conditional.
a. p → q: All squares are rectangles. (true)
q → p: All rectangles are squares. (false)
b. p → q: If a function ƒ(x) is increasing on an
interval I, then for every a and b contained in
I, ƒ(a) ƒ(b) whenever a b. (true)
q → p: If for every a and b contained in an interval I,
ƒ(a) ƒ(b) whenever a b then function ƒ(x) is
increasing on I. (true)
In Lesson 3-5, you saw that the two statements in Example 2 can be
combined in a single statement using the words “if and only if.”
A function ƒ(x) is increasing on an interval I if and only if for
every a and b contained in I, ƒ(a) ƒ(b) whenever a b.
The statement “p if and only if q” means that p implies q and
q implies p.
State the converse of each conditional. Then tell if the converse is

true or false. If it is true, combine the statement and its converse
into a single statement using the words “if and only if.”
1. All integers are rational numbers.
2. If for all x in the domain of a function ƒ(x), ƒ(x) ƒ(x), then

the graph of ƒ(x) is symmetric with respect to the origin.
3. If ƒ(x) and ƒ1(x) are inverse functions, then [ ƒ ° ƒ1](x) [ ƒ1 ° ƒ](x) x.

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
5-2 Study Guide

Trigonometric Ratios in Right Triangles
The ratios of the sides of right triangles can be used to define
the trigonometric ratios known as the sine, cosine, and
tangent.
Example 1 Find the values of the sine, cosine, and tangent

for A.
First find the length of .
BC
(AC) (BC) (AB)
2 2 2
Pythagorean Theorem
10 (BC) 20
2 2 2
Substitute 10 for AC and 20 for AB.
(BC) 300
2
BC 3 0 0
or 103 Take the square root of each side.
Disregard the negative root.
Then write each trigonometric ratio.
side opposite side adjacent side opposite
sin A
hypotenuse
cos A
hypotenuse
tan A
side adjacent
sin A 10
3 or
3 cos A 12
0 or 1 10
tan A
3 or 3

20 2 0 2 10
Trigonometric ratios are often simplified but never written as
mixed numbers.
Three other trigonometric ratios, called cosecant, secant,
and cotangent, are reciprocals of sine, cosine, and tangent,
respectively.
Example 2 Find the values of the six trigonometric

ratios for R.
First determine the length of the hypotenuse.
(RT)2 (ST)2 (RS)2 Pythagorean Theorem
15 3 (RS)
2 2 2 RT 15, ST 3
(RS) 234
2
RS 23
4 or 32
6 Disregard the negative root.
side opposite side adjacent side opposite

sin R
hypotenuse
cos R
hypotenuse
tan R
side adjacent
6
sin R 3 or 2
5
cos R 15 or 6
2 tan R 3 or 1
6
32 26 32
6 26 15 5
hypotenuse hypotenuse side adjacent

csc R
side opposite
sec R
side adjacent
cot R
side opposite
3
csc R 6
2 or 2
6
6
3
sec R 2 or
6
2 cot R 13
5 or 5
3 15 5

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
5-2 Practice
Trigonometric Ratios in Right Triangles
Find the values of the sine, cosine, and tangent for each B.
1. 2.
3. If tan 5, find cot . 4. If sin 38, find csc .
Find the values of the six trigonometric ratios for each S.
5. 6.
7. Physics Suppose you are traveling in a car when a beam of light

passes from the air to the windshield. The measure of the angle
of incidence is 55, and the measure of the angle of refraction is
sin i
35 15′. Use Snell’s Law, n, to find the index of refraction n
sin r
of the windshield to the nearest thousandth.

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
5-2 Enrichment
Using Right Triangles to Find the Area of
Another Triangle
You can find the area of a right triangle by using the formula
1
A bh.
2
In the formula, one leg of the right triangle can be used as
the base, and the other leg can be used as the height.
The vertices of a triangle can be represented on the coordinate plane
by three ordered pairs. In order to find the area of a general triangle,
you can encase the triangle in a rectangle as shown in the diagram
below.
A rectangle is placed around the triangle so that the vertices of the

triangle all touch the sides of the rectangle.
Example Find the area of a triangle whose vertices are
A(1, 3), B(4, 8), and C(8, 5).
Plot the points and draw the triangle. Encase the triangle
in a rectangle whose sides are parallel to the
axes, then find the coordinates of the vertices of the
rectangle.
Area ABC area ADEF area ADB

area BEC area CFA, where ADB, BEC,
and CFA are all right triangles.
1 1 1
Area ABC 5(9) (5)(5)
2
(4)(3)
2
(2)(9)
2
17.5 square units
Find the area of the triangle having vertices with each set of coordinates.
1. A(4, 6), B(–1, 2), C(6, –5) 2. A(–2, –4), B(4, 7), C(6, –1)
3. A(4, 2), B(6, 9), C(–1, 4) 4. A(2, –3), B(6, –8), C(3, 5)

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
5-3 Study Guide

Trigonometric Functions on the Unit Circle
Example 1 Use the unit circle to find cot (270°).
The terminal side of a 270° angle in
standard position is the positive y-axis,
which intersects the unit circle at (0, 1).
By definition, cot (270°) xy or 01.
Therefore, cot (270°) 0.
y
Trigonometric sin cos x tan y
r r x
Functions of
an Angle in r
csc
r
sec
x
cot
Standard Position y x y
Example 2 Find the values of the six trigonometric functions

for angle in standard position if a point with
coordinates (9, 12) lies on its terminal side.
We know that x 9 and y 12. We need to
find r.
r x2
y2 Pythagorean Theorem
r (
9
)2
2
12 Substitute 9 for x and 12 for y.
r 2
2
5
or 15 Disregard the negative root.
sin 1125 or 45
cos 9 or 3 12
tan or 4
15 5 9 3
csc 1152 or 54 15

sec or 5
cot 9 or 3
9 3 12 4
Example 3 Suppose is an angle in standard position whose

terminal side lies in Quadrant I. If cos 35, find
the values of the remaining five trigonometric
functions of .
r2 x2 y2 Pythagorean Theorem
52 32 y2 Substitute 5 for r and 3 for x.
16 y2
4 y Take the square root of each side.
Since the terminal side of lies in Quadrant I, y must
be positive.
sin 45 tan 43
csc 54 sec 35 cot 34

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
5-3 Practice
Trigonometric Functions on the Unit Circle
Use the unit circle to find each value.
1. csc 90 2. tan 270 3. sin (90)
Use the unit circle to find the values of the six trigonometric
functions for each angle.
4. 45
5. 120
Find the values of the six trigonometric functions for angle in

standard position if a point with the given coordinates lies on its
terminal side.
6. (1, 5) 7. (7, 0) 8. (3, 4)

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
5-3 Enrichment
Areas of Polygons and Circles
A regular polygon has sides of equal length and angles of equal
measure. A regular polygon can be inscribed in or circumscribed
about a circle. For n-sided regular polygons, the following area
formulas can be used.
Area of circle AC r2
nr2 360°
Area of inscribed polygon AI sin
2 n
180°
Area of circumscribed polygon AC nr2 tan
n
Use a calculator to complete the chart below for a unit circle (a circle of radius 1).
Area of Area of Circle Area of Area of Polygon

Number
Inscribed less Circumscribed less
of Sides
Polygon Area of Polygon Polygon Area of Circle
3 1.2990381 1.8425545 5.1961524 2.0545598
1. 4
2. 8
3. 12
4. 20
5. 24
6. 28
7. 32
8. 1000
9. What number do the areas of the circumscribed and inscribed

polygons seem to be approaching as the number of sides of the
polygon increases?

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
5-4 Study Guide

Applying Trigonometric Functions
Trigonometric functions can be used to solve problems
involving right triangles.
Example 1 If T 45° and u 20, find t to the nearest tenth.

From the figure, we know the measures of an
angle and the hypotenuse. We want to know the
measure of the side opposite the given angle. The
sine function relates the side opposite the angle
and the hypotenuse.
side opposite
sin T ut sin
hypotenuse
sin 45° 2t0 Substitute 45° for T and 20 for u.
20 sin 45° t Multiply each side by 20.
14.14213562 t Use a calculator.
Therefore, t is about 14.1.
Example 2 Geometry The apothem of a regular polygon is the

measure of a line segment from the center of the
polygon to the midpoint of one of its sides. The
apothem of a regular hexagon is 2.6 centimeters.
Find the radius of the circle circumscribed about
the hexagon to the nearest tenth.
First draw a diagram. Let a be the angle
measure formed by a radius and its adjacent
apothem. The measure of a is 360°
12 or
30°. Now we know the measures of an angle
and the side adjacent to the angle.
2.6 side adjacent
cos 30° r
cos
hypotenuse
r cos 30° 2.6 Multiply each side by r.
r 2.
6 Divide each side by cos 30°.
cos 30°
r 3.0022214 Use a calculator.
Therefore, the radius is about 3.0 centimeters.

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
5-4 Practice
Applying Trigonometric Functions
Solve each problem. Round to the nearest tenth.
1. If A 55 55′ and c 16, find a.
2. If a 9 and B 49, find b.
3. If B 56 48′ and c 63.1, find b.
4. If B 64 and b 19.2, find a.
5. If b 14 and A 16, find c.
6. Construction A 30-foot ladder leaning against

the side of a house makes a 70 5′ angle with the
ground.
a. How far up the side of the house does the
ladder reach?
b. What is the horizontal distance between the

bottom of the ladder and the house?
7. Geometry A circle is circumscribed about a regular hexagon with an

apothem of 4.8 centimeters.
a. Find the radius of the circumscribed circle.
b. What is the length of a side of the hexagon?
c. What is the perimeter of the hexagon?
8. Observation A person standing 100 feet from the bottom

of a cliff notices a tower on top of the cliff. The angle of
elevation to the top of the cliff is 30. The angle of elevation
to the top of the tower is 58. How tall is the tower?

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
5-4 Enrichment
Making and Using a Hypsometer
A hypsometer is a device that can be used to measure the height of
an object. To construct your own hypsometer, you will need a
rectangular piece of heavy cardboard that is at least 7 cm by 10 cm,
a straw, transparent tape, a string about 20 cm long, and a small
weight that can be attached to the string.
Mark off 1-cm increments along one short side and one long side of
the cardboard. Tape the straw to the other short side. Then attach
the weight to one end of the string, and attach the other end of the
string to one corner of the cardboard, as shown in the figure below.
The diagram below shows how your hypsometer should look.
To use the hypsometer, you will need to measure the distance from
the base of the object whose height you are finding to where you
stand when you use the hypsometer.
Sight the top of the object through the straw. Note where the free-
hanging string crosses the bottom scale. Then use similar triangles
to find the height of the object.
1. Draw a diagram to illustrate how you can use similar triangles
and the hypsometer to find the height of a tall object.
Use your hypsometer to find the height of each of the following.

2. your school’s flagpole
3. a tree on your school’s property
4. the highest point on the front wall of your school building
5. the goal posts on a football field
6. the hoop on a basketball court
7. the top of the highest window of your school building
8. the top of a school bus
9. the top of a set of bleachers at your school
10. the top of a utility pole near your school

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
5-5 Study Guide

Solving Right Triangles
When we know a trigonometric value of an angle but not the
value of the angle, we need to use the inverse of the
trigonometric function.
Trigonometric Function Inverse Trigonometric Relation
y sin x x sin1 y or x arcsin y
y cos x x cos1 y or x arccos y
y tan x x tan1 y or x arctan y
Example 1 .
Solve tan x 3
If tan x 3
, then x is an angle whose tangent
is 3.
x arctan 3

From a table of values, you can determine that
x equals 60°, 240°, or any angle coterminal with
these angles.
Example 2 If c 22 and b 12, find B.

In this problem, we know the side opposite the
angle and the hypotenuse. The sine function
relates the side opposite the angle and the
hypotenuse.
side opposite
sin B bc sin
hypotenuse
sin B 1222 Substitute 12 for b and 22 for c.
B sin11222 Definition of inverse
B 33.05573115 or about 33.1°.
Example 3 Solve the triangle where b 20 and c 35, given

the triangle above.
a2 b2 c2 cos A bc
a2 202 352 cos A 2 0
a 8 2
5
35
a 28.72281323 A cos-1
35
20
A 55.15009542
55.15009542 B 90
B 34.84990458
Therefore, a 28.7, A 55.2°, and B 34.8°.

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
5-5 Practice
Solving Right Triangles
Solve each equation if 0 x 360.

2
1
1. cos x 2 2. tan x 1 3. sin x 2
Evaluate each expression. Assume that all angles are in Quadrant I.

4. tan tan1 3

3
5. tan cos1 23 6. cos arcsin 15
3

7. If q 10 and s 3, find S.
8. If r 12 and s 4, find R.
9. If q 20 and r 15, find S.
Solve each triangle described, given the triangle at the right.

Round to the nearest tenth, if necessary.
10. a 9, B 49
11. A 16, c 14
12. a 2, b 7
13. Recreation The swimming pool at Perris Hill Plunge is 50 feet

long and 25 feet wide. The bottom of the pool is slanted so that
the water depth is 3 feet at the shallow end and 15 feet at the
deep end. What is the angle of elevation at the bottom of the
pool?

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
5-5 Enrichment
Disproving Angle Trisection
Most geometry texts state that it is impossible to trisect an arbitrary
angle using only a compass and straightedge. This fact has been
known since ancient times, but since it is usually stated without
proof, some geometry students do not believe it. If the students set
out to find a method for trisecting angles, they will probably try the
following method. It is based on the familiar construction which
allows a segment to be divided into any desired number of congruent
segments. You can use inverse trigonometric functions to show that
application of the method to the trisection of angles is not valid.
Given: A
Claim: A can be trisected using the following method.
Method: Choose point C on one ray of A .
Through C construct a perpendicular to
the other ray, intersecting it at B.
Construct M and N, the points that
divide into three congruent
CB
segments. Draw A M and AN, which
trisect CAB into the congruent angles
1, 2, and 3.
The proposed method has been used to construct the figure below.
CM MN NB 1. AB 5. Follow the instructions to show that
the three angles 1, 2, and 3, are not congruent. Find angle
measures to the nearest tenth of a degree.
1. Express m3 as the value of an inverse function.
2. Find the measure of 3.
3. Write mMAB as the value of an inverse function.

4. Find the measure of MAB.
5. Find the measure of 2.
6. Find mCAB and use it to find m 1.
7. Explain why the proposed method for trisecting an angle fails.

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
5-6 Study Guide

The Law of Sines
Given the measures of two angles and one side of a triangle,
we can use the Law of Sines to find one unique solution for
the triangle.
Law of Sines a b c

sin A sin B sin C
Example 1 Solve ABC if A 30°, B 100°, and a 15.

First find the measure of C.
C 180° (30° 100°) or 50°
Use the Law of Sines to find b and c.
a b c a
sin A sinB sinC sin A
b
15 c
15

sin 30° sin 100° sin 50° sin 30°
15 sin
b 100° 15 sin
c 50°
sin 30° sin 30°
29.54423259 b c 22.98133329
Therefore, C 50°, b 29.5, and c 23.0.

The area of any triangle can be expressed in terms of two
sides of a triangle and the measure of the included angle.
Area (K) of a Triangle K 12 bc sin A K 12 ac sin B K 12 ab sin C
Example 2 Find the area of ABC if a 6.8, b 9.3, and C 57°.

K 12ab sin C
K 12(6.8)(9.3) sin 57°
K 26.51876336
The area of ABC is about 26.5 square units.

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
5-6 Practice
The Law of Sines
Solve each triangle. Round to the nearest tenth.
1. A 38, B 63, c 15 2. A 33, B 29, b 41
3. A 150, C 20, a 200 4. A 30, B 45, a 10
Find the area of each triangle. Round to the nearest tenth.

5. c 4, A 37, B 69 6. C 85, a 2, B 19
7. A 50, b 12, c 14 8. b 14, C 110, B 25
9. b 15, c 20, A 115 10. a 68, c 110, B 42.5
11. Street Lighting A lamppost tilts toward the sun

at a 2 angle from the vertical and casts a 25-foot
shadow. The angle from the tip of the shadow to the
top of the lamppost is 45. Find the length of the
lamppost.

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
5-6 Enrichment
Triangle Challenge
A surveyor took the following measurements from two irregularly-
shaped pieces of land. Some of the lengths and angle measurements
are missing. Find all missing lengths and angle measurements. Round
lengths to the nearest tenth and angle measurements to the nearest
minute.
e
1.
G
2.
c
f
b
e

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
5-7 Study Guide

The Ambiguous Case for the Law of Sines
If we know the measures of two sides and a Case 1: A 90° for a, b, and A
nonincluded angle of a triangle, three situations a b sin A no solution
a b sin A one solution
are possible: no triangle exists, exactly one ab one solution
triangle exists, or two triangles exist. A triangle b sin A a b two solutions
with two solutions is called the ambiguous case. Case 2: A 90°
a b no solution
ab one solution
Example Find all solutions for the triangle
if a 20, b 30, and A 40°. If no
solutions exist, write none.
Since 40° 90°, consider Case 1.
b sin A 30 sin 40°
b sin A 19.28362829
Since 19.3 20 30, there are two solutions for
the triangle.
Use the Law of Sines to find B.
20 30
a b
sin 40° sin B sin A sin B
30 sin
sin B 40°
20
B sin1
30 sin
20
40°

B 74.61856831
So, B 74.6°. Since we know there are two solutions,
there must be another possible measurement for B.
In the second case, B must be less than 180° and
have the same sine value. Since we know that if
90, sin sin (180 ), 180° 74.6° or 105.4°
is another possible measure for B. Now solve the
triangle for each possible measure of B.
Solution I Solution II
C 180° (40° 74.6°) or 65.4° C 180° (40° 105.4°) or 34.6°
a c a c
sin A sin C sin A sin C
20 c c
20
sin 40° sin 65.4° sin 40° sin 34.6°
20 sin 65.4° 20 sin
c 34.6°
c sin 40° sin 40°
c 28.29040558 c 17.66816088
One solution is B 74.6°, Another solution is B 105.4°,
C 65.4°, and c 28.3. C 34.6°, and c 17.7.

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
5-7 Practice
The Ambiguous Case for the Law of Sines
Determine the number of possible solutions for each triangle.
1. A 42, a 22, b 12 2. a 15, b 25, A 85
3. A 58, a 4.5, b 5 4. A 110, a 4, c 4
Find all solutions for each triangle. If no solutions exist, write

none. Round to the nearest tenth.
5. b 50, a 33, A 132 6. a 125, A 25, b 150
7. a 32, c 20, A 112 8. a 12, b 15, A 55
9. A 42, a 22, b 12 10. b 15, c 13, C 50
11. Property Maintenance The McDougalls plan to fence a triangular parcel of their
land. One side of the property is 75 feet in length. It forms a 38 angle with another
side of the property, which has not yet been measured. The remaining side of the
property is 95 feet in length. Approximate to the nearest tenth the length of fence
needed to enclose this parcel of the McDougalls’ lot.

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
5-7 Enrichment
Spherical Triangles
Spherical trigonometry is an extension of plane trigonometry.
Figures are drawn on the surface of a sphere. Arcs of great
circles correspond to line segments in the plane. The arcs of
three great circles intersecting on a sphere form a spherical
triangle. Angles have the same measure as the tangent lines
drawn to each great circle at the vertex. Since the sides are
arcs, they too can be measured in degrees.
The sum of the sides of a spherical triangle is less than 360°.

The sum of the angles is greater than 180° and less than 540°.
The Law of Sines for spherical triangles is as follows.
sin a sin b sin c

sin A sin B sin C
There is also a Law of Cosines for spherical triangles.

cos a cos b cos c sin b sin c cos A
cos b cos a cos c sin a sin c cos B
cos c cos a cos b sin a sin b cos C
Example Solve the spherical triangle given a 72°, b 105°, and c 61°.
Use the Law of Cosines.
0.3090 (–0.2588)(0.4848) (0.9659)(0.8746) cos A
cos A 0.5143
A 59°
–0.2588 (0.3090)(0.4848) (0.9511)(0.8746) cos B
cos B –0.4912
B 119°
0.4848 (0.3090)(–0.2588) (0.9511)(0.9659) cos C
cos C 0.6148
C 52°
Check by using the Law of Sines.
sin 72° sin 105° sin 61°

sin 59°

sin 119°

sin 52°
1.1
Solve each spherical triangle.

1. a 56°, b 53°, c 94° 2. a 110°, b 33°, c 97°
3. a 76°, b 110°, C 49° 4. b 94°, c 55°, A 48°

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
5-8 Study Guide

The Law of Cosines
When we know the measures of two sides of a triangle and
the included angle, we can use the Law of Cosines to find
the measure of the third side. Often times we will use both
the Law of Cosines and the Law of Sines to solve a triangle.
a2 b2 c2 2bc cos A
Law of Cosines b2 a2 c2 2ac cos B
c2 a2 b2 2ab cos C
Example 1 Solve ABC if B 40°, a 12, and c 6.

b2 a2 c2 2ac cos B Law of Cosines
b2 122 62 2(12)(6) cos 40°
b2 69.68960019
b 8.348029719
So, b 8.3.
b c Law of Sines
sin B sin C
8.
3 6
sin 40° sin C
sin C 6 sin
40°
8.3
C
sin1 6 sin
8.3
40°

C 27.68859159
So, C 27.7°.
A 180° (40° 27.7°) 112.3°
The solution of this triangle is b 8.3, A 112.3°, and C 27.7°.
Example 2 Find the area of ABC if a 5, b 8, and c 10.

First, find the semiperimeter of ABC.
s 12(a b c)
s 12(5 8 10)
s 11.5
Now, apply Hero’s Formula
s
k s( )(
as
)(
bs
)c
k 11
.5
(1
1.5
)(
51
1.5
)(
81
1
.5
0
1)
k 39
2
.4
3
75

k 19.81003534
The area of the triangle is about 19.8 square units.

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
5-8 Practice
The Law of Cosines
1. a 20, b 12, c 28 2. a 10, c 8, B 100
3. c 49, b 40, A 53 4. a 5, b 7, c 10
Find the area of each triangle. Round to the nearest tenth.

5. a 5, b 12, c 13 6. a 11, b 13, c 16
7. a 14, b 9, c 8 8. a 8, b 7, c 3
9. The sides of a triangle measure 13.4 centimeters,

18.7 centimeters, and 26.5 centimeters. Find the measure
of the angle with the least measure.
10. Orienteering During an orienteering hike, two hikers

start at point A and head in a direction 30 west of south
to point B. They hike 6 miles from point A to point B. From
point B, they hike to point C and then from point C back to
point A, which is 8 miles directly north of point C. How
many miles did they hike from point B to point C?

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
5-8 Enrichment
The Law of Cosines and the Pythagorean Theorem
The law of cosines bears strong similarities to the
Pythagorean Theorem. According to the Law of
Cosines, if two sides of a triangle have lengths a and
b and if the angle between them has a measure of x,
then the length, y, of the third side of the triangle
can be found by using the equation
y2 a2 b2 2ab cos (x °).
Answer the following questions to clarify the relationship between

the Law of Cosines and the Pythagorean Theorem.
1. If the value of x becomes less and less, what number is cos (x °)
close to?
2. If the value of x is very close to zero but then increases, what

happens to cos (x °) as x approaches 90?
3. If x equals 90, what is the value of cos (x°)? What does the equa-
tion of y2 a2 b2 2ab cos (x °) simplify to if x equals 90?
4. What happens to the value of cos (x°) as x increases beyond 90

and approaches 180?
5. Consider some particular values of a and b, say 7 for a and

19 for b. Use a graphing calculator to graph the equation you
get by solving y2 72 192 2(7)(19) cos (x °) for y.
a. In view of the geometry of the situation, what range of values

should you use for X on a graphing calculator?
b. Display the graph and use the TRACE function. What do the
maximum and minimum values appear to be for the function?
c. How do the answers for part b relate to the lengths 7 and 19?
Are the maximum and minimum values from part b ever
actually attained in the geometric situation?

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
5 Chapter 5 Test, Form 1A
Write the letter for the correct answer in the blank at the right of
each problem.
1. Change 128.433° to degrees, minutes, and seconds. 1. ________
A. 128° 25′ 58″ B. 128° 25′ 59″ C. 128° 25′ 92″ D. 128° 26′ 00″
2. Write 43° 18′ 35″ as a decimal to the nearest thousandth of a degree. 2. ________
A. 43.306° B. 43.308° C. 43.309° D. 43.310°
3. Give the angle measure represented by 3.25 rotations clockwise. 3. ________
A. 1170° B. 90° C. 90° D. 1170°
4. Identify all coterminal angles between 360° and 360° 4. ________
for the angle 420°.
A. 60° and 300° B. 30° and 330°
C. 30° and 330° D. 60° and 300°
5. Find the measure of the reference angle for 1046°. 5. ________
A. 56° B. 56° C. 34° D. 34°
6. Find the value of the tangent for A. 6. ________
A. 2
5
B.
5
2 2
C. 23
D.
5
3
7. Find the value of the secant for R. 7. ________

7
A.

0 3
B.
14
5 14

C.
5
D. 1

4
3 3
8. Which of the following is equal to csc θ ? 8. ________

A. 1 B. 1 C. 1 D. 1
sin θ cos θ tan θ sec θ
9. If cot θ 0.85, find tan θ . 9. ________
A. 0.588 B. 0.85 C. 1.176 D. 1.7
10. Find cos (270°). 10. ________
A. undefined B. 1 C. 1 D. 0
11. Find the exact value of sec 300°. 11. ________
A. 2 B. 2
3 C. 2 2
D.
3
3 3
12. Find the value of csc θ for angle θ in standard position if 12. ________
the point at (5, 2) lies on its terminal side.
A. 2
9 B. 29
2 2
C.

9 D. 5
29
2 29 5 29
13. Suppose θ is an angle in standard position whose terminal side 13. ________
lies in Quadrant II. If sin θ 11
2 , find the value of sec θ .
3
A. 153 B. 15
3 C. 152 13
D.
12

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
5 Chapter 5 Test, Form 1A (continued)
For Exercises 14 and 15, refer to the figure. The angle of
elevation from the end of the shadow to the top of the
building is 63° and the distance is 220 feet.
14. Find the height of the building to the nearest foot. 14. ________
A. 100 ft B. 196 ft
C. 432 ft D. 112 ft
15. Find the length of the shadow to the nearest foot. 15. ________
A. 100 ft B. 196 ft
C. 432 ft D. 112 ft
16. If 0° ≤ x ≤ 360°, solve the equation sec x 2. 16. ________
A. 150° and 210° B. 210° and 330°
C. 120° and 240° D. 240° and 300°

17. Assuming an angle in Quadrant I, evaluate csc cot1 43 . 17. ________
A. 35 B. 53 C. 45 D. 54
18. Given the triangle at the right, find B to the 18. ________
nearest tenth of a degree if b 10 and c 14.
A. 44.4° B. 35.5°
C. 54.5° D. 45.6°
For Exercises 19 and 20, round answers to the nearest tenth.

19. In ABC, A 27° 35′, B 78° 23′, and c 19. Find a. 19. ________
A. 8.6 B. 9.2 C. 12.8 D. 19.4
20. If A 42.2°, B 13.6°, and a 41.3, find the area of ABC. 20. ________
A. 138.8 units2 B. 493.8 units2 C. 327.4 units2 D. 246.9 units2
21. Determine the number of possible solutions if A 62°, a 4, 21. ________
and b 6.
A. none B. one C. two D. three
22. Determine the greatest possible value for B if A 30°, a 5, 22. ________
and b 8.
A. 23.1° B. 53.1° C. 126.9° D. 96.9°
For Exercises 23-25, round answers to the nearest tenth.

23. In ABC, A 47°, b 12, and c 8. Find a. 23. ________
A. 6.3 B. 8.7 C. 8.8 D. 18.4
24. In ABC, a 7.8, b 4.2, and c 3.9. Find B. 24. ________
A. 15.1° B. 148.7° C. 78.9° D. 16.2°
25. If a 22, b 14, and c 30, find the area of ABC. 25. ________
A. 33 units2 B. 121.0 units2 C. 130.2 units2 D. 143.8 units2
Bonus The terminal side of an angle θ in standard position Bonus: ________
coincides with the line 4x y 0 in Quadrant II. Find sec θ
to the nearest thousandth.
A. 0.243 B. 4.123 C. 0.243 D. 4.123

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
5 Chapter 5 Test, Form 1B
each problem.
1. Change 110.23° to degrees, minutes, and seconds. 1. ________
A. 110° 13′ 00″ B. 110° 13′ 8″ C. 110° 13′ 28″ D. 110° 13′ 48″
2. Write 24° 38′ 42″ as a decimal to the nearest thousandth of a degree. 2. ________
A. 24.645° B. 24.646° C. 24.647° D. 24.648°
3. Give the angle measure represented by 1.75 rotations counterclockwise. 3. ________
A. 630° B. 90° C. 90° D. 630°
4. Identify the coterminal angle between 360° and 360° for the angle 120°. 4. ________
A. 240° B. 60° C. 240° D. 300°
5. Find the measure of the reference angle for 295°. 5. ________
A. 25° B. 65° C. 25° D. 65°
6. Find the value of the cosine for A. 6. ________
A. 12
B.
3
2

C.
3 D. 2
3
7. Find the value of the cosecant for R. 7. ________

A.
6
B.
6
2 3

C. 1
5 1
D.
0
3 2
8. Which of the following is equal to sec ? 8. ________

A. 1 B. 1 C. 1 D. 1
sin cos tan sec
9. If tan 0.25, find cot . 9. ________
A. 0.25 B. 4 C. 0.5 D. 14
10. Find cot (180°). 10. ________
11. Find the exact value of tan 240°. 11. ________
A. 3 B.
3 C. 3
D.

3
3 3
12. Find the value of sec for angle in standard position if the 12. ________
point at (2, 4) lies on its terminal side.

A.
5 B. 5 C.
5 D. 5
2 2
13. Suppose is an angle in standard position whose terminal side 13. ________
lies in Quadrant III. If sin 1123, find the value of cot .
A. 15
3
B. 15
3 C. 15
2
D. 11
3
2

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
5 Chapter 5 Test, Form 1B (continued)
For Exercises 14 and 15, refer to the figure. The angle
of elevation from the end of the shadow to the top of
the building is 56° and the distance is 120 feet.
A. 99 ft B. 67 ft
C. 178 ft D. 81 ft
A. 99 ft B. 67 ft
C. 178 ft D. 81 ft
16. If 0° x 360°, solve the equation tan x 1. 16. ________
A. 135° and 315° B. 45° and 225° C. 45° and 315° D. 225° and 315°
17. Assuming an angle in Quadrant I, evaluate tan cos1 45. 17. ________
A. 34 B. 53 C. 45 D. 54
18. Given the triangle at the right, find A to the nearest 18. ________
tenth of a degree if b 10 and c 14.
A. 44.4° B. 35.5°
C. 54.5° D. 45.6°

19. In ABC, A 41° 15′, B 107° 39′, and c 19. Find b. 19. ________
A. 10.0 B. 24.3 C. 35.1 D. 54.6
20. If A 52.6°, B 49.8°, and a 33.8, find the area of ABC. 20. ________
21. Determine the number of possible solutions if A 62°, a 7, and b 6. 21. ________
For Exercises 22–25, round answers to the nearest tenth.

22. Determine the least possible value for B if A 30°, a 5, 22. ________
and b 8.
A. 23.1° B. 53.1° C. 126.9° D. 96.9°
23. In ABC, B 52°, a 14, and c 9. Find b. 23. ________
A. 8.2 B. 11.0 C. 11.1 D. 18.4
24. In ABC, a 7.8, b 4.2, and c 3.9. Find A. 24. ________
A. 15.1° B. 78.9° C. 148.7° D. 16.2°
A. 49 units2 B. 121.0 units2 C. 298.6 units2 D. 415.2 units2
Bonus The terminal side of an angle in standard position Bonus: ________
coincides with the line 2x y 0 in Quadrant III.
Find cos to the nearest ten-thousandth.
A. 0.4472 B. 0.4472 C. 0.8944 D. 0.8944
NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
5 Chapter 5 Test, Form 1C
each problem.
1. Change 36.3 to degrees, minutes, and seconds. 1. ________
A. 36 18′ 00″ B. 36 18′ 16″ C. 36 18′ 24″ D. 36 18′ 28″
2. Write 21 44′ 3″ as a decimal to the nearest thousandth of a degree. 2. ________
A. 21.731 B. 21.732 C. 21.733 D. 21.734
3. Give the angle measure represented by 0.5 rotation clockwise. 3. ________
A. 180 B. 90 C. 90 D. 180
4. Identify the coterminal angle between 0 and 360 for the angle 480. 4. ________
A. 30 B. 60 C. 120 D. 240
5. Find the measure of the reference angle for 235. 5. ________
A. 125 B. 55 C. 25 D. 55
6. Find the value of the sine for A. 6. ________
1
A.
9
1 1
B.

19
5 12
C. 152 D. 15
2
7. Find the value of the cotangent for R. 7. ________

A. 43 B. 34
C. 45 D. 54
8. Which of the following is equal to cot ? 8. ________

A. 1 B. 1 C. 1 D. 1
sin cos sec tan
9. If cos 0.5, find sec . 9. ________
A. 0.25 B. 0.5 C. 1 D. 2
10. Find tan 180. 10. ________
11. Find the exact value of cos 135. 11. ________

2
2
A. 1 B. 2
C. 1 D. 2
12. Find the value of csc for angle in standard position if the point at 12. ________
(3, 1) lies on its terminal side.
A. 1 0 B. 1

0 C. 1
0 D. 3
10 3
13. Suppose is an angle in standard position whose terminal side lies 13. ________
in Quadrant II. If cos 112
3
, find the value of tan .
5
A. 1 1
B. 53 C. 15
2 D. 13

2 12
NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
5 Chapter 5 Test, Form 1C (continued)
For Exercises 14 and 15, refer to the figure. The angle of elevation
from the end of the shadow to the top of the building is 70 and
the distance is 180 feet.
A. 62 ft B. 66 ft
C. 169 ft D. 495 ft
A. 62 ft B. 66 ft
C. 169 ft D. 495 ft

16. If 0 x 360, solve the equation sin x .
3 16. ________
2
A. 120 and 240 B. 240 and 300
C. 210 and 330 D. 150 and 210
17. Assuming an angle in Quadrant I, evaluate cos tan1 43. 17. ________
A. 35 B. 53 C. 45 D. 54
18. Given the triangle at the right, find B to the 18. ________
A. 33.7 B. 41.8
C. 48.2 D. 56.3

19. In ABC, A 102 12, B 23 21, and c 19.8. Find a. 19. ________
A. 8.0 B. 23.8 C. 48.8 D. 64.4
20. If A 32.2, b 21.5, and c 11.3, find the area of ABC. 20. ________
21. Determine the number of possible solutions if A 48, a 5, and b 6. 21. ________
22. Determine the least possible value for B if A 20, 22. ________
a 7, and b 11.
A. 12.6 B. 32.5 C. 147.5 D. 96.9
23. In ABC, A 52, b 9, and c 14. Find a. 23. ________
A. 6.3 B. 8.7 C. 8.8 D. 11.0
24. In ABC, a 2.4, b 8.2, and c 10.1. Find B. 24. ________
A. 15.1 B. 21.7 C. 28.9 D. 33.3
Bonus The terminal side of an angle in standard position Bonus: ________
coincides with the line y 12 x in Quadrant I. Find
sin to the nearest thousandth.
A. 0.233 B. 0.447 C. 0.508 D. 0.693

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
5 Chapter 5 Test, Form 2A
1. Change 225.639 to degrees, minutes, and seconds. 1. __________________
2. Write 23 16′ 25″ as a decimal to the nearest thousandth of a degree. 2. ____________________
3. State the angle measure represented by 2.4 rotations clockwise. 3. ____________________
4. Identify all coterminal angles between 360 and 360 for the 4. ____________________
angle 540.
5. Find the measure of the reference angle for 562. 5. ____________________
For Exercises 6–8, refer to the figure.

6. Find the value of the sine for A. 6. ____________________
7. Find the value of the cotangent for A. 7. ____________________
8. Find the value of the secant for A. 8. ____________________

Exercises 6–8
9. If csc 2, find sin . 9. ____________________
10. Find sin (270). 10. ____________________
11. Find the exact value of cot 330. 11. ____________________
12. Find the exact value of sec for angle in standard position if 12. ____________________
13. Suppose is an angle in standard position whose terminal side 13. ____________________
12
lies in Quadrant IV. If cos , find the value of csc .
13

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
5 Chapter 5 Test, Form 2A (continued)
from the far side of the pool to the top of the waterfall is 75, and
14. Find the height of the waterfall 14. __________________
to the nearest foot.
15. Find the width across the pool 15.

.
16. If 0 x 360, solve cot x 3 16. __________________
17. Assuming an angle in Quadrant I, evaluate sec tan1 34. 17. __________________
18. Given triangle at the right, 18. __________________

find B to the nearest tenth
of a degree if a 8 and b 20.

19. In ABC, A 47 15′, B 58 33′, and c 23. Find a. 19. __________________
20. If A 37.2, B 17.9, and a 22.3, find the area of ABC. 20. __________________
21. Determine the number of possible solutions if A 47, 21. __________________

a 4, and b 5.
22. Determine the least possible value for c if A 30, 22. __________________
a 5, and b 8.
For Exercises 23-25, round answers to the nearest tenth.

23. In ABC, A 118, b 8, and c 6. Find a. 23. __________________
24. In ABC, a 9, b 5, and c 12. Find B. 24. __________________
25. If a 12, b 24, and c 30, find the area of ABC. 25. __________________
Bonus The terminal side of an angle in standard Bonus: __________________

position coincides with the line 3x y 0 in
Quadrant II. Find csc to the nearest thousandth.

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
5 Chapter 5 Test, Form 2B
1. Change 124.63° to degrees, minutes, and seconds. 1. __________________
2. Write 48° 32′ 15″ as a decimal to the nearest thousandth of 2. __________________

a degree.
3. State the angle measure represented by 1.25 rotations 3. __________________

clockwise.
4. Identify all coterminal angles between 360° and 360° for 4. __________________
the angle 630°.
5. Find the measure of the reference angle for 310°. 5. __________________
For Exercises 6–8, refer to the figure.

6. Find the value of the cosine for A. 6. __________________
7. Find the value of the cosecant for A. 7. __________________
8. Find the value of the cotangent for A. 8. __________________

Exercises 6–8
9. If sec 4, find cos . 9. __________________
10. Find tan (180°). 10. __________________
11. Find the exact value of sec 240°. 11. __________________
12. Find the exact value of sec for angle in standard 12. __________________
position if the point at (4, 5) lies on its terminal side.
13. Suppose is an angle in standard position whose terminal 13. __________________

side lies in Quadrant IV. If cos 1123, find the value of cot .

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
5 Chapter 5 Test, Form 2B (continued)
from the far side of the pool to the top of the waterfall is 54°, and
15. Find the width across the pool 15. __________________

16. If 0° x 360°, solve the equation csc x 2. 16. __________________
17. Assuming an angle in Quadrant I, evaluate cos cot1 15

2 . 17. __________________
18. Given the triangle at the right, 18. __________________

find B to the nearest tenth of a
degree if a 12 and c 22.

19. In ABC, A 42°, B 68°, and c 15. Find a. 19. __________________
20. If A 27.2°, B 67.4°, and a 12.8, find the area of ABC. 20. __________________
21. Determine the number of possible solutions if A 110°, 21. __________________

a 5, and b 4.

22. Determine the greatest possible value for c if A 30°, 22. __________________
a 5, and b 8.
23. In ABC, A 59°, b 12, and c 4. Find a. 23. __________________
24. In ABC, a 4, b 11, and c 8. Find B. 24. __________________
Bonus The terminal side of an angle in standard Bonus: _________________

position coincides with the line 3x y 0 in
Quadrant III. Find sin to the nearest ten-thousandth.

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
5 Chapter 5 Test, Form 2C
2. Write 75 30′ as a decimal to the nearest thousandth of a 2. __________________

degree.
3. State the angle measure represented by 1.5 rotations 3. __________________

counterclockwise.
4. Identify a coterminal angle between 0 and 360 for the 4. __________________

angle 225.
5. Find the measure of the reference angle for 235. 5. __________________
For Excercises 6–8, refer to the figure.

6. Find the value of the sine for A. 6. __________________
8. Find the value of the secant for A. 8. __________________

Exercises 6–8
9. If tan 3, find cot . 9. __________________
10. Find tan 180. 10. __________________
11. Find the exact value of cos 330. 11. __________________
12. Find the exact value of sin for angle in standard position 12. __________________
if the point at (1, 4) lies on its terminal side.
13. Suppose is an angle in standard position whose 13. __________________

terminal side lies in Quadrant II. If sin 1123, find
the value of sec .

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
5 Chapter 5 Test, Form 2C (continued)
from the far side of the pool to the top of the waterfall is 68 and
15. Find the width across the pool 15.


16. If 0 x 360, solve sin x .
3 16. __________________
2
17. Assuming an angle in Quadrant I, evaluate cos tan1 15

2 . 17. __________________
18. Given the triangle at the right, 18. __________________

find B to the nearest tenth
of a degree if b 12 and c 18.

19. In ABC, A 47, B 58, and b 23. Find a. 19. __________________
20. If C 37.2, a 17.9, and b 22.3, find the area of ABC. 20. __________________
21. Determine the number of possible solutions if A 47, 21. __________________

a 2, and b 4.
22. Determine the greatest possible value for c if A 15, 22. __________________
a 8, and b 13.

23. In ABC, A 67, b 10, and c 5. Find a. 23. __________________
24. In ABC, a 8, b 6, and c 12. Find C. 24. __________________
Bonus The terminal side of an angle in standard Bonus: __________________

position coincides with the line y x in
Quadrant I. Find tan to the nearest thousandth.

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
5 Chapter 5 Open-Ended Assessment
Instructions: Demonstrate your knowledge by giving a clear,
concise solution to each problem. Be sure to include all
relevant drawings and justify your answers. You may show
your solution in more than one way or investigate beyond the
requirements of the problem.
1. The point at (3, 3

) lies on the terminal side of an angle in
standard position.
a. Give the degree measure of three angles that fit the description.
b. Tell how to find the cosine of such angles. Give the cosine of these angles.
c. Name angles in the first, second, and fourth quadrants that have the same
reference angle as those above.
d. Write the coordinates of a point in Quadrant II. Find the values

of the six trigonometric functions of an angle in standard position
with this point on its terminal side.
2. A children’s play area is being built next to a circular fountain in the

park. A fence will be erected around the play area for safety. A diagram
of the area is shown below.
a. How long will the fence need to be in order to enclose the area?
b. The park commission is planning to enlarge the play area. Do you

think it should be enlarged to the east or to the west? Why?
NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
5 Chapter 5 Mid-Chapter Test (Lessons 5-1 through 5-4)
2. If a 470 angle is in standard position, determine a 2. __________________

coterminal angle that is between 0 and 360. State the
quadrant in which the terminal side lies.
For Exercises 3 and 4, use right triangle ABC to find each value.
3. Find the value of the cosine for A. 3. __________________
5. If csc 3, find sin . 5. __________________
6. Use the unit circle to find tan 180. 6. __________________
7. Find the exact value of sin 300. 7. __________________
8. Find the value of csc for angle in standard position if 8. __________________

For Exercises 9 and 10, use right triangle ABC to find each
value to the nearest tenth.
9. Find b. 9. __________________
10. Find c. 10. __________________

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
5 Chapter 5, Quiz A (Lessons 5-1 and 5-2)
2. Write 122 43′ 12″ as a decimal to the nearest thousandth 2. __________________
of a degree.
3. Give the angle measure represented by 2.25 rotations 3. __________________
counterclockwise.
4. Identify all coterminal angles between 360 and 360 4. __________________
for the angle 480.
5. Find the measure of the reference angle for 323. 5. __________________
6. Find the value of the sine for A. 6. __________________
7. Find the value of the tangent for A. 7. __________________
8. Find the value of the secant for A. 8. __________________
9. If cot 23, find tan . Exercises 6–8 9. __________________

10. If sin 0.5, find csc . 10. __________________
NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

Chapter
Chapter 5, Quiz B (Lessons 5-3 and 5-4)
5
Use the unit circle to find each value. 1. __________________
1. sin (90) 2. csc 180 2. __________________
3. Find the exact value of cos 210. 3. __________________
4. Find the exact value of tan 135. 4. __________________
5. Find the value of sec for angle in standard position if 5. __________________
6. Suppose is an angle in standard position whose terminal 6. __________________
side lies in Quadrant III. If tan 15
2
, find the value of sin .
Refer to the figure. Find each value

to the nearest tenth.
7. Find a. 7. __________________
8. Find c. 8. __________________
A 100-foot cable is stretched from a stake in the ground to the top

of a pole. The angle of elevation is 57°.
9. Find the height of the pole to the nearest tenth. 9. __________________
10. Find the distance from the base of the pole to the 10. __________________
stake to the nearest tenth.
NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
5 Chapter 5, Quiz C (Lessons 5-5 and 5-6)
1. If 0 x 360, solve: csc x 2. 1. __________________
2. Assuming an angle in Quadrant I, evaluate tan sec1 15

3 . 2. __________________
3. Given right triangle ABC, find B to the 3. __________________

Find each value. Round to the nearest tenth.

4. In ABC, A 58 21, C 97 07, and b 23.8. Find a. 4. __________________
5. If B 29.5, C 64.5, and a 18.8, find the area of ABC. 5. __________________
NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

Chapter
Chapter 5, Quiz D (Lessons 5-7 and 5-8)
5
1. Determine the number of possible solutions for ABC 1. __________________
if A 28, a 4, and b 11.
Find each value. Round to the nearest tenth.

2. For ABC, determine the least possible value for B 2. __________________
if A 49, a 12, and b 15.
3. In ABC, B 32, a 11, and c 2.4. Find b. 3. __________________
4. In ABC, a 3.1, b 5.4, and c 4.7. Find C. 4. __________________
5. If a 28.2, b 36.5, and c 40.1, find the area of ABC. 5. __________________

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
5 Chapter 5 SAT and ACT Practice
After working each problem, record the 6. Which of the following products has the
correct answer on the answer sheet greatest value less than 100?
provided or use your own paper.
A 246
Multiple Choice B 249
1. The length of a diagonal of a square C 449
is 6 units. Find the length of a side. D 339
A 92 units E 446
B 2 units
C 9 units 7. A diagonal of a rectangle is 15

D 32 units inches. The length of the rectangle is
E None of these 12
inches. Find the area of the
rectangle.
2. If the area of ABC is 30 square meters, A 32 in2
what is the length of segment CD? B 6 in2
A 2m C 9 in2
B 3m D 65 in2
C 5m E None of these
D 8m
E 10 m 8. The diagonals of a rhombus are
perpendicular and bisect each other.
3. The midpoint of a diameter of a circle is If the length of one side of a rhombus
(3, 4). If the coordinates of one endpoint is 25 meters and the length of one
of the diameter are (3, 6), what are diagonal is 14 meters, find the length
the coordinates of the other endpoint? of the other diagonal.
A (9, 2)
A 7m
B (9, 1)
B 12 m
C (8, 2)
C 24 m
D (3, 2)
D 48 m
E (9, 14)
E 144 m
4. The endpoints of a diameter of a circle
9. If c a1 , what is the value of a when
are (3, 2) and (11, 8). Find the area of b
the circle. c 121 and b 3?
A 5 units2 A 36
B 25 units2 B 1
C 25 units2 36
D 10 units2 C 4
E 5 units2 D 4
E None of these
5. What is the arithmetic mean of 13 and 14?
10. How many times do the graphs of
A 16 B 17 y x2 and xy 27 intersect?
C 112 D 17 A 0
2 B 1
E 274 C 2
D 3
E 4

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
5 Chapter 5 SAT and ACT Practice (continued)
13x
11. If 4
is an integer, then the value of x 16. If ƒ(x) x4 4x3 16x 16 has a
CANNOT be which of the following? zero of 2, with a multiplicity of 3,
A 112 what is another zero of ƒ?
B 32 A 3
C 0 B 2
D 6 C 1
E 8 D 1
E 8
12. Which of the following statements 17–18. Quantitative Comparison
makes the expression a b represent A if the quantity of Column A is
a negative number? greater
A ba B if the quantity in Column B is
B ab greater
C b0 C if the two quantities are equal
D a0 D if the relationship cannot be
E ba determined from the information
given
13. A hiker travels 5 miles due north, then
Column A Column B
3 miles due west, and then 2 miles due
17. The value of x in each figure
north. How far is the hiker from his
beginning point?
A About 8.2 mi
B About 7.1 mi
C About 9.4 mi
D About 6 mi
18. The length of the hypotenuse of a
E About 7.6 mi
right triangle with the given leg
lengths
14. A rectangular swimming pool is
100 meters long and 25 meters wide. 7 and 12 8 and 11
Lucia swims from one corner of the
pool to the opposite corner and back
19. Grid-In A tent with a rectangular
10 times. How far did she swim?
floor has a diagonal length of 7 feet
A About 193.6 m and a width of 5 feet. What is the area
B About 1030.8 m of the floor to the nearest square foot?
C About 2061.6 m
D About 10,308.8 m 20. Grid-In Julio wants to bury a water
E None of these pipe from one corner of his field to the
opposite corner. How many feet of
is a root of which equation?
15. 4 32 pipe, to the nearest foot, does he need
A x 8x 2 0
2 if the rectangular field is 200 feet by
B x2 8x 18 0 300 feet?
C x2 16x 2 0
D x2 16x 18 0
E None of these

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
5 Chapter 5, Cumulative Review (Chapters 1-5)
1. If ƒ(x) x 2 and g(x) 21x , find g( ƒ(x)). 1. __________________
2. Determine whether the graphs of 2x y 5 0 2. __________________

and x 2y 6 are parallel, coinciding, perpendicular, or
none of these.
3. Graph the inequality 2x 4y 8. 3.
4. Solve the following system of equations algebraically. 4. __________________

5x y 16
2x 3y 3
5. Find BC if B 61 2
5
and C
3 5
8 4
. 5. __________________
6. Find the inverse of 24 1

3
, if it exists. 6. __________________
7. Determine whether the graph of y 2x4 x2 3 is 7. __________________

symmetric to the x-axis, the y-axis, both, or neither.
8. Describe the transformations relating the graph of 8. __________________

y x 2 5 to its parent function, y x .
9. Find the inverse of y 2x 6. State whether the inverse 9. __________________

is a function.
10. Solve x2 6x 6 0. 10. __________________

3
11. Solve x
2 7 4. 11. __________________
12. Find csc (90°). 12. __________________
13. Given the right triangle ABC, 13.

find side c to the nearest tenth.
14. In ABC, a 8, b 6, and c 10. Find B to the 14. __________________

nearest tenth.

Blank
NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
SAT and ACT Practice Answer Sheet

(10 Questions)
/ /
. . . .
0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A1 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
SAT and ACT Practice Answer Sheet

(20 Questions)
/ /
. . . .
0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9
/ /
. . . .
0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________ NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
5-1 Practice 5-1 Enrichment

Angles and Degree Measure Reading Mathematics: If and Only If Statements
If p and q are interchanged in a conditional statement so that p
Change each measure to degrees, minutes, and seconds. becomes the conclusion and q becomes the hypothesis, the new
1. 28.955 2. 57.327 statement, q → p, is called the converse of p → q.
28 57′ 18″ 57 19′ 37.2″
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
If p → q is true, q → p may be either true or false.
Example Find the converse of each conditional.
Write each measure as a decimal degree to the nearest a. p → q: All squares are rectangles. (true)
thousandth. q → p: All rectangles are squares. (false)
3. 32 28′ 10″ 4. 73 14′ 35″
32.469 73.243 b. p → q: If a function ƒ(x) is increasing on an
interval I, then for every a and b contained in
I, ƒ(a) ƒ(b) whenever a b. (true)
Give the angle measure represented by each rotation. q → p: If for every a and b contained in an interval I,
5. 1.5 rotations clockwise 6. 2.6 rotations counterclockwise ƒ(a) ƒ(b) whenever a b then function ƒ(x) is
540 936 increasing on I. (true)
In Lesson 3-5, you saw that the two statements in Example 2 can be
Identify all angles that are coterminal with each angle. Then find combined in a single statement using the words “if and only if.”
one positive angle and one negative angle that are coterminal A function ƒ(x) is increasing on an interval I if and only if for
with each angle. every a and b contained in I, ƒ(a) ƒ(b) whenever a b.
7. 43
Answers
8. 30
The statement “p if and only if q” means that p implies q and
A3
43 360k; 30 360k; q implies p.
sample answers: sample answers:
763; 317 690; 750
State the converse of each conditional. Then tell if the converse is
true or false. If it is true, combine the statement and its converse
If each angle is in standard position, determine a coterminal angle into a single statement using the words “if and only if.”
that is between 0 and 360, and state the quadrant in which the 1. All integers are rational numbers.
(Lesson 5-1)
terminal side lies. All rational numbers are integers; false

9. 472 10. 995
112; II 85; I 2. If for all x in the domain of a function ƒ(x), ƒ(x) ƒ(x), then
the graph of ƒ(x) is symmetric with respect to the origin.
If a function has a graph that is symmetric with respect to
Find the measure of the reference angle for each angle. the origin, then ƒ(x) ƒ(x) for all x in the domain of ƒ(x);
11. 227 12. 640 true. A function has a graph that is symmetric with respect
47 80 to the origin if and only if ƒ(x) ƒ(x) for all x in the
13. Navigation For an upcoming trip, Jackie plans to sail from domain of ƒ(x).
Santa Barbara Island, located at 33 28′ 32″ N, 119 2′ 7″ W, to 3. If ƒ(x) and ƒ1(x) are inverse functions, then [ ƒ ° ƒ1](x) [ ƒ1 ° ƒ](x) x.
Santa Catalina Island, located at 33.386 N, 118.430 W. Write
the latitude and longitude for Santa Barbara Island as decimals
If [ ƒ ° ƒ 1](x) [ ƒ 1 ° ƒ ](x) x, then ƒ(x) and ƒ 1(x) are inverse
to the nearest thousandth and the latitude and longitude for functions; true. Two functions, ƒ(x) and ƒ 1(x), are inverse
Santa Catalina Island as degrees, minutes, and seconds. functions if and only if [ ƒ ° ƒ 1](x) [ ƒ 1 ° ƒ ](x) x.
Santa Barbara Island: 33.476 N, 119.035 W
Santa Catalina Island: 33 23′ 9.6″ N, 118 25′ 48″ W
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 182 Advanced Mathematical Concepts © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 183 Advanced Mathematical Concepts
Advanced Mathematical Concepts


Trigonometric Ratios in Right Triangles Using Right Triangles to Find the Area of
Another Triangle
Find the values of the sine, cosine, and tangent for each ⬔B.
You can find the area of a right triangle by using the formula
1. 2. 1
A
2
bh. In the formula, one leg of the right triangle can be used as
the base, and the other leg can be used as the height.
The vertices of a triangle can be represented on the coordinate plane
by three ordered pairs. In order to find the area of a general triangle,
you can encase the triangle in a rectangle as shown in the diagram
兹5
苶5苶 2兹5苶兹5苶 below.
sin B 38; cos B ; sin B ; cos B ;
8 5 5
3兹5
苶5苶
tan B tan B 2
55
3. If tan ␪ 5, find cot ␪. 4. If sin ␪ 38, find csc ␪.
1 8
5 3
A rectangle is placed around the triangle so that the vertices of the
triangle all touch the sides of the rectangle.
Example Find the area of a triangle whose vertices are
Find the values of the six trigonometric ratios for each ⬔S. A(1, 3), B(4, 8), and C(8, 5).
Answers
5. 6.
A4
Plot the points and draw the triangle. Encase the triangle
in a rectangle whose sides are parallel to the
axes, then find the coordinates of the vertices of the
rectangle.
(Lesson 5-2)
3兹1
苶0苶兹1苶0
苶 2兹7
苶8苶
sin S ; cos S ; ; cos S ;
10 10
sin S 17
9 19
兹1
苶0苶 7兹7苶8
苶 19
tan S 3; csc S ; tan S ; csc S ;
3 156 7
78
19兹苶苶 2兹7
苶8
苶
sec S 兹1
苶0
苶; cot S 13 sec S ; cot S
156 7
Area 䉭ABC area ADEF area 䉭ADB
7. Physics Suppose you are traveling in a car when a beam of light area 䉭BEC area 䉭CFA, where 䉭ADB, 䉭BEC,
passes from the air to the windshield. The measure of the angle and 䉭CFA are all right triangles.
1 1 1
of incidence is 55, and the measure of the angle of refraction is Area 䉭ABC 5(9) (5)(5) (4)(3) (2)(9)
sin ␪i 2 2 2
35 15′. Use Snell’s Law, n, to find the index of refraction n
sin ␪r 17.5 square units
of the windshield to the nearest thousandth.
about 1.419 Find the area of the triangle having vertices with each set of coordinates.
1. A(4, 6), B(–1, 2), C(6, –5) 31.5 2. A(–2, –4), B(4, 7), C(6, –1) 35
3. A(4, 2), B(6, 9), C(–1, 4) 19.5 4. A(2, –3), B(6, –8), C(3, 5) 18.5


Trigonometric Functions on the Unit Circle Areas of Polygons and Circles
A regular polygon has sides of equal length and angles of equal
Use the unit circle to find each value. measure. A regular polygon can be inscribed in or circumscribed
1. csc 90 2. tan 270 3. sin (90) about a circle. For n-sided regular polygons, the following area
1 undefined 1 formulas can be used.
Area of circle AC ␲ r2
Use the unit circle to find the values of the six trigonometric nr2 360°
Area of inscribed polygon AI
functions for each angle. 2 sin n
4. 45 180°
兹2苶 Area of circumscribed polygon AC nr2 tan
n
sin 45 csc 45 兹2
苶
2
兹2苶
cos 45 sec 45 兹2
苶 Use a calculator to complete the chart below for a unit circle (a circle of radius 1).
2
tan 45 1 cot 45 1 Area of Area of Circle Area of Area of Polygon
Number
Inscribed less Circumscribed less
5. 120 of Sides
Polygon Area of Polygon Polygon Area of Circle
兹苶3 2兹3
苶
sin 120
2
csc 120 3
3 1.2990381 1.8425545 5.1961524 2.0545598
sec 120 2 1. 4 2 1.1415927 4 0.8584073
Answers
cos 120 12
A5
兹
苶 cot 120
tan 120 兹3 3
苶 2. 8 2.8284271 0.3131655 3.3137085 0.1721158
3
3. 12 3 0.1415927 3.2153903 0.0737977
Find the values of the six trigonometric functions for angle in 4. 20 3.0901699 0.0514227 3.1676888 0.0260962
standard position if a point with the given coordinates lies on its 5. 24 3.1058285 0.0357641 3.1596599 0.0180673
terminal side.
6. 28 3.1152931 0.0262996 3.1548423 0.0132497
6. (1, 5) 7. (7, 0) 8. (3, 4)
(Lesson 5-3)
5兹2
苶6
苶 7. 32 3.1214452 0.0201475 3.1517249 0.0101323
sin 26 sin 0 sin 45
8. 1000 3.1415720 0.0000207 3.1416030 0.0000103
兹2苶6
苶
cos cos 1
26
cos 35
tan 5 tan 0 tan 34
9. What number do the areas of the circumscribed and inscribed
兹2
苶6
苶
csc 5
csc undefined csc 54 polygons seem to be approaching as the number of sides of the
polygon increases?
sec 兹2
苶6
苶 sec 1 sec 53

cot 15 cot undefined cot 43


Applying Trigonometric Functions Making and Using a Hypsometer
A hypsometer is a device that can be used to measure the height of
1. If A 55 55′ and c 16, find a. an object. To construct your own hypsometer, you will need a
13.3 rectangular piece of heavy cardboard that is at least 7 cm by 10 cm,
a straw, transparent tape, a string about 20 cm long, and a small
2. If a 9 and B 49, find b. weight that can be attached to the string.
10.4
Mark off 1-cm increments along one short side and one long side of
3. If B 56 48′ and c 63.1, find b. the cardboard. Tape the straw to the other short side. Then attach
52.8 the weight to one end of the string, and attach the other end of the
string to one corner of the cardboard, as shown in the figure below.
4. If B 64 and b 19.2, find a. The diagram below shows how your hypsometer should look.
9.4
5. If b 14 and A 16, find c.
14.6
6. Construction A 30-foot ladder leaning against
the side of a house makes a 70 5′ angle with the
ground.
a. How far up the side of the house does the
ladder reach?
Answers
about 28.2 ft
A6
To use the hypsometer, you will need to measure the distance from
b. What is the horizontal distance between the the base of the object whose height you are finding to where you
bottom of the ladder and the house? stand when you use the hypsometer.
about 10.2 ft Sight the top of the object through the straw. Note where the free-
hanging string crosses the bottom scale. Then use similar triangles
7. Geometry A circle is circumscribed about a regular hexagon with an to find the height of the object.
(Lesson 5-4)
apothem of 4.8 centimeters.

1. Draw a diagram to illustrate how you can use similar triangles
a. Find the radius of the circumscribed circle. about 5.5 cm and the hypsometer to find the height of a tall object.
See students’ diagrams.
b. What is the length of a side of the hexagon? about 5.5 cm Use your hypsometer to find the height of each of the following. See students’ work.
2. your school’s flagpole
c. What is the perimeter of the hexagon? about 33 cm
3. a tree on your school’s property
4. the highest point on the front wall of your school building
8. Observation A person standing 100 feet from the bottom
5. the goal posts on a football field
of a cliff notices a tower on top of the cliff. The angle of
elevation to the top of the cliff is 30. The angle of elevation 6. the hoop on a basketball court
to the top of the tower is 58. How tall is the tower? 7. the top of the highest window of your school building
about 102.3 ft 8. the top of a school bus
9. the top of a set of bleachers at your school
10. the top of a utility pole near your school


Solving Right Triangles Disproving Angle Trisection
Most geometry texts state that it is impossible to trisect an arbitrary
Solve each equation if 0 x 360. angle using only a compass and straightedge. This fact has been
兹2
苶 1 known since ancient times, but since it is usually stated without
1. cos x 2 2. tan x 1 3. sin x 2 proof, some geometry students do not believe it. If the students set
45, 315 45, 225 30, 150 out to find a method for trisecting angles, they will probably try the
following method. It is based on the familiar construction which
allows a segment to be divided into any desired number of congruent
Evaluate each expression. Assume that all angles are in Quadrant I.
segments. You can use inverse trigonometric functions to show that
4. tan tan1
兹3
苶
冢 3 冣 5. tan 冢cos1 23冣 6. cos 冢arcsin 15
3冣 application of the method to the trisection of angles is not valid.
兹苶3 兹5苶 12 Given: ⬔ A

3 2 13 Claim: ⬔ A can be trisected using the following method.
Solve each problem. Round to the nearest tenth. Method: Choose point C on one ray of ⬔ A .
7. If q 10 and s 3, find S. Through C construct a perpendicular to
17.5 the other ray, intersecting it at B.
Construct M and N, the points that
8. If r 12 and s 4, find R. divide 苶CB
苶 into three congruent
71.6 segments. Draw 苶 AM苶 and 苶AN苶, which
trisect ⬔CAB into the congruent angles
Answers
9. If q 20 and r 15, find S. ⬔1, ⬔2, and ⬔3.
A7
41.4
Solve each triangle described, given the triangle at the right. The proposed method has been used to construct the figure below.
Round to the nearest tenth, if necessary. CM MN NB 1. AB 5. Follow the instructions to show that
the three angles ⬔1, ⬔2, and ⬔3, are not congruent. Find angle
10. a 9, B 49 measures to the nearest tenth of a degree.
(Lesson 5-5)
A 41, b 10.4, c 13.7

1. Express m⬔3 as the value of an inverse function.
11. A 16, c 14 1
m⬔3 Arctan
a 3.9, b 13.5, B 74 5
2. Find the measure of ⬔3.
12. a 2, b 7 m⬔3 ⬇ 11.3°
c 7.3, A 15.9, B 74.1 2
3. Write m⬔MAB as the value of an inverse function. m⬔MAB Arctan
5
13. Recreation The swimming pool at Perris Hill Plunge is 50 feet 4. Find the measure of ⬔MAB. m⬔MAB ⬇ 21.8°
long and 25 feet wide. The bottom of the pool is slanted so that 5. Find the measure of ⬔2. m⬔2 ⬇ 10.5°
the water depth is 3 feet at the shallow end and 15 feet at the 6. Find m⬔CAB and use it to find m ⬔1. m⬔1 ⬇ 9.2°
deep end. What is the angle of elevation at the bottom of the
pool? about 13.5 7. Explain why the proposed method for trisecting an angle fails.
The tangent function is not linear. The ratio of the measures
of two angles is not equal to the ratio of the tangents of the
angles.


The Law of Sines Triangle Challenge
A surveyor took the following measurements from two irregularly-
shaped pieces of land. Some of the lengths and angle measurements
1. A 38, B 63, c 15 2. A 33, B 29, b 41 are missing. Find all missing lengths and angle measurements.
C 79, a 9.4, b 13.6 C 118, a 46.1, c 74.7 Round lengths to the nearest tenth and angle measurements to the
nearest minute.
e
1.
G
3. A 150, C 20, a 200 4. A 30, B 45, a 10

B 10, b 69.5, C 105, b 14.1, c 19.3 a
c 136.8
Find the area of each triangle. Round to the nearest tenth. a ⬇ 66.7; b ⬇ 52.7; e ⬇ 49.5
5. c 4, A 37, B 69 6. C 85, a 2, B 19 A ⬇ 103°58'; B ⬇ 50°8'; D ⬇ 76°8';
4.7 units2 0.7 units2
Answers
E ⬇ 50°52'; G ⬇ 76°52'; H ⬇ 54°8'
A8
2.
7. A 50, b 12, c 14 8. b 14, C 110, B 25

64.3 units2 154.1 units2
c
(Lesson 5-6)
b
e
9. b 15, c 20, A 115 10. a 68, c 110, B 42.5

J
135.9 units2 2526.7 units2
b ⬇ 113.4; c ⬇ 110.8; e ⬇ 52.3; f ⬇ 40.5;

A ⬇ 32°37'; ; C ⬇ 71°23'; D ⬇ 55°37';
11. Street Lighting A lamppost tilts toward the sun
at a 2 angle from the vertical and casts a 25-foot
E ⬇ 82°23'; J ⬇ 100°
shadow. The angle from the tip of the shadow to the
top of the lamppost is 45. Find the length of the
lamppost.
about 25.9 ft


The Ambiguous Case for the Law of Sines Spherical Triangles
Spherical trigonometry is an extension of plane trigonometry.
Determine the number of possible solutions for each triangle. Figures are drawn on the surface of a sphere. Arcs of great
1. A 42, a 22, b 12 2. a 15, b 25, A 85 circles correspond to line segments in the plane. The arcs of
1 0 three great circles intersecting on a sphere form a spherical
triangle. Angles have the same measure as the tangent lines
drawn to each great circle at the vertex. Since the sides are
arcs, they too can be measured in degrees.
3. A 58, a 4.5, b 5 4. A 110, a 4, c 4
The sum of the sides of a spherical triangle is less than 360°.
2 0 The sum of the angles is greater than 180° and less than 540°.
The Law of Sines for spherical triangles is as follows.
sin a sin b sin c

sin A sin B sin C
There is also a Law of Cosines for spherical triangles.

Find all solutions for each triangle. If no solutions exist, write cos a cos b cos c sin b sin c cos A
none. Round to the nearest tenth. cos b cos a cos c sin a sin c cos B
5. b 50, a 33, A 132 6. a 125, A 25, b 150 cos c cos a cos b sin a sin b cos C
none B 30.5, C 124.5, c 243.7;
B 149.5, C 5.5, c 28.3
Example
Answers
Solve the spherical triangle given a 72°, b 105°, and c 61°.
A9
Use the Law of Cosines.
0.3090 (–0.2588)(0.4848) (0.9659)(0.8746) cos A
7. a 32, c 20, A 112 8. a 12, b 15, A 55 cos A 0.5143
B 32.6, C 35.4, none A 59°
b 18.6
–0.2588 (0.3090)(0.4848) (0.9511)(0.8746) cos B
(Lesson 5-7)
cos B –0.4912
B 119°
9. A 42, a 22, b 12 10. b 15, c 13, C 50 0.4848 (0.3090)(–0.2588) (0.9511)(0.9659) cos C
B 21.4, C 116.6, A 67.9, B 62.1, a 15.7; cos C 0.6148
c 29.4 A 12.1, B 117.9, a 3.6 C 52°
Check by using the Law of Sines.
sin 72° sin 105° sin 61°
1.1
sin 59° sin 119° sin 52°
11. Property Maintenance The McDougalls plan to fence a triangular parcel of their
land. One side of the property is 75 feet in length. It forms a 38 angle with another
Solve each spherical triangle.
side of the property, which has not yet been measured. The remaining side of the
property is 95 feet in length. Approximate to the nearest tenth the length of fence 1. a 56°, b 53°, c 94° 2. a 110°, b 33°, c 97°
needed to enclose this parcel of the McDougalls’ lot. A 41°, B 39°, C 128° A 116°, B 31°, C 71°
about 312.1 ft 3. a 76°, b 110°, C 49° 4. b 94°, c 55°, A 48°
A 59°, B 124°, c 59° a 60°, B 121°, C 45°


The Law of Cosines The Law of Cosines and the Pythagorean Theorem
The law of cosines bears strong similarities to the
Solve each triangle. Round to the nearest tenth. Pythagorean Theorem. According to the Law of
1. a 20, b 12, c 28 2. a 10, c 8, B 100 Cosines, if two sides of a triangle have lengths a and
A 38.2, B 21.8, b 13.8, A 45.5, C 34.5 b and if the angle between them has a measure of x,
C 120.0 then the length, y, of the third side of the triangle
can be found by using the equation
y2 a2 b2 2ab cos (x°).

3. c 49, b 40, A 53 4. a 5, b 7, c 10
a 40.5, B 52.0, A 27.7, B 40.5, C 111.8 Answer the following questions to clarify the relationship between
C 75.0 the Law of Cosines and the Pythagorean Theorem.
1. If the value of x becomes less and less, what number is cos (x°)
close to?
1
2. If the value of x is very close to zero but then increases, what
Find the area of each triangle. Round to the nearest tenth. happens to cos (x°) as x approaches 90?
5. a 5, b 12, c 13 6. a 11, b 13, c 16 decreases, approaches 0
30.0 units2 71.0 units2 3. If x equals 90, what is the value of cos (x°)? What does the
equation of y2 a2 b2 2ab cos (x°) simplify to if x equals 90?
Answers
0, y 2 a 2 b 2
A10
4. What happens to the value of cos (x°) as x increases beyond 90
7. a 14, b 9, c 8 8. a 8, b 7, c 3 and approaches 180?
decreases to –1
33.7 units2 10.4 units2 5. Consider some particular values of a and b, say 7 for a and
19 for b. Use a graphing calculator to graph the equation you
get by solving y2 72 192 2(7)(19) cos (x°) for y.
(Lesson 5-8)
See students’ graphs.

9. The sides of a triangle measure 13.4 centimeters, a. In view of the geometry of the situation, what range of values
18.7 centimeters, and 26.5 centimeters. Find the measure should you use for X on a graphing calculator?
of the angle with the least measure.
Xmin 0; Xmax 180
about 28.3 b. Display the graph and use the TRACE function. What do the
maximum and minimum values appear to be for the function?
See students’ graphs;
Ymin 12, Ymax 26
10. Orienteering During an orienteering hike, two hikers c. How do the answers for part b relate to the lengths 7 and 19?
start at point A and head in a direction 30 west of south Are the maximum and minimum values from part b ever
to point B. They hike 6 miles from point A to point B. From actually attained in the geometric situation?
point B, they hike to point C and then from point C back to
point A, which is 8 miles directly north of point C. How min (19 7); max (19 7); no
many miles did they hike from point B to point C?
4.1 mi


Chapter 5 Answer Key
Form 1A Form 1B
Page 205 Page 206 Page 207 Page 208
1. B 14. B 1. D 14. A
2. D 2. A
15. A 15. B
3. A
3. D
4. A
16. C 4. C 16. A
5. C 5. D 17. A
17. B
6. B 6. B
18. A
18. D
7. D 19. C
7. D 19. B
20. D 20. C
21. A 21. B
8. B
8. A 22. C
22. B
9. B
9. C
10. A 23. B
23. C
10. D
11. C 24. D 11. C 24. C
12. A 25. D 12. D 25. D
Bonus: B
Bonus: A
13. B 13. C

Form 1C Form 2A
1. A 14. C 1. 225° 38 20.4 14. 179 feet
2. B
15. A 2. 23.274° 15. 48 feet
3. A
4. C 16. B 3. 864° 16. 150° and 330°
5. B 17. 5
4.180° and 180° 4
17. A
6. B 18. 68.2°
18. B 5. 22°
6. 4兹
苶
6
11
7. A 19. B 19. 17.6
7. 5兹
苶
6
24 20. 103.7 units2
20. C
8. 11
21. two
21. C 5
8. D 22. B 9. 12 22. 3.9
9. D
10. 1
23. D
10. D
23. 12.0
24. D 11. 兹3
苶
11. B
24. 22.2°
25. C 兹1
苶苶
12. A 12. 3
3 25. 136.8 units2
Bonus: B
Bonus: 1.054
13. A 13. 153

Form 2B Form 2C
1. 124° 37 48 14. 186 feet 1. 25° 36 00 14. 185 feet
2. 48.538° 2. 75.500°
15. 135 feet 15. 75 feet
16. 210° and 330° 3. 540° 16. 240° and 300°

3. 450°
12 17. 5
17. 13
13
4. 135°
4. 90° and 270° 18. 56.9° 18. 41.8°
5. 55°
5. 50°
19. 10.7 兹6
苶苶
5 19. 19.8
6.
9
6. 兹3
苶苶
3
7 20. 164.9 units2 20. 120.7 units2
7. 4兹
苶5
6苶
65
7. 7 21. one 21. none
4
8. 9
4
8. 兹3苶3
苶
4 22. 19.8
9. 13
22. 9.9
9. 14
10. 0
10. 0 23. 10.5 兹苶

3 23. 9.3
11.
2
24. 129.8° 24. 117.3
11. 2 12. 苶7
4兹
1 苶
17
25. 154.7 units2 25. 196.7 units2
12. 兹4苶1
苶
4
Bonus: 0.9487 13. 15
3
Bonus: 1.000
13. 152

CHAPTER 5 SCORING RUBRIC
Level Specific Criteria
3 Superior • Shows thorough understanding of the concepts standard
position, degree measure, quadrant, reference angle,
and the six trigonometric functions of an angle.
• Computations are correct.
• Uses appropriate strategies to solve problems.
• Written explanations are exemplary.
• Goes beyond requirements of some or all problems.
2 Satisfactory, • Shows understanding of the concepts standard position,
with Minor degree measure, quadrant, reference angle, and the six
Flaws trigonometric functions of an angle.
• Uses appropriate strategies to solve problems.
• Computations are mostly correct.
• Written explanations are effective.
• Satisfies all requirements of problems.
1 Nearly • Shows understanding of most of the concepts standard
Satisfactory, position, degree measure, quadrant, reference angle,
with Serious and the six trigonometric functions of an angle.
Flaws • May not use appropriate strategies to solve problems.
• Computations are mostly correct.
• Written explanations are satisfactory.
• Satisfies most requirements of problems.
0 Unsatisfactory • Shows little or no understanding of the concepts
standard position, degree measure, quadrant, reference
angle, and the six trigonometric functions of an angle.
• May not use appropriate strategies to solve problems.
• Computations are incorrect.
• Written explanations are not satisfactory.
• Does not satisfy requirements of problems.

Open-Ended Assessment
Page 217
1a. 210°, 570°, 930° 2a. The length of the missing side
3 to the east is given by
1b. The cosine is x , or
r 2兹3苶
兹苶. 15ft. x , or 20.2 feet.
2
3 sin 40° sin 60°
The length of the missing side
1c. first quadrant: 30°,
second quadrant: 150°, around the fountain is given
fourth quadrant: 330° by 16
20, or 10.5 feet.
1d. Sample answers: The total length is
(3, 4); sin A 45 , approximately 140.7 feet.
cos A 35, tan A 43, 2b. Answers will vary but might
include issues such as the
csc A 54, sec A 53, length of fence required versus
cot A 34 the increase in
park size, access and/or
proximity to roads,
maintenance and/or
enhancement of the
fountain, and so on.

Mid-Chapter Test Quiz A Quiz C
Page 218 Page 219 Page 220
1. 65° 46 55.2 1. 47° 16 59 1. 210° and 330°
2. 122.720°
12

2. 5
2. 250°; III 3. 810°
4. 120° and 240° 3. 35.7°
2兹
苶0
1 苶 5. 37°
3.
11
6. 3兹
苶4
3苶
34
7. 3
4. 2兹
苶苶
1 0 5
9 兹3
苶苶
4
8.
5
9. 32 4. 48.8
5. 13
10. 2
5. 78.7 units2
6. 0
Quiz B
兹苶
Page 219
7. 3
2 1. 1
2. undefined
3. 兹
苶
3
8. 兹5
苶 2
4. 1 Quiz D
5. 兹苶
4
苶
1 Page 220
4
1. none
6. 5
13
9. 9.2
7. 6.6 2. 70.6°
8. 9.8
3. 9.1
10. 11.0 4. 60.1°

9. 83.9 feet
10. 54.5 feet 5. 498.0 units2
SAT/ACT Practice Cumulative Review
Page 221 Page 222 Page 223

1. D 11. D 1. 1
2x 4
2. perpendicular
2. D 12. A
3.
3. A 13. E
4. (3, 1)
4. C 14. C 5. 冤 34
37 15冥
38
3 1
冤冥
10 10
2 1
5 5
5. E 15. A 6.
7. y-axis
reflected over x-axis;
6. E 16. B translated left 2 units
8. and down 5 units
9. x
y 6 ; yes
2
7. B 17. B
10. 3 兹3
苶
11. 29
8. D 18. A
12. 1
13. 15.4
9. D 19. 24
10. B 20. 361

14. 36.9°

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Chapter 5

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ISBN: 0-07-869132-X Advanced Mathematical Concepts

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill iii Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Enrichment There is one master for each

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill iv Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Chapter Assessments Continuing Assessment

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill v Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Five Different Options to Meet the Needs of

BASIC AVERAGE ADVANCED

3 Parent and Student Study Guide (online)

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill vi Advanced Mathematical Concepts

(continued on the next page)

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill vii Advanced Mathematical Concepts

(continued on the next page)

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill viii Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Vocabulary Term Found

(continued on the next page)

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill ix Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Vocabulary Term Found

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill x Advanced Mathematical Concepts

5-1 Study Guide

Example 1 a. Change 12.520° to degrees, minutes, and

Example 2 Give the angle measure represented by each

b. 4.2 rotations counterclockwise

Example 3 Find the measure of the reference angle for 220°.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 181 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Write each measure as a decimal degree to the nearest

Give the angle measure represented by each rotation.

If each angle is in standard position, determine a coterminal angle

Find the measure of the reference angle for each angle.

13. Navigation For an upcoming trip, Jackie plans to sail from

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 182 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

State the converse of each conditional. Then tell if the converse is

2. If for all x in the domain of a function ƒ(x), ƒ(x) ƒ(x), then

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 183 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

5-2 Study Guide

Example 1 Find the values of the sine, cosine, and tangent

Example 2 Find the values of the six trigonometric

side opposite side adjacent side opposite

hypotenuse hypotenuse side adjacent

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 184 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

3. If tan 5, find cot . 4. If sin 38, find csc .

7. Physics Suppose you are traveling in a car when a beam of light

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 185 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

A rectangle is placed around the triangle so that the vertices of the

Area ABC area ADEF  area ADB 

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 186 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

5-3 Study Guide

Example 2 Find the values of the six trigonometric functions

csc 1152 or 54 15

Example 3 Suppose is an angle in standard position whose

csc 54 sec 35 cot 34

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 187 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Find the values of the six trigonometric functions for angle in

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 188 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Area of Area of Circle Area of Area of Polygon

3 1.2990381 1.8425545 5.1961524 2.0545598

9. What number do the areas of the circumscribed and inscribed

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 189 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

5-4 Study Guide

Example 1 If T 45° and u 20, find t to the nearest tenth.

Example 2 Geometry The apothem of a regular polygon is the

2. If for all x in the domain of a function ƒ(x), ƒ(x) ƒ(x), then

Area ABC area ADEF area ADB

2. If a 9 and B 49, find b.

3. If B 56 48′ and c 63.1, find b.

4. If B 64 and b 19.2, find a.

5. If b 14 and A 16, find c.

Therefore, C 50°, b 29.5, and c 23.0.

3. A 150, C 20, a 200 4. A 30, B 45, a 10

7. A 50, b 12, c 14 8. b 14, C 110, B 25

9. b 15, c 20, A 115 10. a 68, c 110, B 42.5

3. A 58, a 4.5, b 5 4. A 110, a 4, c 4

7. a 32, c 20, A 112 8. a 12, b 15, A 55

9. A 42, a 22, b 12 10. b 15, c 13, C 50

3. c 49, b 40, A 53 4. a 5, b 7, c 10

y2 a2 b2 2ab cos (x °).