Thermodynamics and Material Engineering Laboratory: Group Members

THERMODYNAMICS AND MATERIAL
ENGINEERING LABORATORY
EXPERIMENT 4: BENDING MOMENT
Group members: 1) Soo Ming Huey (A16KT0397)

2) Wan Sarah Qistina Bt. Wan
Ahmad Sofian (A16KT0453)
Subject code: SKKK 2711- Thermodynamics &

Material Engineering Laboratory
Section: Section 03 (Group 6)
Lecturer’s Name: PM Dr. Lee Chew Tin
Date of experiment: 12th March 2018
Date of submission: 19th March 2018
EXPERIMENT 4: [ BENDING MOMENT]
1.0-OBJECTIVES
The main objective of this introductory experiment was being successfully achieved which was
to study the property of material (bending moment at a normal section) when the beam was
subjected to different loads. In this context, the action of moment of resistance in a beam was
comprehended to check its agreement with the theory.
2.0- ABSTRACT
A structural element which is designed and used to withstand high loads of structure and
other external loads is called as beam. There are many different types of beam like cantilever
beam, simple supported beam and overhanging beam. The beam will be induced with external
load which will put on the load hanger and it will bend after the load is put on. The spring balance
is adjusted each time after the load is altered until it reaches the balancing level. The ability of
the beam to resist the load depends on the type of beam, material of beam and geometry (shape
and dimension of beam.) In our case, simple supported beam is applied which it has supports at
its both ends but does not face any moving of moment resistance. Thus, it is noted that for a
simply-supported beam, the bending moments at the ends of frictionless hinge will always be
equal to zero. When an external load or the structural load applied in beam is large enough to
displace the beam from its present position, then that deflection of beam from its resent axis is
called ‘bending of beam’. In other words, bending moment is the product of force applied on
beam, F times with the distance between the point of application of force and fixed end of the
beam,d. Bending moment (F x d) is represented by the standard unit of N.m or N.mm. [1] After
that, the percentage error between experimental and theoretical bending moment is also
calculated. Throughout this experiment, it is observed that the experimental value of ultimate
load is lower than that of the theoretical load, for each of the cross-sections tested. The difference
of the experimental values from the theoretical values is due to some errors that occur during the
experiment.
3.0- INTRODUCTION
Each beam is simply supported on vertical supports which can be easily moved to create varying
support positions and beam spans. At the ‘cut’ section, bearings in one beam will straddle a
vertical bearing track in the mating beam. This ensures free vertical movement for monitoring
shear forces. Although beam bending is permitted, it is counteracted by the bearings and a
tension spring which supported horizontally from underneath the beams. When the beam is
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loaded, the force will cause the beam to bend and undergo vertical displacement. These effects
are due to the vertical components of forces acting perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the
beam. The vertical displacement tends to shear the beam. Shear force is defined as the pair of
internal forces at any portion in a structural member that are formed to resist relative movement
of the load at that point to maintain equilibrium. Any beam must be designed in such as a way
that it can resist internal shear force and bending moments.[2] Another important consideration
in beam design is the amount of load it can carry. Therefore, in order to design a beam for
maximum efficiency, it is critical to determine the internal shear forces and bending moment
distribution along the beam. This is accomplished by constructing shear and bending moment
diagram to calculate bending moment in a section. The application of these two diagrams is that
the deflection of a beam can be easily determined using the moment area method. Other than
that, these diagrams can be used to easily determine the type, size, and material of a member in
a structure so that a given set of loads can be supported without any structural failure.
4.0- THEORY
Internal stresses and strains are created when a beam is loaded by forces or couples.
Internal stress is used to express the loading in terms of force applied to a certain cross-sectional
area of an object. While strains is known as the amount of deformation in the direction of the
applied force divided by the initial length of the material. We first must find the internal forces
and internal couples that act on cross sections of the beam in order to determine these stresses
and strains. As an illustration, consider a cantilever beam acted upon by a vertical force P at its
free end in Figure 1a. Now imagine that we cut through the beam at a cross section mn located
at distance x from the free end and isolate the left hand part of the beam as a free body in Figure
1b. The free body is held equilibrium by the force p and by the stresses that act over the cross
section; all we know is that the resultant f these stresses must be such as to maintain equilibrium
of the free body selected. [3]
P
n
x
(a)
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(b)
M V
(c)
Figure 1: Bending Moment of a Beam
As the load is solely vertical and in plane of the beam there cannot be horizontal reactions, so
the equilibrium yields two conditions:
1. Vertical equilibrium.
2. Equilibrium of moments.
The resultant to a shear force v acting parallel to the across section and a bending couple of
moment M is reduced. This is because the load P is transverse to the axis of the beam, no axial force
exists at the cross section. Both the shear force and bending couple act in the plane of the beam,
which means that that the moment vector for the couple is perpendicular to the plane of the figure.
The moment of the bending couple is called bending moment M. Stress resultants are shear forces
and bending moments, like axial forces in bars and twisting couples in shafts.
The left-hand part of the beam in the directions shown in Fig 1-2b is the shear force and
bending moment which are assumed to be positive. However, the right-hand part of the beam in
Fig 1-2c shows the reverse direction of the same stress resultant.
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Shearing Force
Qx
(A) (B)
+ve +ve
X
RA RB
Figure 2: Vertical Equilibrium of Moment
There must be a shearing force Qx acting as shown in Figure 2 and equal to -RA in
vertical equilibrium of part (A). However, the shearing force Qx, evidently acts as shown and
has the value of RA-P in vertical equilibrium of part (B). The sign convention must be used to
clarify. The normal one are shown. Which leads to the –ve values above.
Bending Moment
Qx P l
MX MX
+v
+ve (A) (B) e
RA a b RB
Figure 3: Equilibrium of Moment
For equilibrium of moments take an axis as shown (Figure 3) in the section XX to

eliminate Qx. Then using the sign convention given:
For part (A) of the beam: MX = RA .a
While for part (B) of the beam: MX = RB .b – P (b - l)
They will have the same value by substituting for RB and Pl as follows,
MX = -b (P- RB) + Pl
= -b. RA + RA (a + b)
= RA .a
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5.0- APPARATUS
The experimental beam we used is coded with model of ‘HST9 Shear Force in a Beam’ and it is
divided into parts, the smaller being (A) and the larger (B). At the section normal to the beam
axis where they joint a pair of ball bearing pinned in (B) fits in half housings fixed in (A) thus
forming a “frictionless” hinge. A moment of resistance about the hinge is provided by an under
slung spring balance which acts at a lever arm of 150mm. Two end bearings on stands support
the beam, and several stirrup shaped load hangers can be threaded onto the two part of the beam.
To introduce a load hanger at the joint between part (A) and (B) the beam comes apart so that
the hanger can be threaded on. It is generally sufficient to line up parts (A) and (B) by eye, and
to re-align them by adjusting the screws on the spring or spring balance each time a load is altered.
[5]
6.0- PROCEDURE
This experiment was divided into two parts. In the first part of the experiment, the beam was
being set up so that the bearing pin in part (B) is 300mm from the left hand support and 600mm
to the right hand support as shown in Figure 4 below. One load hanger was positioned on the
middle of the smaller part (A) of the beam, one on the larger part (B), and the third one at the
joint just over the bearing pin (in the groove provided).Once the loads were loaded, the beam
was made horizontally by tightening or releasing the underslung spring below it, according to
the green bubble in the spirit level so that it was always in central position.
Then, two parts of the beam were aligned using the adjustment on the spring balance and
the initial reading was noted. After that, 10N (1kg) weight was hang on part (B), the beam was
re-aligned and the new reading on the spring balance was noted. The difference between the two
readings was the effect of applying the 10N (1kg) weight on the beam. Next, the distance from
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this weight to the right hand support was recorded. The procedure was repeated using the hanger
over the pin, and then the hanger on the part (A). Finally, the whole procedure was repeated
using 20 N (2kg) load.
Figure 4: Bending moment at C (Mc) for loading

In second part of the experiment, the three load hangers were positioned as desired, the
beam was aligned and the initial reading of the spring balance was noted. After that, some
weights (masses) were hanged on all three hangers, the beam was re-aligned and the new balance
reading was noted. Finally, the experimental steps with a different span between supports, with
the load hangers in different positions and with different loadings were repeated as the time
permits as shown in figures below:
Figure 5: Bending moment, Mc for loading
Figure 6: Bending moment, Mc for various loading
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7.0- RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS

Part 1
Load Balance Reading (N)/ Net force (N) for load

(N) at
P1 P2 P3
Percentage error (%)=
0 18 / 0 18 / 0 18 / 0 (𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍−𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆)
x
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆
10 24 / 6 32 / 14 26 / 8
100 %
20 26 / 8 40 / 22 30 / 12
Bending moment (N.mm) and theoretical
value
10 900 / 667 2100 / 2000 1200 / 1000 34.93 5.00 20.00
20 1200 /1333 3300 / 4000 1800 / 2000 9.98 17.50 10.00
Table 1: Bending moment at C (Mc) for loading shown
Part 2 (a):
Loading Balance Net Bending Bending Percentage error (%)=
(N) reading force moment moment (𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍−𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆)
(N) (N) (N.mm) (Theoretical x
value) 100 %
(N.mm)
0 18 0 0 0 0
P2=5 22 4 600 1000 40.00
P1=P3=10, P2=5 30 12 1800 2666.67 32.50
Table 2: Bending moment, Mc for loading shown (superposition)

Part 2 (b):
Loading Balance Net Bending Bending Percentage error (%)=

(N) reading force moment moment (𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍−𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆)
(N) (N) (N.mm) (Theoretical x
value) 100 %
(N.mm)
0 18 0 0 0 0
P1=5, P3 =12 28 10 1500 1933.33 22.41
P1=5, P2 =10, 31 13 1950 2600.00 25.00

P3=2
Table 3: Bending moment, Mc for various loading shown
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Part 1: Bending moment or Fnormal at C for each load distance
Condition 1:- Load at P1 = 10N, repeated with P2 & P3
When the system is in equilibrium, Force action = total load on the beam [4]
+ ∑Fy = 0, in which RA + RB = 10N
⸫ ∑Fy = RA + RB -10N = 0 -------------------(1)
Assume that the moment at A in anti-clockwise direction= 0
+ ∑MA = 0
-10N (100mm) + RB (900mm) = 0
RB = 1.111N
Rearranging eqn (1), thus: RA = 10N – RB

= 10 – 1.111
= 8.889 N
+ ∑Fy = RA-V1=0
RA =V1 = 8.89N
A M1
+ ∑MA = - (8.89)(x) + M1 = 0
V1 M1 = 8.89x
RA x
Substitute: 0 mm ≤ x < 100 mm
⸫ 0 N.mm ≤ M1 <889 N.mm
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P1
+ ∑Fy = RA – 10 –V2 = 0
V2 = 8.89 – 10 = -1.67 N
A M2
+ ∑MA = -10N (100mm) + RB(x) +M2 =0
RA V2
x
-10(100) + 1.11x + M2 = 0
RB
M2 = 1000 – 1.11x
889 N.mm ≤ M2 < 1 N.mm
Mc = 1000 – 1.11(300) = 667 N.mm
Graph 1: Bending moment diagram for P1=10N
M1 = +889N.mm
M(N.mm)
Mc = +667N.mm
M2 = +1N.mm
0 x(mm)
100mm
900mm
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2) When P2= 10N
900mm
300mm
C
A B
RA P2= 10N RB
Calculation:
Assume the system is in equilibrium,
+ ∑Fy = RA+RB-10=0
RA = 10- RB
Assume the total moment at A=0
+ ∑MA = -10(100) + RB (900) = 0
RB = 3.33N
RA = 6.67 N
+ ∑Fy = RA-V1=0
RA=V1 = 6.67N
A Mc
+ ∑MA = - (6.67)(x) + Mc = 0
V1
RA
Mc = 8.89x
x
⸫ 0 N.mm ≤ MC <2001 N.mm
P2
+ ∑Fy = RA – 10 –V2 = 0
V2 = 6.67 – 10 = -3.33 N
A M2
RA + ∑MA =-10N (300mm) + RB(x) +M2 =0

x V2
-10(300) + 3.33x + M2 = 0
M2 = 3000 – 3.33x
⸫ 2001 N.mm ≤ M2 < 3 N.mm
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Graph 2: Bending moment diagram for P2= 10N
MC = + 2001N.mm
M(N.mm)
M2 = +3N.mm
0 x(mm)
300mm
900mm
3) When P3= 10N
900mm
600mm
C
A B
RA P3= 10N RB
Calculation:
+ ∑Fy = RA+RB-10=0
RA = 10- RB
+ ∑MA = -10(600) + RB (900) = 0
RB = 6.67 N
RA = 3.33 N
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+ ∑Fy = RA-V1=0
RA =V1 = 3.33N
M1
V1 + ∑MA = - (3.33)(x) + M1 = 0
RA x
M1 = 3.33x
⸫ 0 N.mm ≤ M1 <1998 N.mm
When x= 300, Mc= 3.33(300) = 1000N
+ ∑Fy = RA – 10 –V2 = 0
P3 V2 = 3.33 – 10 = -6.67 N
When x= 300, Mc= 3.33(300) = 1000N
M2
+ ∑MA =-10N (300mm) + RB(x) +M2 =0
-10(600) + 6.67x + M2 = 0
RA V2
x
M2 = 6000 – 6.67x
⸫ 1998 N.mm ≤ M2 < -3 N.mm
Graph 3: Bending moment diagram for load P3 =10N
M1 = + 1998N.mm
M(N.mm)
Mc = +1000N.mm
0 x(mm)
600mm
900mm
M2 = -3N.mm
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4) Repeat by changing the load to P1= 20N

900mm
100mm
C
A B
RA RB
P1= 20N
Calculation:
+ ∑Fy = RA+RB-20=0
RA = 20- RB
+ ∑MA = -20(100) + RB (900) = 0
RB = 2.22N
RA = 17.78 N
+ ∑Fy = RA-V1=0
RA =V1 = 17.78N
M1 + ∑MA = - (17.78)(x) + M1 = 0
V1 M1 = 17.78x
RA
x
⸫ 0 N.mm ≤ M1 < 1780 N.mm
P1
M2 + ∑Fy = RA – 20 –V2 = 0
V2 = 17.78 – 20 = -2.22 N
RA V2
x
+ ∑MA =-20N (100mm) + RB(x) +M2 =0
-20(100) + 2.22x + M2 = 0
M2 = 2000 – 2.22x
⸫ 1780 N.mm ≤ M2 < 20 N.mm
Mc = 2000 – 2.22(300) = 1334 N.mm
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M1 = +1780 N.mm
M(N.mm)
Mc = +1334 N.mm
M2 = +20N.mm
0 x(mm)
100mm
900mm
5) When P2= 20N
900mm
300mm
C
A B
RA P2= 20N RB
Calculation:
+ ∑Fy = RA+RB-20=0
RA = 20- RB
+ ∑MA = -20(300) + RB (900) = 0
RB = 6.67 N
RA = 13.33 N
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+ ∑Fy = RA-V1=0
RA =V1 = 13.33N
Mc
V1
RA + ∑MA = - (3.33)(x) + Mc = 0
x
Mc = 13.33x
⸫ 0 N.mm ≤ MC <3999 N.mm
P2
+ ∑Fy = RA – 20 –V2 = 0
M2 V2 = 13.33 – 20 = -6.67 N
RA V2
x + ∑MA = -20N (300mm) + RB(x) +M2 =0
-20(300) + 6.67x + M2 = 0
M2 = 6000 – 6.67x
⸫ 3999 N.mm ≤ M2 < −3 N.mm
Mc = +3999N.mm
M(N.mm)
0 x(mm)
300mm
900mm
M2 = -3N.mm
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6) When P3= 20N
900mm
600mm
C
A B
RA P3= 10N RB
Calculation:
+ ∑Fy = RA+RB-20=0
RA = 20- RB
+ ∑MA = -20(600) + RB (900) = 0
RB = 13.33 N
RA = 6.67 N
+ ∑Fy = RA-V1=0
M1 RA = V1 = 6.67N
V1
RA x + ∑MA = - (6.67)(x) + M1 = 0
M1 = 6.67x
0 N.mm ≤ M1 < 4002 N.mm
When x= 300, Mc= 6.67(300)= 2001N
P3
M2 + ∑Fy = RA – 20 –V2 = 0
RA V2 V2 = 6.67 – 20 = -13.33 N
x
+ ∑MA=
= -20(600) + 13.33x + M2 = 0
M2 = 12000 – 13.33x
⸫ 4002 N.mm ≤ M2 < 3 N.mm
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M1 = +4002N.mm
M(N.mm)
Mc = +2001N.mm
M2 = +3N.mm
0 x(mm)
600mm
900mm
Part 2:
A) Bending moment Mc with superposition load
900mm
600mm
300mm
100mm
C
A B
RA RB
P1 P2 P3
Page 18 of 29
1) When P1=5N,
900mm
300mm
C
A B
RA RB
P2= 5N
Calculation:
+ ∑Fy = RA+RB-5=0
RA = 5- RB
+ ∑MA = -5(300) + RB (900) = 0
RB = 1.67N
RA =3.33 N
+ ∑Fy = RA-V1=0
RA =V1 = 3.33N
Mc
V1 + ∑MA = - (3.33)(x) + Mc = 0
RA
x
Mc = 3.33x
⸫ 0 N.mm ≤ MC <1000 N.mm
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+ ∑Fy = RA – 5 –V2 = 0
P2 V2 = 3.33 – 5 = -1.67 N
+ ∑MA = -5(300) + 1.67x + M2 = 0

M2
M2 = 1500 – 1.67x
RA V2
x Substitute: 300 mm ≤ x < 900 mm
⸫ 1000 N.mm ≤ M2 < -3 N.mm
MC = + 1000 N.mm
M(N.mm)
0 x(mm)
300mm
900mm
M2 = -3N.mm
2) When P1 = P3 =10N and P2 = 5N
900mm
600mm
300mm
100mm
C
A B
RA RB
P1= 10N P2= 5N P3= 10N
Page 20 of 29
Calculation:
+ ∑Fy = RA+RB-5-10-10=0
RA = 25- RB
+ ∑MA = -5 (300) -10(100) – 10(600) + RB (900) = 0
RB = 9.444N
RA = 15.556 N
+ ∑Fy = RA-V1=0
RA = V1 = 15.56N
M1 + ∑MA = - (15.56)(x) + M1 = 0
V1 M1 = 15.556x
RA x
⸫0 N.mm ≤ M1 < 1556 N.mm
P1
⸫0 N.mm ≤ M1 < 1556 N.mm
+ ∑Fy = RA – 10 –V2 = 0
V2 = 15.556 – 10= 5.556 N
Mc
RA + ∑MA = -10(100) – 5.556x + MC = 0

x V2
MC = 1000 + 5.556x
⸫ 1556 N.mm ≤ MC < 2666.67 N.mm
P1 P2
+ ∑Fy = RA – 10 – 5 – V3 = 0
V3 = 15.56 – 15 = 0.56 N
M3
RA x V3 + ∑MA = -10(100) – 5(300) - 5.56x + M3 = 0

M3 = 2500 + 0.56x
⸫ 2668 N.mm ≤ M3 < 2836 N.mm
Page 21 of 29
P1 P2 P3
M4
V4
RA x
+ ∑Fy = RA – 10 – 5 – 10 – V4 = 0
V4 = 15.56 – 25 = -9.44 N
+ ∑MA = -10(100) – 5(300) – 10(600) + 9.44x + M4 = 0

M3 = 8500 – 9.44x
600 mm ≤ x < 900 mm
2836 N.mm ≤ M3 < 4 N.mm
Graph 8: Bending moment diagram at load P2=5N and P1=P3=10N
MC = +2668N.mm M3 = +2836N.mm
M(N.mm)
M1 = +1556N.mm
M4 = +4N.mm
x(mm)
100mm
300mm
600mm
900mm
Page 22 of 29
Part 2B: Bending moment Mc with various load

900mm
500mm
300mm
100mm
C
A B
RA RB
P1 P2 P3
1) When P1 = 5N and P3 = 12N
900mm
500mm
100mm
C
A B
RA RB
P1 = 5N P3 = 12N
Calculation:
+ ∑Fy = RA+RB-5-12 =0
RA = 17- RB
+ ∑MA = -5(100) -12(500) – 10(100) + RB (900mm) = 0
RB = 7.22 N
RA = 9.78 N
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+ ∑Fy = RA-V1=0
RA = V1 = 9.78N
M1
+ ∑MA = - (9.78)(x) + M1 = 0
V1
RA x
M1 = 9.78x
⸫ 0 N.mm ≤ M1 < 978 N.mm
+ ∑Fy = RA – 5 –V2 = 0
P1
V2 = 9.78 – 5= 4.78 N
M2 + ∑MA = -5(100) – 4.78x + M2 = 0
RA M2 = 500 + 4.78x
x V2
⸫ 978 N.mm ≤ M2 < 2890 N.mm
Mc = 500 + 4.78(300) = 1933.33N.mm
P1 P3
M3
RA x V3
+ ∑Fy = RA – 12 – 5 – V3 = 0
V3 = 9.78 – 17 = -7.22 N
+ ∑MA = -12(500) – 5(100) + 7.22x + M3 = 0

M3 = 6500 – 7.22x
500 mm ≤ x < 900 mm
2890 N.mm ≤ M3 < 2 N.mm
Page 24 of 29
Graph 9: Bending moment diagram for load P1=5N and P3=12N
MC = +1933.33 N.mm M2 = +2890N.mm

M(N.mm)
M1 = +978N.mm
M3 = +2N.mm
100mm
x(mm)
300mm
500mm
900mm
2) When P1 = 5N P2= 10N and P3 = 2N

900mm
500mm
300mm
100mm
C
A B
RA RB
P1= 5N P2= 10N P3= 2N
Page 25 of 29
Calculation:
+ ∑Fy = RA+RB-5-10-2=0
RA = 17- RB
+ ∑MA = -5 (100) -10(300) – 2(500) + RB (900) = 0
RB = 5 N
RA = 12 N
+ ∑Fy = RA-V1=0
RA =V1 = 12N
M1 + ∑MA = - (12)(x) + M1 = 0
V1
RA x M1 = 12x
⸫ 0 N.mm ≤ M1 < 1200 N.mm
P1
+ ∑Fy = RA – 5 –V2 = 0
V2 = 12 – 5 = 7 N
Mc
+ ∑MA = -5 (100) – 7x + MC = 0
RA V2
x
MC = 500 + 7x
P1 P2 ⸫1200 N.mm ≤ MC < 2600 N.mm
M3 + ∑Fy = RA – 10 – 5 – V3 = 0
V3 = 12 – 15 = -3 N
RA x V3
+ ∑MA = -5(100) – 10(300) + 3x + M3 = 0
M3 = 3000 - 3x
⸫ 2600 N.mm ≤ M3 < 2000 N.mm
Page 26 of 29
P1 P2 P3
M4
V4
RA x
+ ∑Fy = RA – 10 – 5 – 2 – V4 = 0
V3 = 12 – 17 = -5 N
+ ∑MA = -5(100) – 10(300) – 2(500) + 5x + M4 = 0

M3 = 4500 – 5x
500 mm ≤ x < 900 mm
2000 N.mm ≤ M3 < 0 N.mm
Graph 10: Bending moment diagram at load P1=5N, P2=10N and P3=2N
MC = +2600N.mm
M(N.mm)
MP3 = +2000N.mm
MP1 = +1200N.mm
100mm x(mm)
300mm
500mm
900mm
Page 27 of 29
8.0-DISCUSSION
Load (N) Bending moment (N.mm) at

P1 P2 P3
10 900 2100 1200
20 1200 3300 1800
Ratio between doubled 0.75 0.7 0.67
load of 10N and 20N
Table 4: Relationship between the doubled load and bending moment
According to the experimental results as shown in table 4 above, when the load was
doubled, the bending moment is not double for each position in part 1 of experiment. This might
due to the occurrence of experimental errors which will be further discussed. However, in fact,
the ratio with which there is an increase and decrease in the value of theoretical bending moment
is equal to the ratio with which there is an increase and decrease in the value of applied load.
Therefore, we can say that when the load was doubled, the value of bending moment will become
double too.
Besides, the comparison between the experiment and theoretical bending moments can
be made using either a ratio or percentage error as the formula below:
𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑥𝑝. −𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜

Percentage error= | | x 100%
𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜
From the calculated percentage error (%) in table 1,2 and 3, it is observed that the percentage
difference between experimental and theoretical bending moment ranged from the lowest of 5%
up to the highest of 40%. Only three of the percentage errors fall in the usual range of below
10%. This deviation of the experimental values from the theoretical values is due to some errors
that occur during the experiment. The errors which might have occurred include:
1) Parallax errors occur when the eyes of observes are not in perpendicular to the meniscus
level when taking the readings of spring balance and the distance of the loads.
2) The spring balance was not sensitive to sense minor changes in weights applied, causing
inaccurate readings on the spring balance.
3) Another error that may occur is the moving of the hangers while changing the loads. When
changing the load, the beam is not in perpendicular and the hanger will not stay statically at
the original position but will move due to the gravitational force.
4) The pressure exerted by hands on the table results the surface of table is not flat. Hence, the
equilibrium of the beam has deviated from the real equilibrium.
Page 28 of 29
5) The error may occur when the flowing of surrounding air which can affects the equilibrium
of the beam.
Thus, in order to avoid errors and get more accurate results, there are some precautions that
must be taken throughout the experiment, which include:
1) Readings should be taken where the eyes are positioned in the perpendicular line with the
scale of spring balance to avoid parallax error.
2) Use more sensitive bending moment device to measure the net force.
3) The position of the hangers should be fixed while changing the loads.
4) The hands should avoid contact with the table while adjusting the spring balance in order to
get the real beam equilibrium.
5) The beam must be horizontally by tightening or releasing the underslung spring below it,
according to the green bubble in the spirit level so that it was always in central position to
ensure equilibrium.
9.0- CONCLUSION
This experiment result is verified with the theory. Although there are the existences of
slightly deviation between the theoretical and experimental values, but the calculated percentage
errors were small and only fall below 40% which can be accepted and quite a success. The little
difference between the values is due to human error which cannot be minimize due to the human
capabilities limitation. It is concluded that bending moment is directly proportional to the load
applied which means that when the load increases, the bending moment will also increase.
Moment diagram can be easily drawn if we know shearing force diagram. The area under
shearing force diagram is the value for bending moment. Distribution of loads will give a slope
line for bending moment diagram.
10.0- REFERENCES
1) Bending moment and deflection of beam; http://www.green-
mechanic.com/2017/01/bending-moment-in-beam-lab-report-pdf.html
2) Shearing force in beams experiment;
https://www.scribd.com/document/263390031/Experiment-Shearing-Forces
3) Theory of Bending Moment; Makmal Ternodinamik & Kajidaya Bahan laboratory manual
4) Calculations of shear force and bending moment;
http://www.iitg.ernet.in/scifac/qip/public_html/cd_cell/chapters/CD-Cell.pdf
5) Standard Procedure of HST9 model beam; http://www.p-a-hilton.co.uk/products/HST9-
Shear-Force-in-a-Beam
Page 29 of 29

Thermodynamics and Material Engineering Laboratory: Group Members

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Thermodynamics and Material Engineering Laboratory: Group Members

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THERMODYNAMICS AND MATERIAL

EXPERIMENT 4: BENDING MOMENT

Group members: 1) Soo Ming Huey (A16KT0397)

Subject code: SKKK 2711- Thermodynamics &

Figure 1: Bending Moment of a Beam

Figure 2: Vertical Equilibrium of Moment

For equilibrium of moments take an axis as shown (Figure 3) in the section XX to

For part (A) of the beam: MX = RA .a

While for part (B) of the beam: MX = RB .b – P (b - l)

Figure 4: Bending moment at C (Mc) for loading

Figure 5: Bending moment, Mc for loading

Figure 6: Bending moment, Mc for various loading

7.0- RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS

Load Balance Reading (N)/ Net force (N) for load

P2=5 22 4 600 1000 40.00

P1=P3=10, P2=5 30 12 1800 2666.67 32.50

Table 2: Bending moment, Mc for loading shown (superposition)

Loading Balance Net Bending Bending Percentage error (%)=

P1=5, P3 =12 28 10 1500 1933.33 22.41

P1=5, P2 =10, 31 13 1950 2600.00 25.00

Part 1: Bending moment or Fnormal at C for each load distance

Condition 1:- Load at P1 = 10N, repeated with P2 & P3

+ ∑Fy = 0, in which RA + RB = 10N

⸫ ∑Fy = RA + RB -10N = 0 -------------------(1)

Assume that the moment at A in anti-clockwise direction= 0

-10N (100mm) + RB (900mm) = 0

Rearranging eqn (1), thus: RA = 10N – RB

Graph 1: Bending moment diagram for P1=10N

2) When P2= 10N

RA + ∑MA =-10N (300mm) + RB(x) +M2 =0

Graph 2: Bending moment diagram for P2= 10N

3) When P3= 10N

Graph 3: Bending moment diagram for load P3 =10N

4) Repeat by changing the load to P1= 20N

Graph 4: Bending moment diagram for P1=20N

5) When P2= 20N

Graph 5: Bending moment diagram for load P2 =20N

6) When P3= 20N

Graph 6: Bending moment diagram for P3=20N

+ ∑MA = -5(300) + 1.67x + M2 = 0

Graph 7: Bending moment diagram for load P2 =5N

RA + ∑MA = -10(100) – 5.556x + MC = 0

RA x V3 + ∑MA = -10(100) – 5(300) - 5.56x + M3 = 0

+ ∑MA = -10(100) – 5(300) – 10(600) + 9.44x + M4 = 0

Part 2B: Bending moment Mc with various load

1) When P1 = 5N and P3 = 12N

M2 + ∑MA = -5(100) – 4.78x + M2 = 0

+ ∑MA = -12(500) – 5(100) + 7.22x + M3 = 0

Graph 9: Bending moment diagram for load P1=5N and P3=12N

MC = +1933.33 N.mm M2 = +2890N.mm

2) When P1 = 5N P2= 10N and P3 = 2N

+ ∑MA = -5(100) – 10(300) – 2(500) + 5x + M4 = 0

Load (N) Bending moment (N.mm) at

𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑥𝑝. −𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜

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