University of the Philippines – Diliman

Department of Chemical Engineering

Introduction
ChE 140
Industrial Stoichiometry
AY 2017 – 2018
MSPDEANG
January 24, 2018

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Industrial Stoichiometry
Topic Breakdown
 Sulfur and its related compounds

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Industrial Stoichiometry
Topic Breakdown
 Nitrogen Compounds

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Industrial Stoichiometry
Topic Breakdown
 Lime and Cement

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Review
Basic Units and Conversion

Dimension SI English
length m ft
time s s
mass kg lb
temperature C, K F, R
amount of substance gmol lbmol
energy J BTU, ftlbf
force, weight N lbf
power W hp
density kg/m3, g/mL lb/ft3
pressure Pa psi, atm
specific heat J/kgK BTU/lbF
volume m3, L ft3, gal

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Ideal Gas Law
 SI Units:
– 22.4 L/g mol at 0°C and 1 atm
 English Units:
– 359 ft3/lb mol at 32°F and 1 atm

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Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure
partial pressure – pressure exerted by a single component
in a gaseous mixture if it existed by itself in the same volume
occupied by the mixture

In any mixture of gases the components of which follow the

gas laws, the volume percent of any component is equal to:
1. the mol percent of that component; and
2. the partial pressure of that component expressed as a
percentage of the total pressure.

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Definition of Terms
At saturation, partial pressure of the component equals the
vapor pressure,

Vapor-liquid equilibria, apply Raoult’s law,

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Humidity
 Molal Humidity (Y) : moles vapor/moles dry gas

Note:
a – (water) vapor, b – dry gas (air)
 Absolute Humidity (Y’): mass vapor/ mass dry gas

 Saturation Humidity: Humidity at saturation (Ys or Y’s) (PA

= PAsat)

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Humidity
 Absolute Humidity

 Saturation Humidity

 Relative Humidity

 Percent Saturation

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Heat Quantities
1. gram calorie (cal) – amount of heat necessary to raise
the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 centigrade degree

2. British thermal unit (Btu) – heat required to raise the

temperature of 1 lb of water by 1 Fahrenheit degree

3. Centigrade heat unit (Chu) – heat necessary to raise 1

lb of water by 1 centigrade degree

1 Chu 1 Chu 1 Btu

, ,
454 cal 1.8 Btu 252 cal

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Definition of Terms
Complete combustion – all combustibles components are
burned into forms which can not be further oxidized

C + O2  CO2
H2 + 0.5O2  H2O
S + O2  SO2 or S + 1.5O2  SO3

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Definition of Terms
 theoretical oxygen – amount of O2 required to be
brought into the process for complete combustion of a
given amount of fuel

 theoretical air – amount of air containing the theoretical

oxygen

 excess oxygen – amount of O2 in excess of the amount

required for complete combustion

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Definition of Terms

Note:
% excess O2 = % excess air
Amount of excess O2 air does not depend of how much material is actually burned but on what can
be burned.

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Definition of Terms
 incomplete combustion
– partial oxidation
– part of the combustibles in the fuel remains unburned

 flue gases, stack gases

– all the gases resulting from combustion, including any
water vapor formed and unburned fuel left

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Definition of Terms
Orsat analysis – volumetric analysis of a gas excluding any
water vapor present, i.e., the composition is reported on
a dry basis

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Heat Effects
 Heat transfer to a system in which there are no phase
transition, no chemical reactions, and no changes in
composition causes the temperature of the system to
change.
 Relation must be established between:
– Quantity of heat transferred
– The resulting temperature change

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Heat Effects

Mean heat capacity: subscript “H”

denotes a mean value specific to
enthalpy calculations.

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Standard Heats of Formation
 A formation reaction is defined as a reaction which forms
a single compound from its constituent elements. For
example:

 The heat of formation is based on 1 mole of the

compound formed. 
H of 298
 The standard heat of formation at 298.15 K
 The standard heat at 25°C for the reaction:

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Standard Heats of Combustion
 A combustion reaction is defined as a reaction
between an element or compound and oxygen to
form specific combustion products.
– Many standard heats of formation come from standard heats of
combustion, measured calorimetrically.
– Data are based on 1 mole of the substance burned.

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Heat Effects

ΔHrxn
Reactants
T1

Reactants Products
Tref Tref

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Problem Solving Techniques
 We will be dealing with Multi Unit Material (And Energy
Balances) with/without recycle/bypass/urge

 Recall these techniques:

 Atomic species balance
 Molecular species balance
 Extents of reaction

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Extents of Reactions
Flow Reactors
 For a single reaction

 For multiple independent reactions

 For total number of moles

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Problem Solving Strategies
Suggested format of solution:
1. Sketch a diagram of the system. Label with
the given.
Example: n lbmols of methane is burned with 50%
excess air. Determine the total volume of gas produced
after combustion if it leaves at 1,000F

air, 50% xs

combustion
CH4 gases

n lbmol 1,000F

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Problem Solving Strategies
Suggested format of solution:
2. List down what is/are required.
e.g. Required: volume (ft3) of combustion
gases
3. Pick a basis.
e.g. Basis: n lbmols CH4
4. State all assumptions
e.g. Complete combustion, Dry air

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Problem Solving Strategies
Suggested format of solution:
5. Supply additional data, e.g. balanced chemical reaction, etc.
e.g. CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + H2O

6. Make the necessary calculations. Check units.

e.g. combustion gases:
lbmol CO2 =
lbmol O2 =
lbmol N2 =
lbmol H2O =
total lbmol =
Assume ideal gas.
volume combustion gases =

7. Box final answer(s).

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Exercise
A hydrocarbon fuel is burned. Orsat analysis of the flue gas
is as follows:
Determine Componen %
1. Complete flue gas composition t
2. H/C ratio of fuel (What is this HC?) CO2 10.8
3. % excess air O2 3.8
4. Volumetric flow rate of flue gas N2 85.4
at 200 lb/hr of fuel as it exits at 800OF (in cubic feet per
min)

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Exercise
A power company operates one of its boilers on natural gas
and another on oil. The analyses of the fuels show 96%
CH4, 2% C2H2, and 2% CO2 for the natural gas and CnH1.8n
for the oil. The flue gases from both groups enter the same
stack, and an Orsat analysis of this combined flue gas
shows 10.0% CO2, 0.63% CO, and 4.55% O2. Determine the
mole of carbon present in fuel (oil and gas) per mole of wet
flue gas produced.

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QUESTIONS?