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Chapter One
Introduction

1.1 Background
1.1.1 Location:
Nepal Electricity Authority Training Center, Kharipati,Bhaktapur is about 18 km North East
of Kathmandu. The area to us for survey is about 200 ropanis of land with varieties of land.
The details of the area is as follows;

Country: ‐ Nepal

Region: ‐ Central Development Region

Zone: ‐ Bagmati

District: ‐ Bhaktapur

Our Survey Camp site was located near about 27º41'16"N and 85º27'20"E, at the altitude of
1362 m and about 18 km East of Kathmandu. The area allocated to us for survey is about
292065.62 sq m. of land with variable land features and almost all the man-made mentors like
road, sports ground building and pond etc.

It took about 1.5 hour drive to reach Kharipati from Madan Ashrit Memorial Technical School
(Gothatar). The project site is situated in the range of about 1332 m. above mean sea level.

1.1.2 Site:

i) For Topographic Survey and Road

Alignment
- NEA Training Center

ii) For Bridge site Survey

- Near Chaukote Tole River, Bansbari

Survey Camp Report 2017-Nov-29 to Dec-05 Prepared by:- Suman Jyoti

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1.1.3 Topography and Geology:

Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA), Kharipati is located in the eastern part of Kathmandu valley, It lies
in Bhaktapur districts of Nepal. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census Kharipati had a
population of 8,129 with 1,817 houses in it. It is situated at about a distance of 18 kilometers
from the capital city Kathmandu.

Kharipati has gentle and steep topography differing from places to places. The area contains
ground features ranging from steep slopes to flat grounds. These features were shown by
contours. The geological structure is in good condition, so there is no any geological disasters
and eruption. Soil types are found similar to any other part of Bhaktapur i.e. soft clay, irrigated
by river and well suitable for cultivation.

Especially the low land below the NEA boundary is found to be good for the agricultural
product. The area contains ground features ranging from step slopes to almost flat grounds.
These features were shown by contours. The area also shows a variation in the elevation.
The latitude and longitude of Nepal is as following:

Latitude = 26°22' N to 30°27'

Longitude = 80°04' E to 88°12'
The latitude and longitude of NEA Training Center (Kharipati) is as follow:
Latitude = 27°41'16" N
Longitude = 85°27'20" E
Temperature = Normal

1.1.4 Rainfall, Climate and Vegetation:

The weather is moderate between autumn seasons. During the camp period temperature was
fluctuating from maximum to minimum of it just similar to the annual temperature variation
and rain fall around Kathmandu valley is:-
Temperature: maximum 25oC to minimum 9oC. The atmosphere was cool in the morning with
high value of humidity. Most of the empty spaces of the project area were full of vegetation
but without cultivated land except for some land around canteen area. Ordinary grassland
covered most of the areas. Presence of few plants, trees and bushes made environment green
and pleasant.

Survey Camp Report 2017-Nov-29 to Dec-05 Prepared by:- Suman Jyoti

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1.1.5 Description of work:

1. Traversing:
No. of major Station = 10 (including CP1 and CP2)
No. of minor Station = 0

2. Detailing:
Area = From NEA training Canteen to bottom gate of boundary.

3. Fly Levelling:
Starting Point = Top gate of NEA Training Center (B.M = 1336.000m)
Ending Point = Bottom gate of NEA Training Center (T.B.M = 1310.525m)

4. Road Alignment:
Starting point of the road = IP1 (Near boys hostel Junction)
Length of the road = 229.252m = 0.23 km
Cross Section = 3 and 6m left and right of 20m interval on both side from center line.

5. Bridge Site Survey:

Bridge Span = 13.901 m
Cross Section = 10m up stream and 10m down-stream.

1.1.6 Work Details and Schedule

The brief description of works done in the survey camp are as presented follows:
Project Title: Survey Camp 2017
Location: NEA-Kharipati, Bhaktapur
Duration: 7 days/ 1 weeks (2017-Nov-29 to Dec-05)
Working Time: 05:30am to 06:00 pm
Surveyed by: Group B

Working Schedule :
S.N Day
1 2017-29th -November
2 2017-30th –November
3 2017-01th –December
4 2017-02th –December
5 2017-03th –December
6 2017-04th –December
7 2017-05th -December
Survey Field Work
Reconnaissance for topographic survey and linear
measurement of traverse.
Linear measurement of Traverse and Fly levelling
Angular Measurement and Level transfer to Traverse
Topography Survey (Detailing)
Bridge Site Survey (X-section and L-Section detailing)
Road Alignment Survey
Presentation / Viva and complete incomplete work

Survey Camp Report 2017-Nov-29 to Dec-05 Prepared by:- Suman Jyoti

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1.2 Introduction

1.2.1 Surveying:

Surveying is defined as the science and technique of determining three dimensional position of
point on above or beneath the surface of the earth by means of angular and
linear measurements. The application of surveying requires skills as well as knowledge of
mathematics, physics, to some extent, astronomy.

The knowledge of surveying is advantageous to many phase of engineering. The earliest

surveys were made in connection with the land surveying. Surveying is the most essential
subject matter before and during all engineering works like civil engineering works such as
designing and construction of highways, water supply systems, irrigation projects, buildings
etc. Land area surveys are made to determine the relative horizontal and vertical position of
topographic features and to establish reference mark to guide construction. In surveying, all
measurement of lengths is horizontal, or else is subsequently reduce to horizontal distance. The
object of survey is to prepare plan or map so that it may represent the area on a horizontal
plane. Vertical distances between the points are shown on map by contour lines and are usually
represented by means of vertical sections drawn separately. A plan or map is
horizontal projection of an area and show only horizontal distance of the points.

The main objectives of surveying courses allocated for civil engineering students is to promote
them the basic knowledge of different surveying techniques relevant to civil engineering works
in their professional practice. The completion of all surveying courses including one week
survey camp work organized by Madan Ashrit Memorial Technical School and will give better
enhancement to students to use all surveying technique covered in lecture classes.

This is a detail report of the works, which were performed by Group B, have seven members,
during the camp period. Briefly explains of the working procedures and technique used by this
group during that camp period. In addition, it also contain observations, calculations, methods
of adjustment of error, main problem during work and their solution, results of all calculations
and their assessments with some comments is presented in a concise form:-

In our survey camp, the type of survey that we performed is engineering survey which
includes the preparation of topographic map, in which both horizontal and vertical
controls are necessary. As per instrument used form theodolite traverse survey for fixing
control points, tachometric (Instrument either Total Station or Theodolite) survey for
detailing and triangulation survey for establishing control points in bridge site survey.

1.2.2 Principle of Surveying

The fundamental principles of plane surveying are:

 Working from whole to part:
It is very essential to establish first a system of control points with higher precision. Minor control points can
then be established by less precise method and details can then be located using minor control
points by running minor traverse. This principle is applied to prevent the accumulation of error
and to control and localize minor error.
 Location of point by measurement from two points of reference:

Survey Camp Report 2017-Nov-29 to Dec-05 Prepared by:- Suman Jyoti

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The relative position of points to be surveyed should be located by measurement from at least
two (preferably three) points of reference, the position of which have already been fixed.
 Consistency of work:
The survey work should performed by keeping consistency in method, instrument, observer
etc. to get desired level of accuracy.
 Independent check:
Every measurement taken in the field must be checked by some independent field observation so that
the mistake is not passed unnoticely.
 Accuracy required:
Proper method and proper instrument should be used depending upon amount of accuracy
required. Accuracy of angular and linear values should be compatible.
Thus, in our survey camp, survey work is performed by considering the above
fundamental principle of surveying.

1.2.3 Defination of Terms:

1. Bench mark:
A survey mark made on a monument having a known location and elevation, serving as a
reference point for surveying.
2. Traversing:
A traverse may be defined as the course taken measuring a connected series of straight
lines, each joining two points on the ground; these points are called traverse stations.
3. Levelling:
Leveling is the branch of surveying, which is used to find the elevation of given points
with respect to given or assumed datum to establish points at a given elevation or at
different elevations with respect to a given or assumed datum.
4. Contouring:
Contour lines are imaginary lines exposing the ground features and joining the points of
equal elevations.
5. Transition curve:
A transition curve is a curve of varying radius introduced between a straight line and a
circular curve.
6. Triangulation:
The process of determining the location of a point by measuring angles to it from known
points at either end of a fixed baseline, rather than measuring distances to the point
directly.
7. Reduced level:
The vertical distance of a point above or below the datum line is called as reduced level.
8. Back sight reading:
This is the first staff reading that is taken in any set of the instrument after the leveling is
perfectly done. The point is normally taken on the bench mark.
9. Foresight reading:
It is the last reading that in any set of instrument and indicates the shifting of the latter.
10. Intermediate sight reading:
The staff reading between the back sight and foresight.
11. Cross levelling:
The operation of taking level transverse to the direction of longitudinal leveling.

Survey Camp Report 2017-Nov-29 to Dec-05 Prepared by:- Suman Jyoti

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1.2.4 Objectives of Survey Camp:

The main objective of the camp is to provide a basic knowledge of practical implementation of
different survey work, which must be encountered in future. It enhances the practical
knowledge thereby implementing different work and in other side it involves self-assured
feeling everlastingly. It guides to tread on the path ending with success. The main objectives
of the survey camp are as follows:
 To become familiar with the problems that may arise during the fieldworks.
 To became familiar with proper handling of instrument and their functions.
 To become familiar with the spirit and importance of teamwork, as surveying is not a
single person work.
 To complete the given project in scheduled time and thus knows the value of time.
 To collect required data in the field in systematic ways.
 To compute and manipulate the observed data in the required accuracy
and present it in diagrammatic and tabular form in order to understand by others.
 To make capable for the preparation of final report.

Survey Camp Report 2017-Nov-29 to Dec-05 Prepared by:- Suman Jyoti