Tiger

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"Tigress" redirects here. For other uses, see Tiger (disambiguation) and Tigress
(disambiguation).

Tiger
Temporal range: early Pleistocene–Present

PreЄ

Pg

N
↓
A Bengal tiger (P. t. tigris) at Kanha National

Park, India, Continental Asia

Conservation status

Endangered (IUCN 3.1)[1]

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Order: Carnivora

Suborder: Feliformia

Family: Felidae

Genus: Panthera

Species: P. tigris

Binomial name

Panthera tigris
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Subspecies

see text
 Tiger's historic range in about 1850 (pale
yellow) and in 2006 (in green).[2]

Synonyms

Felis tigris Linnaeus, 1758[3]

Tigris striatus Severtzov, 1858

Tigris regalis Gray, 1867

The tiger (Panthera tigris) is the largest cat species, most recognizable for their pattern of dark
vertical stripes on reddish-orange fur with a lighter underside. The species is classified in the
genus Panthera with the lion, leopard, jaguar, and snow leopard. Tigers are apex predators,
primarily preying on ungulates such as deer and bovids. They are territorial and generally solitary
but social animals, often requiring large contiguous areas of habitat that support their prey
requirements. This, coupled with the fact that they are indigenous to some of the more densely
populated places on Earth, has caused significant conflicts with humans.
Tigers once ranged widely across Eurasia, from the Black Sea in the west, to the Indian Ocean in
the south, and from Kolyma to Sumatra in the east. Over the past 100 years, they have lost 93%
of their historic range, and have been extirpated from Western and Central Asia, from the islands
of Java and Bali, and from large areas of Southeast, Southern, and Eastern Asia. Today, they
range from the Siberian taiga to open grasslands and tropical mangrove swamps. The remaining
six tiger subspecies have been classified as endangered by the International Union for
Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Major reasons for population decline include habitat
destruction, habitat fragmentation and poaching. The extent of area occupied by tigers is
estimated at less than 1,184,911 km2 (457,497 sq mi), a 41% decline from the area estimated in
the mid-1990s.[1]
The global population in the wild is estimated to number between 3,062 and 3,948 individuals,
down from around 100,000 at the start of the 20th century, with most remaining populations
occurring in small pockets isolated from each other, in which about 2,000 tigers live on the Indian
subcontinent.[4] In 2016, an estimate of a global wild tiger population of approximately 3,890
individuals was presented during the Third Asia Ministerial Conference on Tiger
Conservation.[5][6] The WWF declared that the world's count of wild tigers has risen for the first
time in a century.[7]
Tigers are among the most recognisable and popular of the world's megafauna. They have
featured prominently in ancient mythology and folklore, and continue to be depicted in modern
films and literature. They appear on many flags, coats of arms, and as mascots for sporting
teams. The tiger is the national animal of Bangladesh, India, Malaysia and South Korea.
 Contents
[hide]

 1Etymology
 2Taxonomy
o 2.1Recent subspecies
 3Evolution and genetics
o 3.1Hybrids
 4Characteristics
o 4.1Size
o 4.2Colour variations
 5Distribution and habitat
 6Biology and behaviour
o 6.1Social and daily activities
o 6.2Hunting and diet
o 6.3Enemies and competitors
o 6.4Reproduction
 7Threats
o 7.1Commercial hunting and traditional medicine
 8Conservation
o 8.1Rewilding and reintroduction projects
o 8.2In captivity
 9Relation with humans
o 9.1Tiger hunting
o 9.2Man-eating tigers
 10Cultural depictions
o 10.1In myth and legend
o 10.2In literature, art and film
o 10.3Political symbolism
 11See also
 12References
 13Bibliography
 14External links

Etymology
The word Panthera is probably of Oriental origin and retraceable to the Ancient
Greek word panther, the Latin word panthera, the Old French word pantère, most likely meaning
"the yellowish animal", or from pandarah meaning whitish-yellow. The derivation
from Greek pan- ("all") and ther ("beast") may be folk etymology.[8]
The word specific name tigris derives from the Classical Greek language τίγρις meaning "tiger"
as well as the river Tigris.[9]
The Middle English tigre and the Old English tigras (a plural word) were both used for the
animal.[10] These derive from the Old French tigre, itself a derivative of the Latin word tigris. The
original source may have been the Persian tigra meaning pointed or sharp and
the Avestan tigrhi meaning an arrow, perhaps referring to the speed with which a tiger launches
itself at its prey.[11]

Taxonomy
In 1758, Carl Linnaeus described the tiger in his work Systema Naturae and gave it the scientific
name Felis tigris.[3] In 1929, the British taxonomist Reginald Innes Pococksubordinated the
species under the genus Panthera using the scientific name Panthera tigris.[12][13]
Recent subspecies
Following Linnaeus's first descriptions of the species, several tiger specimens were described
and proposed as subspecies.[14] The validity of several tiger subspecies was questioned in 1999.
Most putative subspecies described in the 19th and 20th centuries were distinguished on basis of
fur length and coloration, striping patterns and body size, hence characteristics that vary widely
within populations. Morphologically, tigers from different regions vary little, and gene
flow between populations in those regions is considered to have been possible during
the Pleistocene. Therefore, it was proposed to recognize only two tiger subspecies as valid,
namely P. t. tigris in mainland Asia, and P. t. sondaica in the Greater Sunda Islands and possibly
in Sundaland.[15]
Results of craniological analysis of 111 tiger skulls from Southeast Asian range countries indicate
that Sumatran tiger skulls differ from Indochinese and Javan tiger skulls, whereas Bali tiger skulls
are similar in size to Javan tiger skulls. The authors proposed to classify Sumatran and Javan
tiger as distinct species, P. sumatrae and P. sondaica with Bali tiger as subspecies P. sondaica
balica.[16]
In 2015, morphological, ecological and molecular traits of all putative tiger subspecies were
analysed in a combined approach. Results support distinction of the two evolutionary groups
continental and Sunda tigers. The authors proposed recognition of only two subspecies,
namely P. t. tigris comprising the Bengal, Malayan, Indochinese, South Chinese, Siberian and
Caspian tiger populations, and P. t. sondaica comprising the Javan, Bali and Sumatran tiger
populations. The authors also noted that this reclassification will affect tiger conservation
management.[17] One conservation specialist welcomed this proposal as it would make captive
breeding programmes and future rewilding of zoo-born tigers easier. One geneticist was
sceptical of this study and maintained that the currently recognised nine subspecies can be
distinguished genetically.[18]
In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group revised felid
taxonomy and now recognizes the tiger populations in continental Asia as P. t. tigris, and those in
the Sunda Islands as P. t. sondaica.[19] At present, the ITIS and Catalogue of Life still recognise
eight subspecies.[20][21]
The following table is based on the classification of the species Panthera tigris provided
in Mammal Species of the World.[14] It also reflects the classification used by the Cat
Classification Task Force:

Non-insular Asia

Subspecies Description Image

The Bengal tiger's coat colour varies from

light yellow to reddish yellow with black
stripes.[22] Males attain a total nose-to-tail
length of 270 to 310 cm (110 to 120 in)
Bengal tiger (P. t. and weigh between 180 to 258 kg (397 to
tigris) (Linnaeus, 569 lb), while females range from 240 to
1758)[19][14] 265 cm (94 to 104 in) and 100 to 160 kg
(220 to 350 lb).[23][24] In northern India and
Nepal, the average is larger; males weigh
up to 235 kilograms (518 lb), while
females average 140 kilograms
(310 lb).[25] Recorded body weights of wild

Caspian tiger (P. t.
tigris),[19] formerly P. t.
virgata (Illiger, 1815)[14]
Siberian tiger (P. t.
tigris),[19] formerly P. t.
altaica (Temminck,
1844).[14] Also known
as the Amur tiger.
individuals indicate that it is the heaviest
subspecies.[26]
This population occurs
in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal,
foremost in alluvial grasslands, subtropical
and tropical rainforests, scrub forests, wet
and dry deciduous
forests and mangrove habitats. It is extinct
in Pakistan.[1] In 2014, the population in
India was estimated at 2,226 mature
individuals,[27] 163–253 in Nepal and 103
in Bhutan.[28]
The Caspian tiger was described as having
narrow and closely set stripes.[29] The size
of its skull did not differ significantly from
that of the Bengal tiger.[15] According to
genetic analysis, it was closely related to
the Siberian tiger.[30]
The population inhabited forests and
riverine corridors south and east of
the Black and Caspian Seas, from Eastern
Anatolia into Central Asia, along the coast
of the Aral Sea and the southern shore
of Lake Balkhash to the Altai
Mountains.[29] It had been recorded in the
wild until the early 1970s and is
considered extinct since the late 20th
century.[31]
The Siberian tiger has a thick coat with
pale hues and few dark brown
stripes.[29] Males have a head and body
length of between 190 and 230 cm (75
and 91 in) and weigh between 180 and
306 kg (397 and 675 lb), while females
average 160 to 180 cm (63 to 71 in) and
100 to 167 kg (220 to 368 lb). Tail length is
about 60–110 cm (24–43 in).[23]
This population inhabits the Amur-
Ussuri region of Primorsky
Krai and Khabarovsk Krai in far
eastern Siberia, with a small population
in Hunchun National Siberian Tiger
Nature Reserve in northeastern China near
the border to North Korea.[32][33] It is extinct
in Mongolia, North Korea, and South
Korea.[1] In 2005, there were 331–393
adult and subadult Siberian tigers in the
region, with a breeding adult population of
about 250 individuals.[34] As of 2015, there

Indochinese tiger (P.
t. tigris),[19] formerly P.
t. corbetti Mazák,
1968[14]
Malayan tiger (P. t.
tigris),[19] formerly P. t.
jacksoni Luo et al., 2004
was an estimated population of 480-540
individuals in the Russian Far East.[35]
The Indochinese tiger was described as
being smaller than the Bengal tiger and as
having a smaller skull. Males average 108
inches (270 cm) in total length and weigh
between 150 and 195 kg (331 and 430 lb),
while females average 96 inches (240 cm)
and 100–130 kg (220–290 lb).[23]
This population occurs
in Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, but has not
been recorded in Vietnam since 1997. In
2010, the population in Indochina was
estimated at about 350 individuals. In
Southeast Asia, tiger populations have
declined in key areas and are threatened by
illegal production of tiger bone for use
in traditional medicine.[1]
There is no clear difference between the
Malayan and the Indochinese tiger
in pelage or skull size.[36] It was proposed
as a distinct subspecies on the basis
of mtDNA and micro-satellite
sequences that differs from the
Indochinese tiger.[37]
Males range in total length from 190–
280 cm (75–110 in) and weigh between
47.2 to 129.1 kg (104 to 285 lb), while
females range from 180–260 cm (71–
102 in) and 24 to 88 kg (53 to 194 lb).[38]
The population was roughly estimated at
250 to 340 adult individuals in 2013, and
likely comprised less than 200 mature
breeding individuals at the time.[39] The
geographic division between Malayan and
Indochinese tigers is unclear as tiger
populations in northern Malaysia are
contiguous with those in southern
Thailand.[1] In Singapore the last tiger was
shot in 1932; tigers are
considered extirpated since the 1950s.[38]

South China tiger (P.
t. tigris),[19] formerly P.
t.
amoyensis (Hilzheimer,
1905)[14]
Subspecies
Javan tiger (P. t.
sondaica) (Temminck,
1844)[19][14]
Bali tiger (P. t.
sondaica),[19]formerly P.
t. balica(Schwarz, 1912)[14]
The South China tiger is considered to be
the most ancient of the tiger subspecies
and is distinguished by a particularly
narrow skull, long-muzzled
nose, rhombus-like stripes and vivid
orange colour. Males range in total length
from 230–260 cm (91–102 in) and weigh
between 130 to 180 kg (290 to 400 lb),
while females range from 220–240 cm
(87–94 in) and 100 to 110 kg (220 to
240 lb).[23]
The population is extinct in the
wild.[1] Despite unconfirmed reports and
some evidence of footprints, there has
been no confirmed sighting in China since
the early 1970s.[40] As of 2007, the captive
population consisted of 73 individuals,
which derived from six wild founders.[41]
Sunda Islands
Description Image
The Javan tiger was small compared to
tigers of the Asian mainland.[23] Males
weighed 100–141 kg (220–311 lb) and
females 75–115 kg (165–254 lb).[36]
This population was limited to
the Indonesian island of Java, and had
been recorded until the mid-
1970s.[42] After 1979, no more sightings
were confirmed in the region of Mount
Betiri.[43] An expedition to Mount
Halimun Salak National Park in 1990
did not yield any definite, direct
evidence for the continued existence of
tigers.[44]
The Bali tiger was the smallest tiger and
limited to the Indonesian island of Bali.
It had a weight of 90–100 kg (200–
220 lb) in males and 65–80 kg (143–
176 lb) in females.[45] A typical feature of
Bali tiger skulls is the narrow occipital
plane, which is analogous with the
shape of skulls of Javan tigers.[46]
 In Bali, tigers were hunted to extinction;
the last Bali tiger, an adult female, is
thought to have been killed at Sumbar
Kima, West Bali, on 27 September
1937, though there were unconfirmed
reports that villagers found a tiger corpse
in 1963.[47]

It is the smallest of all living tigers.

Males range in total length from 220 to
255 cm (87 to 100 in) and weigh
between 100 to 140 kg (220 to 310 lb),
while females range between 215 to
230 cm (85 to 91 in) and 75 to 110 kg
(165 to 243 lb).[23] The reasons for
its small size compared to mainland
tigers are unclear, but probably the
result of competition for limited and
Sumatran tiger(P. t. small prey.[15] The population is thought
sondaica),[19]formerly P. to be of Asia mainland origin and to
t. sumatrae Pocock, have been isolated about 6,000 to
1929[14]
12,000 years ago after a rise in sea-level
created the Indonesian island
of Sumatra.[36][48]

The population is the last surviving of

the three Indonesian island tiger
populations. It is listed as Critically
Endangered on the IUCN Red List. By
2008, the wild population was estimated
at between 441 and 679 in 10 protected
areas covering about
52,000 km2 (20,000 sq mi).[49]

Evolution and genetics

Tiger phylogenetic relationships

Restoration of Panthera zdanskyi, an extinct relative whose oldest remains were found in northwest China,
suggesting the origins of the tiger lineage

The tiger's closest living relatives were previously thought to be the Panthera species lion,
leopard and jaguar. Results of genetic analysis indicate that about 2.88 million years ago, the
tiger and the snow leoparddiverged from the other Panthera species, and that both may be more
closely related to each other than to the lion, leopard and jaguar.[50][51] Results of
a phylogeographic study indicate that all living tigers had a common ancestor 72,000–108,000
years ago.[37]
Fossil remains of the Longdan tiger were found in the Gansu province of northwestern China.
This species lived at the beginning of the Pleistocene, about 2 million years ago, and is
considered to be a sister taxon of the modern tiger. It was about the size of a jaguar and
probably had a different coat pattern. Despite being considered more "primitive", the Longdan
tiger was functionally and possibly ecologically similar to the modern tiger. As it lived in
northwestern China, that may have been where the tiger lineage originated. Tigers grew in size,
possibly in response to adaptive radiations of prey species like deer and bovids, which may have
occurred in Southeast Asia during the early Pleistocene.[52]
The earliest fossils of true tigers are between 1.6 and 1.8 million years old and were found in
Java. Distinct fossils are known from the early and middle Pleistocene deposits in China and
Sumatra. The Trinil tiger (Panthera tigris trinilensis) lived about 1.2 million years ago and is
known from fossils found at Trinil in Java.[citation needed] The Wanhsien, Ngandong, Trinil and
Japanese tigers became extinct in prehistoric times.[53]
Tigers first reached India and northern Asia in the late Pleistocene, reaching
eastern Beringia, Japan, and Sakhalin. Some fossil skulls are morphologically distinct from lion
skulls, which could indicate tiger presence in Alaska during the last glacial period, about 100,000
years ago.[54]Fossils found in Japan indicate the local tigers were smaller than the mainland
forms, possibly due to insular dwarfism. Until the Holocene, tigers also lived in Borneo and on
the Palawan island in the Philippines.[55]
The tiger's full genome sequence was published in 2013. It was found to have similar repeat
composition than other cat genomes and an appreciably conserved synteny.[56]
Hybrids
Further information: Felid hybrid, Panthera hybrid, Liger, and Tigon
Lions have been known to breed with tigers (most often the Amur and Bengal tigers) to
create hybrids called ligers and tigons. Such hybrids were once commonly bred in zoos, but this
is now discouraged due to the emphasis on conservation. Hybrids are still bred in private
menageries and in zoos in China.[citation needed]
The liger is a cross between a male lion and a tigress.[57] Because the lion sire passes on a
growth-promoting gene, but the corresponding growth-inhibiting gene from the femaletiger is
absent, ligers grow far larger than either parent species. They share physical and behavioural
qualities of both parent species (spots and stripes on a sandy background). Male ligers are
sterile, but female ligers are often fertile. Males have about a 50% chance of having a mane, but,
even if they do, their manes will be only around half the size of that of a pure lion. Ligers are
typically between 10 and 12 ft (3.0 and 3.7 m) in length, and can weigh between 800 and
1,000 lb (360 and 450 kg) or more.[57]
The less common tigon is a cross between a lioness and a male tiger.[58] Because the male tiger
does not pass on a growth-promoting gene and the lioness passes on a growth inhibiting gene,
tigons are often relatively small, only weighing up to 150 kg (330 lb). Like ligers, they have
physical and behavioural traits from both parental species, and males are sterile. Females are
sometimes fertile and have occasionally given birth to litigons when mated to a male Asiatic
lion.[59]

Characteristics

Though the tiger's skull is similar to that of the lion, the lower jaw structure is a reliable indicator of the
species

The tiger has a muscular body with powerful forelimbs, a large head and a tail that is about half
the length of its body. Its pelage is dense and heavy, and colouration varies between shades of
orange and brown with white ventral areas and distinctive vertical black stripes that are unique in
each individual.[60][23] Stripes are likely advantageous for camouflage in vegetation such as long
grass with strong vertical patterns of light and shade.[61][62] The tiger is one of only a few striped
cat species; it is not known why spotted patterns and rosettes are the more common camouflage
pattern among felids.[63] A tiger's coat pattern is still visible when it is shaved. This is due not to
skin pigmentation, but to the stubble and hair follicles embedded in the skin, similar to human
beards (colloquially five o'clock shadow), and is in common with other big cats.[64] They have a
mane-like heavy growth of fur around the neck and jaws and long whiskers, especially in males.
The pupils are circular with yellow irises. The small, rounded ears have a prominent white spot
on the back, surrounded by black.[23] These false "eyespots", called ocelli, apparently play an
important role in intraspecies communication.[65]
The skull is similar to that of the lion, though the frontal region is usually not as depressed or
flattened, with a slightly longer postorbital region. The skull of a lion has broader nasal openings.
However, due to variation in skulls of the two species, the structure of the lower jaw is a more
reliable indicator of the species.[29] The tiger also has fairly stout teeth; the somewhat
curved canines are the longest among living felids with a crown height of up to 90 mm (3.5 in).[23]
Size
The Siberian tiger, the largest tiger in captivity, but not in the wild, and the tallest tiger at the shoulder,
besides the Bengal tiger

The Bengal tiger

Tigers are the most variable in size of all big cats, much more so than lions.[22] Barring hybrids
like the liger,[57] the Bengal and Siberian tigers, and Asiatic lion[66] appear to be the tallest felids at
the shoulder.[67] The Bengal and Siberian tigers are also ranked with the extinct Caspian tiger
among the biggest felids that ever existed.[23] However, on average in the wild, an adult, male
Siberian tiger (176.4 kilograms (389 lb)) is outweighed by both an adult, male Bengal
tiger[26][68] and Southern African lion (187.5–193.3 kilograms (413–426 lb)).[69][70]Males vary in total
length from 250 to 390 cm (98 to 154 in) and weigh between 90 to 306 kg (198 to 675 lb) with
skull length ranging from 316 to 383 mm (12.4 to 15.1 in). Females vary in total length from 200
to 275 cm (79 to 108 in), weigh 65 to 167 kg (143 to 368 lb) with skull length ranging from 268 to
318 mm (10.6 to 12.5 in).[71] The heaviest wild tiger ever reported had a total body length of
3.38 m (11.1 ft) over curves.[67] In either sex, the tail represents about 0.6 to 1.1 m (24 to 43 in) of
total length.[23]
There is a notable sexual dimorphism between males and females, latter being consistently
smaller than males. The size difference between males and females is proportionally greater in
the larger tiger subspecies, with males weighing up to 1.7 times more than females. Males also
have wider forepaw pads than females, enabling gender to be told from tracks.[72]
Large male Siberian tigers can reach a total length of more than 3.5 m (11.5 ft) over curves and
3.3 m (10.8 ft) between pegs, with a weight of up to 306 kg (675 lb). This is considerably larger
than the weight of 75 to 140 kg (165 to 309 lb) reached by the Sumatran tiger. At the shoulder,
tigers may variously stand 0.7 to 1.22 m (2.3 to 4.0 ft) tall.[45] The heaviest tiger on record was a
Bengal tiger shot in 1967 allegedly weighing 388.7 kg (857 lb); unverified is whether this
individual had a full or empty stomach.[73][22] It has been hypothesised that body size of different
tiger populations may be correlated with climate and be explained
by thermoregulation and Bergmann's rule, or by distribution and size of available prey
species.[23][74]
Colour variations

White tigers, this recessive colour variant is found in the Bengal and Siberian tigers, and with regular
stripes and blue eyes. It is not albinism.

A golden tiger, another colour variant, results in thicker light-gold fur, pale legs and faint orange stripes

A well-known allele found only in the Bengal subspecies produces the white tiger, a colour
variant first recorded in the early 19th century and found in an estimated one in 10,000 natural
births. Genetically, whiteness is recessive: a cub is white only when both parents carry the allele
for whiteness.[75] It is not albinism, pigment being evident in the white tiger's stripes and in their
blue eyes.[61] The causative mutation changes a single amino acid in the transporter
protein SLC45A2.[76]
White tigers are more frequently bred in captivity, where the comparatively small gene pool can
lead to inbreeding. This has given white tigers a greater likelihood of being born with physical
defects, such as cleft palate, scoliosis (curvature of the spine), and strabismus(squint).[75] Even
apparently healthy white tigers generally do not live as long as their orange counterparts.
Attempts have been made to cross white and orange tigers to remedy this, often mixing with
other subspecies in the process.[77]
Another recessive gene creates the "golden" or "golden tabby" colour variation, sometimes
known as "strawberry". Golden tigers have thicker than usual light-gold fur, pale legs, and faint
orange stripes. Few golden tigers are kept in captivity; they are invariably at least part Bengal.
Some golden tigers carry the white tiger gene,[78] and when two such tigers are mated, they can
produce some stripeless white offspring. Although a "pseudo-melanistic" effect—wide stripes that
partially obscure the orange background—has been seen in some pelts, no true black
tigers have been authenticated, with the possible exception of one dead specimen examined
in Chittagong in 1846. These wholly or partially melanistic tigers, if they exist, are assumed to be
intermittent mutations rather than a distinct species.[79][80]There are further unconfirmed reports of
a "blue" or slate-coloured variant, the Maltese tiger. However, while some felids do exhibit this
colouration as a solid coat, there is no known genetic configuration that would result in black
stripes on a blue-gray background.[79]
Distribution and habitat

Historical distribution

At the end of the last glacial period about 20,000 years ago, the tiger was widespread
from Eastern Anatolia Region and Mesopotamia, in Central Asia to
eastern Siberia and South and Southeast Asia to the Indonesian islands of Java, Bali and
Sumatra.[73] Today, tigers are regionally extinct
in Afghanistan, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Iran, Pakistan and
Singapore.[1]
Fossil remains indicate tigers were also present in Beringia in the north, Japan to the east,
and Borneo and Palawan in the Philippines in the south during the Late Pleistocene and
Early Holocene.[73][54][53][81][82][83][84]
During the 20th century, tigers became extinct in Western and Central Asia, and were restricted
to isolated pockets in the remaining parts of their range. They were extirpated on the island of
Bali in the 1940s, around the Caspian Sea in the 1970s, and on Java in the 1980s. This was the
result of habitat loss and the ongoing killing of tigers and tiger prey. Today, their significantly
fragmented and depopulated range extends eastward
from India to Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, China,
Malaysia, Indonesia, North Korea and Russia. The northern limit of their range is close to
the Amur River in southeastern Siberia. The only large island they still inhabit is Sumatra.[1] Since
the beginning of the 20th century, tigers' historical range has shrunk by 93%. In the decade from
1997 to 2007, the estimated area known to be occupied by tigers has declined by 41%.[2][85]
The tiger occupies a wide range of habitat types, but will usually require sufficient cover,
proximity to water, and an abundance of prey. It prefers dense vegetation, for which its
camouflage colouring is ideally suited, and where a single predator is not at a disadvantage
compared with the multiple cats in a pride.[61] A further habitat requirement is the placement of
suitably secluded den locations, which may consist of caves, large hollow trees, or dense
vegetation.[86] The Bengal tiger in particular lives in many types of forests, including
wet, evergreen, and the semi-evergreen forests of Assam and eastern Bengal,
swampy mangrove forests of the Ganges Delta, deciduous forest in the Terai, and thorn
forests in the Western Ghats. In various parts of its range it inhabits or had inhabited additionally
partially open grassland and savanna as well as taiga forests and rocky habitats.[citation needed]

Biology and behaviour

Tigers are comfortable in water and frequently bathe

Social and daily activities

Captive male South Chinese tiger marking his territory

A captive tiger swimming and playing with a piece of wood in a pool

Adult tigers lead largely solitary lives. They establish and maintain territories but have much
wider home ranges within which they roam. Resident adults of either sex generally confine their
movements to their home ranges, within which they satisfy their needs and those of their growing
cubs. Individuals sharing the same area are aware of each other's movements and
activities.[80] The size of the home range mainly depends on prey abundance, and, in the case of
males, on access to females. A tigress may have a territory of 20 km2 (7.7 sq mi), while the
territories of males are much larger, covering 60 to 100 km2 (23 to 39 sq mi). The range of a male
tends to overlap those of several females, providing him with a large field of prospective mating
partners.[87]
The tiger is a long-ranging species, and individuals disperse over distances of up to 650 km
(400 mi) to reach tiger populations in other areas.[88]
It is strong swimmer and often bathes in ponds, lakes and rivers, thus keeping cool in the heat of
the day. Among the big cats, only the jaguar shares a similar fondness for water.[89] Individuals
can cross rivers up to 7 km (4.3 mi) wide and can swim up to 29 km (18 mi) in a day.[86] They are
able to carry prey through or capture it in the water.[citation needed]
Young female tigers establish their first territories close to their mother's. The overlap between
the female and her mother's territory reduces with time. Males, however, migrate further than
their female counterparts and set out at a younger age to mark out their own area. A young male
acquires territory either by seeking out an area devoid of other male tigers, or by living as a
transient in another male's territory until he is older and strong enough to challenge the resident
male. Young males seeking to establish themselves thereby comprise the highest mortality rate
(30–35% per year) amongst adult tigers.[90]
To identify his territory, the male marks trees by spraying urine[91][92] and anal gland secretions, as
well as marking trails with scat and marking trees or the ground with their claws. Females also
use these "scrapes", as well as urine and scat markings. Scent markings of this type allow an
individual to pick up information on another's identity, sex and reproductive status. Females
in oestrus will signal their availability by scent marking more frequently and increasing their
vocalisations.[61]
Although for the most part avoiding each other, tigers are not always territorial and relationships
between individuals can be complex. An adult of either sex will sometimes share its kill with
others, even those who may not be related to them. George Schaller observed a male share a
kill with two females and four cubs. Unlike male lions, male tigers allow females and cubs to feed
on the kill before the male is finished with it; all involved generally seem to behave amicably, in
contrast to the competitive behaviour shown by a lion pride.[65] In his book Tiger, Stephen Mills
describes a social eating event witnessed by Valmik Thapar and Fateh Singh Rathore
in Ranthambhore National Parkthus:
A dominant tigress they called Padmini killed a 250 kg (550 lb) male nilgai – a very large
antelope. They found her at the kill just after dawn with her three 14-month-old cubs and they
watched uninterrupted for the next ten hours. During this period the family was joined by two
adult females and one adult male, all offspring from Padmini's previous litters, and by two
unrelated tigers, one female the other unidentified. By three o'clock there were no fewer than
nine tigers round the kill.[90]

A Siberian tiger swimming at Wuppertal Zoo

Occasionally, male tigers participate in raising cubs, usually their own, but this is extremely rare
and not always well understood. In May 2015, Amur tigers were photographed by camera traps
in the Sikhote-Alin Bioshpere Reserve. The photos show a male Amur tiger pass by, followed by
a female and three cubs within the span of about two minutes.[93] In Ranthambore, a male Bengal
tiger raised and defended two orphaned female cubs after their mother had died of illness. The
cubs remained under his care, he supplied them with food, protected them from his rival and
sister, and apparently also trained them.[94]
Male tigers are generally more intolerant of other males within their territories than females are of
other females. Territory disputes are usually solved by displays of intimidation rather than
outright aggression. Several such incidents have been observed in which the subordinate tiger
yielded defeat by rolling onto its back and showing its belly in a submissive
posture.[95] Once dominance has been established, a male may tolerate a subordinate within his
range, as long as they do not live in too close quarters.[90] The most aggressive disputes tend to
occur between two males when a female is in oestrus, and may rarely result in the death of one
of the males.[90][95]
Young male Bengal tiger showing flehmen response while sniffing urine marking in Bandhavgarh National
Park, India

Facial expressions include the "defense threat", where an individual bares its teeth, flattens its
ears and its pupils enlarge. Both males and females show a flehmen response, a characteristic
grimace, when sniffing urine markings but flehmen is more often associated with males detecting
the markings made by tigresses in oestrus. Like other Panthera, tigers roar, particularly in
aggressive situations, during the mating season or when making a kill. There are two different
roars: the "true" roar is made using the hyoid apparatus and forced through an open mouth as it
progressively closes, and the shorter, harsher "coughing" roar is made with the mouth open and
teeth exposed. The "true" roar can be heard at up to 3 km (1.9 mi) away and is sometimes
emitted three or four times in succession. When tense, tigers will moan, a sound similar to a roar
but more subdued and made when the mouth is partially or completely closed. Moaning can be
heard 400 m (1,300 ft) away.[23] Chuffing, soft, low-frequency snorting similar to purring in smaller
cats, is heard in more friendly situations.[96] Other vocal communications include grunts, woofs,
snarls, miaows, hisses and growls.[23]
Hunting and diet

An adult tiger showing incisors, canines and part of the premolars and molars, while yawning in Franklin
Park Zoo

Bengal tiger subduing an Indian boar at Tadoba National Park

In the wild, tigers mostly feed on large and medium-sized animals, preferring ungulates weighing
at least 90 kg (200 lb).[97][98] They typically have little or no deleterious effect on their prey
populations.[86] Sambar deer, chital, barasingha, wild boar, gaur, nilgai and both water
buffalo and domestic buffalo, in descending order of preference, are the tiger's favoured prey
in Tamil Nadu, India,[97] while gaur and sambar are the preferred prey and constitute the main diet
of tigers in other parts of India.[99][100] They also prey on other predators, including dogs, leopards,
pythons, sloth bears, and crocodiles.
In Siberia, the main prey species are Manchurian wapiti and wild boar (the two species
comprising nearly 80% of the prey selected) followed by sika deer, moose, roe deer, and musk
deer.[101] Asiatic black bears and Ussuri brown bears may also fall prey to tigers,[45][102][103] and they
constitute up to 40.7% of the diet of Siberian tigers depending on local conditions and the bear
populations.[104] In Sumatra, prey include sambar deer, muntjac, wild boar, Malayan
tapir and orangutan.[105][106] In the former Caspian tiger's range, prey included saiga
antelope, camels, Caucasian wisent, yak, and wild horses. Like many predators, tigers are
opportunistic and may eat much smaller prey, such as monkeys, peafowl and other ground-
based birds, hares, porcupines, and fish.[97][61]

Bengal tiger attacking a sambar in Ranthambore Tiger Reserve

Tigers generally do not prey on fully grown adult Asian elephants and Indian rhinoceros but
incidents have been reported.[107][108] More often, it is the more vulnerable small calves that are
taken.[109]Tigers have been reported attacking and killing elephants ridden by humans during tiger
hunts in the 19th century.[110] When in close proximity to humans, tigers will also sometimes prey
on such domestic livestock as cattle, horses, and donkeys.[111] Old or wounded tigers, unable to
catch wild prey, can become man-eaters; this pattern has recurred frequently across India. An
exception is in the Sundarbans, where healthy tigers prey upon fishermen and villagers in search
of forest produce, humans thereby forming a minor part of the tiger's diet.[112] Although almost
exclusively carnivorous, tigers will occasionally eat vegetation for dietary fibre such as fruit of
the slow match tree.[111]

Tiger dentition (above) and Asian black bear (below). The large canines make the killing bite; the
carnassials tear flesh.

Tigers are thought to be mainly nocturnal predators,[113] but in areas where humans are typically
absent, they have been observed via remote-controlled, hidden cameras, hunting in
daylight.[114] They generally hunt alone and ambush their prey as most other cats do,
overpowering them from any angle, using their body size and strength to knock the prey off
balance. Successful hunts usually require the tiger to almost simultaneously leap onto its quarry,
knock it over, and grab the throat or nape with its teeth.[86] Despite their large size, tigers can
reach speeds of about 49–65 km/h (30–40 mph) but only in short bursts; consequently, tigers
must be close to their prey before they break cover. If the prey catches wind of the tiger's
presence before this, the tiger usually abandons the hunt rather than chase prey or battle it head-
on. Horizontal leaps of up to 10 m (33 ft) have been reported, although leaps of around half this
distance are more typical. One in 2 to 20 hunts, including stalking near potential prey, ends in a
successful kill.[86][115][116]
When hunting larger animals, tigers prefer to bite the throat and use their powerful forelimbs to
hold onto the prey, often simultaneously wrestling it to the ground. The tiger remains latched onto
the neck until its target dies of strangulation.[65] By this method, gaurs and water buffaloes
weighing over a ton have been killed by tigers weighing about a sixth as much.[117] Although they
can kill healthy adults, tigers often select the calves or infirm of very large species.[118] Healthy
adult prey of this type can be dangerous to tackle, as long, strong horns, legs and tusks are all
potentially fatal to the tiger. No other extant land predator routinely takes on prey this large on
their own.[119][120] Whilst hunting sambars, which comprise up to 60% of their prey in India, tigers
have reportedly made a passable impersonation of the male sambar's rutting call to attract
them.[97][111]
With smaller prey, such as monkeys and hares, the tiger bites the nape, often breaking the spinal
cord, piercing the windpipe, or severing the jugular vein or common carotid artery.[121] Though
rarely observed, some tigers have been recorded to kill prey by swiping with their paws, which
are powerful enough to smash the skulls of domestic cattle,[111] and break the backs of sloth
bears.[122]
During the 1980s, a tiger named "Genghis" in Ranthambhore National Park was observed
frequently hunting prey through deep lake water, a pattern of behaviour that had not previously
been witnessed in over 200 years of observations. Moreover, he appeared to be unusually
successful, with 20% of hunts ending in a kill.[123]
After killing their prey, tigers sometimes drag it to conceal it in vegetative cover, usually pulling it
by grasping with their mouths at the site of the killing bite. This, too, can require great physical
strength. In one case, after it had killed an adult gaur, a tiger was observed to drag the massive
carcass over a distance of 12 m (39 ft). When 13 men simultaneously tried to drag the same
carcass later, they were unable to move it.[86] An adult tiger can go for up to two weeks without
eating, then gorge on 34 kg (75 lb) of flesh at one time. In captivity, adult tigers are fed 3 to 6 kg
(6.6 to 13.2 lb) of meat a day.[86]
Enemies and competitors

Tiger hunted by wild dogs (dholes) as illustrated in Samuel Howett & Edward Orme, Hand Coloured,
Aquatint Engravings, 1807

Tigers usually prefer to eat prey they have caught themselves, but are not above eating carrion
in times of scarcity and may even pirate prey from other large carnivores. Although predators
typically avoid one another, if a prey item is under dispute or a serious competitor is
encountered, displays of aggression are common. If these are not sufficient, the conflicts may
turn violent; tigers may kill competitors as leopards, dholes, striped
hyenas, wolves, bears, pythons, and crocodiles on occasion. Tigers may also prey on these
competitors.[45][122][124][125][126][127] Attacks on smaller predators, such as badgers, lynxes, and foxes,
are almost certainly predatory.[97]Crocodiles, bears, and large packs of dholes may win conflicts
against tigers and in some cases even kill them.[45][29][128][129]
The considerably smaller leopard avoids competition from tigers by hunting at different times of
the day and hunting different prey.[130] In India's Nagarhole National Park, most prey selected by
leopards were from 30 to 175 kg (66 to 386 lb) against a preference for prey weighing over
176 kg (388 lb) in the tigers. The average prey weight in the two respective big cats in India was
37.6 kg (83 lb) against 91.5 kg (202 lb).[131] With relatively abundant prey, tigers and leopards
were seen to successfully coexist without competitive exclusion or
interspecies dominance hierarchies that may be more common to the African savanna, where
the leopard exists with the lion.[131] Golden jackals may feed on the tiger's kills.[132]
Reproduction
"Tiger cub" redirects here. For other uses, see Tiger Cub.

Wikimedia Commons has

media related to Mating
tigers.

A Siberian tigress with her cub at the Buffalo Zoo, New York

Two cubs playing with soccer ball at Frankfurt Zoo

Mating can occur all year round, but is more common between November and April.[86] A female
is only receptive for three to six days. Mating is frequent and noisy during that
time. Gestation ranges from 93 to 112 days, with an average of 103 to 105 days. Litters consist
of one or three cubs, rarely also six. Cubs weigh from 680 to 1,400 g (1.50 to 3.09 lb) each at
birth, and are born blind. Females lactate for five to six months.[60] The females rears them alone,
with the birth site and maternal den in a sheltered location such as a thicket, cave or rocky
crevice. The father generally takes no part in rearing them. Unrelated wandering male tigers
often kill cubs to make the female receptive, since the tigress may give birth to another litter
within five months if the cubs of the previous litter are lost. The mortality rate of tiger cubs is
about 50% in the first two years.[86] Few other predators attack tiger cubs due to the diligence and
ferocity of the mother. Apart from humans and other tigers, common causes of cub mortality are
starvation, freezing, and accidents.[120]
A dominant cub emerges in most litters, usually a male.[123] This cub is more active than its
siblings and takes the lead in their play, eventually leaving its mother and becoming independent
earlier. The cubs open their eyes at six to fourteen days old. By eight weeks, the cubs make
short ventures outside the den with their mother, although they do not travel with her as she
roams her territory until they are older. The cubs are nursed for three to six months. Around the
time they are weaned, they start to accompany their mother on territorial walks and they are
taught how to hunt. The cubs often become capable (and nearly adult size) hunters at eleven
months old. The cubs become independent around eighteen months of age, but it is not until they
are around two to two and a half years old that they fully separate from their mother. Females
reach sexual maturity at three to four years, whereas males do so at four to five years. The
oldest recorded captive tiger lived for 26 years. A wild specimen, having no natural predators,
could in theory live to a comparable age.[86]

Threats
Major threats to the tiger include habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation and poaching for fur
and body parts, which have simultaneously greatly reduced tiger populations in the wild[1] In
India, only 11% of the historical tiger habitat remains due to habitat fragmentation.[133]Demand for
tiger parts for use in traditional Chinese medicine has also been cited as a major threat to tiger
populations.[134][135]
Commercial hunting and traditional medicine
A hunting party poses with a killed Javan tiger, 1941

See also: Tiger penis

Historically, tigers have been hunted at a large scale so their famous striped skins could be
collected. The trade in tiger skins peaked in the 1960s, just before international conservation
efforts took effect. By 1977, a tiger skin in an English market was considered to be worth
US$4,250.[86]
Many people in China and other parts of Asia have a belief that various tiger parts have
medicinal properties, including as pain killers and aphrodisiacs.[136] There is no scientific evidence
to support these beliefs. The use of tiger parts in pharmaceutical drugs in China is already
banned, and the government has made some offences in connection with tiger poaching
punishable by death.[which?] Furthermore, all trade in tiger parts is illegal under the Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora and a domestic trade ban
has been in place in China since 1993.[137]
However, the trading of tiger parts in Asia has become a major black market industry and
governmental and conservation attempts to stop it have been ineffective to date.[86] Almost all
black marketers engaged in the trade are based in China and have either been shipped and sold
within in their own country or into Taiwan, South Korea or Japan.[86] The Chinese subspecies was
almost completely decimated by killing for commerce due to both the parts and skin trades in the
1950s through the 1970s.[86] Contributing to the illegal trade, there are a number of tiger farms in
the country specialising in breeding the cats for profit. It is estimated that between 5,000 and
10,000 captive-bred, semi-tame animals live in these farms today.[138][139][140] However, many tigers
for traditional medicine black market are wild ones shot or snared by poachers and may be
caught anywhere in the tiger's remaining range (from Siberia to India to the Malay
Peninsula to Sumatra). In the Asian black market, a tiger penis can be worth the equivalent of
around $300 U.S. dollars. In the years of 1990 through 1992, 27 million products with tiger
derivatives were found.[86] In July 2014 at an international convention on endangered species
in Geneva, Switzerland, a Chinese representative admitted for the first time his government was
aware trading in tiger skins was occurring in China.[141]

Conservation
Main article: Tiger conservation

Tiger population status (2016)[5]

Country Estimate

Bangladesh 106
 Tiger population status (2016)[5]

Country Estimate

Bhutan 103

Cambodia 0

China >7

India 2,226

Indonesia 371

Laos 2

Malaysia 250

Myanmar no data

Nepal 198

Russia 433

Thailand 189

Vietnam <5

Total 3,890

At the start of the 20th century, it was estimated there were over 100,000 tigers in the wild, but
the population has dwindled outside of captivity to between 1,500 and 3,500.[142][143] Some
estimates suggest that there are fewer than 2,500 mature breeding individuals, with no
subpopulation containing more than 250 mature breeding individuals.[1] The global wild tiger
population was estimated by the World Wide Fund for Nature at 3,200 in 2011 and 3,890 in
2015—Vox reported that this was the first increase in a century.[144][145]
India is home to the world's largest population of wild tigers.[5] A 2014 census estimated a
population of 2,226, a 30% increase since 2011.[27] In 1973, India's Project Tiger, started by Indira
Gandhi, established over 25 tiger reserves in reclaimed land, where human development was
forbidden. The project was credited with tripling the number of wild Bengal tigers from some
1,200 in 1973 to over 3,500 in the 1990s, but a 2007 census showed that numbers had dropped
back to about 1,400 tigers because of poaching.[146] Following the report, the Indian government
pledged $153 million to the initiative, set up measures to combat poaching, promised funds to
relocate up to 200,000 villagers in order to reduce human-tiger interactions,[147] and set up eight
new tiger reserves.[148] India also reintroduced tigers to the Sariska Tiger Reserve[149] and by 2009
it was claimed that poaching had been effectively countered at Ranthambore National Park.[150]
In the 1940s, the Siberian tiger was on the brink of extinction with only about 40 animals
remaining in the wild in Russia. As a result, anti-poaching controls were put in place by
the Soviet Union and a network of protected zones (zapovedniks) were instituted, leading to a
rise in the population to several hundred. Poaching again became a problem in the 1990s, when
the economy of Russia collapsed. The major obstacle in preserving the species is the enormous
territory individual tigers require (up to 450 km2 needed by a single female and more for a single
male).[151] Current conservation efforts are led by local governments and NGO's in concert with
international organisations, such as the World Wide Fund for Natureand the Wildlife
Conservation Society.[152] The competitive exclusion of wolves by tigers has been used by
Russian conservationists to convince hunters to tolerate the big cats. Tigers have less impact on
ungulate populations than do wolves, and are effective in controlling the latter's numbers.[153] In
2005, there were thought to be about 360 animals in Russia, though these exhibited little genetic
diversity.[34] However, in a decade later, the Siberian tiger census was estimated from 480 to 540
individuals.

Camera trap image of wild Sumatran tiger

Having earlier rejected the Western-led environmentalist movement, China changed its stance in
the 1980s and became a party to the CITES treaty. By 1993 it had banned the trade in tiger
parts, and this diminished the use of tiger bones in traditional Chinese medicine.[154]After this,
the Tibetan people's trade in tiger skins became a relatively more important threat to tigers. The
pelts were used in clothing, tiger-skin chuba being worn by singers and participants in horse
racing festivals, and had become status symbols. In 2004, international conservation
organizations launched successful environmental propaganda campaigns in China against the
Tibetan tiger skin trade. There was outrage in India, where many Tibetans live, and the 14th
Dalai Lama was persuaded to take up the issue. Since then there has been a change of attitude,
with some Tibetans publicly burning their chubas.[155]
In 1994, the Indonesian Sumatran Tiger Conservation Strategy addressed the potential crisis that
tigers faced in Sumatra. The Sumatran Tiger Project (STP) was initiated in June 1995 in and
around the Way Kambas National Park in order to ensure the long-term viability of wild Sumatran
tigers and to accumulate data on tiger life-history characteristics vital for the management of wild
populations.[156] By August 1999, the teams of the STP had evaluated 52 sites of potential tiger
habitat in Lampung Province, of which only 15 these were intact enough to contain tigers.[157] In
the framework of the STP a community-based conservation programme was initiated to
document the tiger-human dimension in the park in order to enable conservation authorities to
resolve tiger-human conflicts based on a comprehensive database rather than anecdotes and
opinions.[158]
The Wildlife Conservation Society and Panthera Corporation formed the collaboration Tigers
Forever, with field sites including the world's largest tiger reserve, the
21,756 km2(8,400 sq mi) Hukaung Valley in Myanmar. Other reserves were in the Western
Ghats in India, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, the Russian Far East covering in total about
260,000 km2(100,000 sq mi).[159]
Tigers have been studied in the wild using a variety of techniques. Tiger population have been
estimated using plaster casts of their pugmarks, although this method was criticized as being
inaccurate.[160] More recent techniques include the use of camera traps and studies of DNA from
tiger scat, while radio-collaring has been used to track tigers in the wild.[161]Tiger spray has been
found to be just as good, or better, as a source of DNA than scat.[162]
The exact number of wild tigers is unknown, as many estimates are outdated or educated
guesses; few estimates are based on reliable scientific censuses. The table shows estimates
according to IUCN Red List accounts and range country governments dating from 2009 to April
2016.[5]
Rewilding and reintroduction projects
Further information: Rewilding (conservation biology), Save China's Tigers, Reintroduction,
and Siberian Tiger Introduction Project

In 1978, the Indian conservationist Billy Arjan Singh attempted to rewild a tiger in Dudhwa
National Park; this was the captive-bred tigress Tara.[163] Soon after the release, numerous
people were killed and eaten by a tigress that was subsequently shot. Government officials
claimed it was Tara, though Singh disputed this. Further controversy broke out with the discovery
that Tara was partly Siberian tiger.[164][165][166][167]

A rewilded South China tiger hunting blesbok in South Africa

The organisation Save China's Tigers has attempted to rewild the South China tigers, with a
breeding and training programme in a South African reserve known as Laohu Valley
Reserve (LVR) and eventually reintroduce them to the wild of China.[168]
A future rewilding project was proposed for Siberian tigers set to be reintroduced to northern
Russia's Pleistocene park. The Siberian tigers sent to Iran for a captive breeding project
in Tehran are set to be rewilded and reintroduced to the Miankaleh peninsula, to replace the now
extinct Caspian tigers.[169][170][171]
In captivity

Tigers made to perform at Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Circus

In Ancient Roman times, tigers were kept in menageries and amphitheatres to be exhibited,
trained and paraded, and were often provoked to fight humans and exotic beasts.[172][173] Since the
17th century, tigers, being rare and ferocious, were sought after to keep at European castles as
symbols of their owners' power.[174] Tigers became central zoo and circus exhibits in the 18th
century: a tiger could cost up to 4,000 francs in France (for comparison, a professor of the
Beaux-Arts at Lyons earned only 3,000 francs a year),[175] or up to $3,500 in the United States
where a lion cost no more than $1,000.[176]
China (2007) had over 4,000 captive tigers, of which 3,000 were held by about twenty larger
facilities, with the rest held by some 200 smaller facilities.[177] The USA (2011) had 2,884 tigers in
468 facilities.[178] Nineteen states have banned private ownership of tigers, fifteen require a
license, and sixteen states have no regulation.[179] Genetic ancestry of 105 captive tigers from
fourteen countries and regions showed that forty-nine animals belonged distinctly to five
subspecies; fifty-two animals had mixed subspecies origins.[180] As such, "many Siberian tigers in
zoos today are actually the result of crosses with Bengal tigers."[181]
The Tiger Species Survival Plan has condemned the breeding of white tigers, alleging they are of
mixed ancestry and of unknown lineage. The genes responsible for white colouration are
represented by 0.001% of the population. The disproportionate growth in numbers of white tigers
points to inbreeding among homozygous recessive individuals. This would lead to inbreeding
depression and loss of genetic variability.[182]

Relation with humans

Tiger hunting on elephant-back, India, 1808

Tiger hunting
Main article: Tiger hunting
The tiger has been one of the big five game animals of Asia. Tiger hunting took place on a large
scale in the early 19th and 20th centuries, being a recognised and admired sport by
the British in colonial India as well as the maharajas and aristocratic class of the erstwhile
princely states of pre-independence India. A single maharaja or English hunter could claim to kill
over a hundred tigers in their hunting career.[86]Tiger hunting was done by some hunters on foot;
others sat up on machans with a goat or buffalo tied out as bait; yet others on elephant-back.[183]
Man-eating tigers
Main article: Tiger attack
Wild tigers that have had no prior contact with humans actively avoid interactions with humans.
However, tigers cause more human deaths through direct attack than any other wild
mammal.[86] Attacks are occasionally provoked, as tigers lash out after being injured while they
themselves are hunted. Attacks can be provoked accidentally, as when a human surprises a tiger
or inadvertently comes between a mother and her young,[184] or as in a case in rural India when a
postman startled a tiger, used to seeing him on foot, by riding a bicycle.[185] Occasionally tigers
come to view people as prey. Such attacks are most common in areas where population growth,
logging, and farming have put pressure on tiger habitats and reduced their wild prey. Most man-
eating tigers are old, missing teeth, and unable to capture their preferred prey.[61] For example,
the Champawat Tiger, a tigress found in Nepal and then India, had two broken canines. She was
responsible for an estimated 430 human deaths, the most attacks known to be perpetrated by a
single wild animal, by the time she was shot in 1907 by Jim Corbett.[67] According to Corbett, tiger
attacks on humans are normally in daytime, when people are working outdoors and are not
keeping watch.[186] Early writings tend to describe man-eating tigers as cowardly because of their
ambush tactics.[187]
Stereographic photograph (1903), captioned "Famous 'man-eater' at Calcutta—devoured 200 men, women
and children before capture—India"[188]

Man-eaters have been a particular problem in recent decades in India and Bangladesh,
especially in Kumaon, Garhwal and the Sundarbansmangrove swamps of Bengal, where some
healthy tigers have hunted humans. Because of rapid habitat loss attributed to climate change,
tiger attacks have increased in the Sundarbans.[189] The Sundarbans area had 129 human deaths
from tigers from 1969 to 1971. In the 10 years prior to that period, about 100 attacks per year in
the Sundarbans, with a high of around 430 in some years of the 1960s.[86] Unusually, in some
years in the Sundarbans, more humans are killed by tigers than vice versa.[86] In 1972, India's
production of honey and beeswax dropped by 50% when at least 29 people who gathered these
materials were devoured.[86] In 1986 in the Sundarbans, since tigers almost always attack from
the rear, masks with human faces were worn on the back of the head, on the theory that tigers
usually do not attack if seen by their prey. This decreased the number of attacks only
temporarily. All other means to prevent attacks, such as providing more prey or using electrified
human dummies, worked less well.[190]
At least 27 people were killed or seriously injured by captive tigers in the United States from 1998
to 2001.[191][191]
In some cases, rather than being predatory, tiger attacks on human seem to be territorial in
nature. At least in one case, a tigress with cubs killed eight people entering her territory without
consuming them at all.[192]

Cultural depictions
Tigers and their superlative qualities have been a source of fascination for mankind since ancient
times, and they are routinely visible as important cultural and media motifs. They are also
considered one of the charismatic megafauna, and are used as the face of conservation
campaigns worldwide. In a 2004 online poll conducted by cable television channel Animal Planet,
involving more than 50,000 viewers from 73 countries, the tiger was voted the world's favourite
animal with 21% of the vote, narrowly beating the dog.[193]
In myth and legend
See also: Tiger worship

The Hindu goddess Durga riding a tiger. Guler school, early 18th century

In Chinese myth and culture, the tiger is one of the 12 animals of the Chinese zodiac. In Chinese
art, the tiger is depicted as an earth symbol and equal rival of the Chinese dragon – the two
representing matter and spirit respectively. The Southern Chinese martial art Hung Ga is based
on the movements of the tiger and the crane. In Imperial China, a tiger was the personification of
war and often represented the highest army general (or present day defense secretary),[194] while
the emperor and empress were represented by a dragon and phoenix, respectively. The White
Tiger (Chinese: 白虎; pinyin: Bái Hǔ) is one of the Four Symbols of the Chinese constellations. It
is sometimes called the White Tiger of the West (西方白虎), and it represents the west and the
autumn season.[194]
The tiger's tail appears in stories from countries including China and Korea, it being generally
inadvisable to grasp a tiger by the tail.[195][196]
In Buddhism, the tiger is one of the Three Senseless Creatures, symbolising anger, with the
monkey representing greed and the deer lovesickness.[194]The Tungusic peoples considered the
Siberian tiger a near-deity and often referred to it as "Grandfather" or "Old man".
The Udege and Nanai called it "Amba". The Manchu considered the Siberian tiger as "Hu Lin,"
the king.[72] In Hinduism, the god Shiva wears and sits on tiger skin.[197] The ten-armed warrior
goddess Durga rides the tigress (or lioness) Damon into battle. In southern India the
god Ayyappan was associated with a tiger.[198]
The weretiger replaces the werewolf in shapeshifting folklore in Asia;[199] in India they were evil
sorcerers, while in Indonesia and Malaysia they were somewhat more benign.[200] In the Hindu
epic Mahabharata, tigers are fiercer and more ruthless than lions.[201]
In literature, art and film
See also: Bengal tiger § Literature

William Blake's first printing of The Tyger, c.1795

In William Blake's poem in the Songs of Experience, titled "The Tyger," the tiger is a menacing
and fearful animal. In Yann Martel's 2001 Man Booker Prize winning novel Life of Pi, the
protagonist, surviving shipwreck for months in a small boat, somehow avoids being eaten by the
other survivor, a large Bengal tiger. The story was adapted in Ang Lee's 2012 feature film of the
same name. Jim Corbett's 1944 Man-Eaters of Kumaon tells ten true stories of his tiger-hunting
exploits in what is now the northern Uttarakhand region of India. The book has sold over four
million copies,[202] and has been the basis of both fictional and documentary films. In Rudyard
Kipling's 1894 The Jungle Book, the tiger, Shere Khan, is the mortal enemy of the human
protagonist, Mowgli; the book has formed the basis of both live-action and animated films. Other
tiger characters aimed at children tend to be more benign, as for instance Tigger in A. A.
Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh and Hobbes of the comic strip Calvin and Hobbes, both of whom are
represented as simply stuffed animals come to life.
Tiger are also mascots for various sports teams around the world. Tony the Tiger is a famous
mascot for Kellogg's breakfast cereal Frosted Flakes. The Esso (Exxon) brand of petrol was
advertised from 1969 onwards with the slogan 'put a tiger in your tank', and a tiger mascot; more
than 2.5 million synthetic tiger tails were sold to motorists, who tied them to their petrol tank
caps.[203]
 The tiger appears in heraldry but is distinct from the heraldic beast tyger, a wolflike, snouted
creature which has its roots in European Medieval bestiaries.
Political symbolism

An early silver coin of king Uttama Chola found in Sri Lanka shows the Chola Tiger sitting between the
emblems of Pandyan and Chera

The tiger is one of the animals displayed on the Pashupati seal of the Indus Valley Civilisation.
The tiger was the emblem of the Chola Dynasty and was depicted on coins, seals and
banners.[204] The seals of several Chola copper coins show the tiger, the Pandyan emblem fish
and the Chera emblem bow, indicating that the Cholas had achieved political supremacy over the
latter two dynasties. Gold coins found in Kavilayadavalli in the Nellore district of Andhra
Pradesh have motifs of the tiger, bow and some indistinct marks.[205] The tiger symbol of Chola
Empire was later adopted by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam and the tiger became a symbol
of the unrecognised state of Tamil Eelam and Tamil independence movement.[206]
The Bengal tiger is the national animal of India and Bangladesh.[207] The Malaysian tiger is the
national animal of Malaysia.[208] The Siberian tiger is the national animal of South Korea. Since
the successful economies of South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore were described as
the Four Asian Tigers, a tiger economy is a metaphor for a nation in rapid development.

See also

 Cats portal

 Mammals portal

 Extinct and Endangered Species portal

 Asia portal

 21st Century Tiger, information about tigers and conservation projects

 Animal track
 Physical comparison of tigers and lions
 Siegfried & Roy, two famous tamers of tigers
 Tiger in Chinese culture
 Tiger Temple, a Buddhist temple in Thailand famous for its tame tigers
 Tiger versus lion

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External links
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 Species portrait Tiger; IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group

 Biodiversity Heritage Library bibliography for Panthera tigris
 Tiger Stamps: Tiger images on postage stamps from many different countries
 Year of the tiger. Video collection on occasion of the Year of the Tiger, 2010. BBC.
 Video clips. BBC archive on Wildlife Finder.
  "Is this the last chance to save the tiger?". 19 November 2010. By Pralad Yonzon. The
Kathmandu Post.
 Tale of the Cat at the Wayback Machine (archived 26 February 2010). 1 March 2010. By
Andrew Marshall. TIME Magazine
 "India's tiger population increases by 30% in past three years; country now has 2,226 tigers".
20 January 2015. By Vishwa Mohan. Times of India. Retrieved 17 July 2016.

[show]

Extant Carnivora species

hera_tigris

nthera-tigris

HTI

s: 90651

416

41967

00259

047

5135318

512-7

933675r (data)

3285
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