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Acute Glaucoma
Acute glaucoma is an eye condition, where the pressure inside the eye rises
quickly. The usual symptoms are sudden eye pain, a red eye and reduced
vision. Other possible symptoms are headache, abdominal pain, nausea and
vomiting. Acute glaucoma can be treated successfully, but it needs
immediate treatment to relieve symptoms and to prevent damage to the eye.

What is acute glaucoma?

Acute glaucoma occurs when the pressure inside the eye gets high very quickly.

Note: acute glaucoma is also called 'acute angle closure glaucoma' or 'acute closed angle
glaucoma'. Another term sometimes used is 'primary angle closure glaucoma', which is a
similar situation that can lead to acute glaucoma.

There are other types of glaucoma, which occur more gradually. The most common type is
'primary open angle glaucoma' (also called 'chronic glaucoma'). There is a separate leaflet
on chronic glaucoma. Other, less common types are 'secondary glaucoma' and 'congenital
glaucoma'. The rest of this leaflet deals only with acute glaucoma.

What causes acute glaucoma?

To understand the cause, it helps to
understand how fluids work in the eye. The
eye needs to keep its shape so that light rays
are focussed accurately onto the retina. So,
most of the eye is filled with a substance like
jelly called the 'vitreous humour' (humour
meaning fluid). The front of the eye is filled
with a clear fluid called 'aqueous humour',
which is more watery.

The aqueous humour is made continuously

by cells called the 'ciliary body'. The fluid
circulates through the front part of the eye,
and then drains away through an area called
the 'trabecular meshwork', which is located
near the base of the iris. So, there is constant
production and drainage of fluid.
What happens in acute angle glaucoma?
In acute glaucoma, there is a sudden blockage, so that aqueous fluid cannot drain out of the
eye. This happens if the iris (coloured part of the eye) gets too close to the lens. Fluid gets
stuck behind the iris and makes it bulge forwards. This bulging then blocks the drainage
area (the trabecular meshwork), so that fluid cannot leave the eye. But more fluid is still
being made, so the pressure inside the eye starts to rise quickly.
What causes the blockage?
Usually it is a combination of factors. In some people, the area near the base of the iris is
very narrow, so it more easily gets blocked. In other people, the lens of the eye may be
swollen, which has the same effect. This situation is called a 'narrow drainage angle' or
'shallow anterior chamber' and makes a person more susceptible to acute glaucoma.

The iris (coloured part of the eye) is also involved. The iris muscle is responsible for
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controlling the size of the pupil (the black area in the middle of the eye). When the iris
muscles enlarge the pupil, they tend to bulge, which can block the flow of fluid if the area is
already narrow. The pupil enlarges in conditions of dim light, sudden excitement, or with
certain medications. For this reason, acute glaucoma is more likely to occur in the evening,
or in situations like watching a football match on TV (dim lighting and sudden excitement).
What can trigger acute glaucoma?
Various medications can trigger acute glaucoma if you are susceptible to it. However, for
the population as a whole, the chance of getting acute glaucoma with these medicines is
very small - so they are commonly prescribed without too much worry. But if you have been
warned that you may be susceptible to acute glaucoma, tell your doctor before starting new
medication or eye drops, especially if it is one of the ones listed below.

Commonly used medicines which may trigger acute glaucoma are:

 Eye drops used to dilate (enlarge) the pupil - they may be used for eye checkups.
 Antidepressants of the 'tricyclic' or 'SSRI' types.
 Some of the medicines used to treat nausea, vomiting or schizophrenia (a type called
'phenothiazines').
 Ipratropium (used for asthma).
 Topiramate.
 Some medicines used to treat allergies or stomach ulcers, such as chlorpheniramine,
cimetidine and ranitidine.
 Medication used during a general anaesthetic.

Lying on your front (for a long period) may also affect fluids in the eye, and can trigger acute
glaucoma. This can occur, for example, during an operation on the spine.

Who gets acute glaucoma?

Approximately 1 in 1000 people get acute glaucoma. It is more likely in people over age 40
years, and most often happens at around age 60-70 years. It is more common in long-
sighted people and women. It is also more common in certain populations: Southeast Asian
and Eskimo people.

What are the symptoms of acute glaucoma?

The symptoms usually start suddenly. They are:
 Sudden, severe pain in the eye.
 Redness of the eye.
 Reduced vision, often with 'haloes' (circles) seen around lights.
 The pain may be spread around the head and be felt as a severe headache.
 Sometimes, the pain may cause nausea, vomiting, or there may be abdominal pain
(tummy pain) as well.
 Some people may not get eye pain, but instead have some of the other symptoms
listed here, such as headache or abdominal pain with a red eye or reduced vision.
 The pupil (black part of the eye) will look large, and the clear part of the eye looks
hazy ('milky' or 'steamy').

As explained above, symptoms often begin in a situation of dim lighting, sudden excitement,
with certain medications or after a general anaesthetic.
Are there any warning symptoms?
Acute glaucoma can start 'out of the blue' with no warning. However, you may have warning
symptoms, which often are not recognised. These occur when pressure rises in the eye,
and then improves by itself. The symptoms are: blurred vision, seeing haloes or rainbows
around lights, and eye pain. The warning symptoms can come and go - they may start in the
evening (with dim light), and may settle after sleep (because sleep relaxes the iris muscles).
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If you have these symptoms you should see a doctor urgently, in case you need treatment
to prevent a more severe attack.

How is acute glaucoma diagnosed?

The diagnosis is made from the symptoms and the appearance of the eye. A provisional
diagnosis can be made by any doctor (not necessarily an eye specialist). The diagnosis can
be confirmed by an examination done by an eye specialist. This usually involves measuring
the pressure in the eye (a quick and easy test) and examining the eye using a special light
and magnifier called a 'slit lamp'.

What is the treatment for acute glaucoma?

Initial treatment
Treatment is very urgent. You should be seen by an ophthalmologist (eye specialist)
immediately. If it will take time getting to the ophthalmologist, treatment can be started
meanwhile.

The first treatment is medication to lower the pressure of fluid in the eye. There are various
types of medicine that reduce eye pressure. Different combinations can be used, depending
on your medical history. The usual treatment is:
 An intravenous injection of acetazolamide.
 Eye drops containing beta-blocker medication (to reduce fluid in the eye) and steroid
(to reduce inflammation).

Other treatments which may be used initially are:

 Painkillers and anti-sickness medication, if needed.
 Usually, it is recommended that you lie flat on your back - this position may help drain
the trapped fluid.
 Other types of eye drops which reduce fluid in the eye, such as brinzolamide,
brimonidine or pilocarpine.
 Other fluid-reducing medication such as intravenous mannitol.

Further treatment
When the pressure in the eye has gone down, further treatment is needed in order to
prevent the acute glaucoma from coming back. This involves using laser treatment or
surgery to make a small hole in the iris. The hole allows fluid to flow freely around the iris,
which stops the iris bulging forwards and blocking the trabecular meshwork.

Laser treatment is called 'peripheral iridotomy'. This is the usual treatment, and the
preferred option, as it does not involve surgery to the eye. Two small holes are made in the
iris using a laser. The holes are almost unnoticeable to other people.

Surgical treatment is called surgical iridectomy. It makes a small, triangular hole in the iris.
The hole is visible afterwards as a very small, black triangle at the edge of the iris.

Sometimes, another type of surgery is used, which is similar to a cataract operation. This
operation removes the lens of the eye - which can help if a swollen lens was causing the
acute glaucoma in the first place. As with cataract operations, the lens which is removed
can be replaced by an artificial lens, or by using glasses.

Usually, laser or surgical treatment will be advised for the other eye at some stage. This is
to prevent acute glaucoma happening in the other eye. Also, eye drops may sometimes be
needed as long-term treatment, to help keep the eye pressure under control.
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What are the complications of acute glaucoma?

If treatment is delayed, the high pressure in the eye can damage nerves and blood vessels.
This can cause reduced vision, and in severe cases can cause blindness in the affected
eye.

Also, delayed treatment can lead to the the iris (coloured part of the eye) sticking to the front
of the eye (cornea). This blocks the drainage area, so a 'drainage operation' is needed. This
operation creates a channel between the inside of the eye and the outside (white part) of
the eye.

What is the outlook for acute glaucoma?

The outlook is good if treatment is given promptly. The eye can recover, and laser treatment
or surgery can prevent the problem coming back.

If the attack is severe or if treatment is delayed, there is a risk of complications (explained

above).

Driving and glaucoma

Many people will be allowed to drive after recovering from acute glaucoma. Even if vision is
reduced in one eye, you may still be allowed to drive if your vision is good enough in the
other eye. However, you will need advice from your eye specialist. If you are a driver and
have glaucoma in both eyes, the law says that you must inform the Driver and Vehicle
Licensing Authority (DVLA).

How can acute glaucoma be prevented?

Some people have an increased risk of getting acute glaucoma, due to a narrowing of the
area where fluid normally drains from the eye. This is called a 'shallow anterior chamber' or
'narrow drainage angle'. Sometimes a narrow drainage angle is noticed at a routine eye
examination. You may be told about this and advised to be careful with certain medications
and eye drops (as above).

If you are at very high risk of acute glaucoma, you may be advised to have treatment such
as laser iridotomy (above) to prevent it.

Be aware of the symptoms of acute glaucoma. Anyone who has a red eye with pain or
vomiting, or a red eye with reduced vision, should get medical advice immediately. If you
take a new medication or have eye drops to dilate the pupil, and then have symptoms of
acute glaucoma, get medical advice straightaway; tell the doctor about the medication and
symptoms. This makes it easier for the problem to be recognised early.

Further information and help

International Glaucoma Association
Woodcote House, 15 Highpoint Business Village, Henwood, Ashford, Kent TN24 8DH
Tel: 01233 648170 Web: www.glaucoma-association.com

References
 Darkeh AK; Glaucoma. Acute angle closure; eMedicine. May 2006
 Chua CN; Eye casualty: common ocular emergencies and referrals.
 Khaw PT, Shah P, Elkington AR; Glaucoma--1: diagnosis. BMJ. 2004 Jan 10;328
(7431):97-9.
 Saw SM, Gazzard G, Friedman DS; Interventions for angle-closure glaucoma: an
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evidence-based update. Ophthalmology. 2003 Oct;110(10):1869-78; quiz 1878-9,

1930. [abstract]
 Tripathi RC, Tripathi BJ, Haggerty C; Drug-induced glaucomas: mechanism and
management. Drug Saf. 2003;26(11):749-67. [abstract]
 Liew G, Mitchell P, Wang JJ, et al; Fundoscopy: to dilate or not to dilate? BMJ. 2006
Jan 7;332(7532):3.

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© EMIS and PiP 2008 Updated: 25 Jul 2008 DocID: 9002 Version: 1