124 LL-H, Chen et al TIAL Micrometer (um) eS Particles Heir » Yeast ee oe “Asbestos| ; PRE 10 10 01 0.01 0.001 0.0001 Purified Water Fig. 5.2 Schematic diagram of the membrane filtration spectrum [9] (Reprinted from Lee et al. (2016), with permission from Royal Society of Chemistry) =e AP ~ KnS(1 — 2)? Ax where J is the membrane flux (m’/m?-s), K is the Carman—Kozeny constant, ¢ is the porosity, S is the specific surface area (m?/m°), 7 is the permeate viscosity (Pa-s), AP is the pressure difference (Pa), and Ax is the membrane thickness (m).. The pore size of a nanofiltration (NF) membrane is typically around 1 nm, which corresponds to dissolved compounds with a molecular weight of about 300 Da. NF processes remove most organic molecules, nearly all viruses and a range of salts.