REDUCING ADVERBAL CLAUSES TO ADVERBAL PHRASES

An adverb clause can be shortened to an adverb phrase. This can be particularly helpful when
you want to express your ideas in a more concise manner. Before you reduce an adverb clause
into an adverbial phrase, make sure that the adverb clause (subordinate clause) and the main
clause have the same subject.

Adverbal Clause is a dependent clause that has functions as adverbs and provides information
about verbs, adjectives, or adverbs that reside in the parent clause (independent clause) with his
ability to answer questions with questions such as when, where, how, why, who, or what degree.

called subordinate conjunction (when, after, because, though, etc). This word is useful to bridge
the relationship with the independent clause described. This combination of clauses with an
independent clause is called complex sentence, ie a sentence consisting of an independent and
one or more dependent clauses.

Formula : Subordinate Conjuction + S + V

Adverial phrase is a multi-word expression operating adverbially its syntactic function is to

modify other expressions, including verbs, adjectives, adverbs, adverbals and sentences.
Adverbial Phrases can be divided into two types: complement adverbs versus modifier adverbs.
For example in the sentence She sang very well, the expressionvery well is an adverbial phrase,
as it modifies the verb sing. More specifically, the adverbial phrase very well contains two
adverbials, very and well: while well modifies the verb to convey information about the manner
of singing (for example,She sang well versus She sang badly), very is a degree modifier that
conveys information about the degree to which the action of singing well was accomplished (for
example, Not only did she sing well, she sang very well).

Example :
 Adverb Clause : While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
 Modifying Phrase : While walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
 Adverb Clause : Since Maria came to this country, she has made many friends.
 Modifying phrase : Since coming to this country, Maria has made many friends.
REPORTED SPEECH(INDIRECT SPEECH)

Definition: Reported Speech (also called Indirect Speech) is used to communicate what
someone else said, think or believe, but without using the exact words. A few changes are
necessary; often a pronoun has to be changed and the verb is usually moved back a tense, where
possible.

 He said that he was going to come.

* The person's exact words were "I'm going to come".

Reported speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the
words spoken. We use reporting verbs like "say", "tell", "ask", and we may use the word "that"
to introduce the reported words. Reported speech doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the
person said.