BANGABANDHU SHEIKH MUJIBUR RAHMAN MARITIME UNIVERSITY,

BANGLADESH (BSMRMU)

SUSTAINABLE BLUE ECONOMY: BANGLADESH PERSPECTIVE

By
MOHAMMAD ABDULLAH ABU SAYED
ID NO: 15212016
DEPARTMENT OF PORT AND SHIPPING MANAGEMENT

A Thesis Report Submitted to Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Maritime

University, Bangladesh (BSMRMU) in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the
Award of Master’s Degree

APRIL 2017

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SUSTAINABLE BLUE ECONOMY: BANGLADESH PERSPECTIVE

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 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that the thesis titled, “SUSTAINABLE BLUE CONOMY:

BANGLADESH PERSPECTIVE”was conducted by Mohammad Abdullah Abu Sayed,
Student ID No: 15212016 and completed under my supervision. However, the student bears
full responsibility for the contents of this thesis.

M Z ALAMGIR
Commodore, BN
Dean,
Faculty of Shipping Administration,
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
Maritime University (BSMRMU)
April 2017 Thesis Supervisor

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 ATTESTATION ON PLAGIARISM AND OTHER FORMS OF
ACADEMIC DISHONESTY

Name : Mohammadd. Abdullah Abu Sayed ID No: 15212016

Name of Programme :Master in Port and Shipping Management

Type of Paper :BSMRMU Master’s Thesis/ Research Paper
Topic :Prospects and Challenges of Shipping Industry: Perspective
Bangladesh

I certify that this is my work and has not in whole or in part, been presented elsewhere for
assessment without my acknowledgment. Where material has been used from other sources,
it has been properly acknowledged. If this statement is found to be untrue, I acknowledge
that I would have committed an act of plagiarism or other forms of academic dishonesty.

(Sig of Student)
(Mohammadd. Abdullah Abu Sayed)
Date: 21 May 2017 ID No:15212016

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 ABSTRACT

The study accomplishes that Bangladesh has potentiality to implement Blue Economy. This
study aims to provide concrete practical proposals for the definition, classification standard
and scope of the blue economy. Oceans are increasingly gaining in importance in terms of
enabling international trade via linking sellers and buyers. The behaviour patterns of such
linking enablers on the oceans are receiving more attention from a regulatory and economic
perspective as the relationship between land and ocean evolves in its role and importance.
The “Blue Economy” as a concept finds its origin against this background. A literature
review is undertaken to analyse an appropriate definition for the Blue Economy. These
definitions are analysed in terms of the minimum criteria which are necessary for a Blue
Economy. The paper also attempts to structure various types of activities which are
associated with ocean services. It is done with a view to identify what one may perceive as
the focus areas for the growth of the Blue Economy. With regard to the definition of the blue
economy, a combination of industrial and geographical perspectives is considered at the
same time. As a result, the blue economy is defined as the economic activities that directly or
indirectly take place in the ocean, use outputs from the ocean, and put the goods and services
into the ocean’s activities.
The Blue Economy concept, which is a systematic way of utilizing ocean resources, is quite
new to Bangladesh even though a number of ocean based industries are currently practiced.
The Blue Economy opportunities in the region have been assessed, and the necessity of
incorporating them into pro-poor growth strategies has been highlighted. Importantly, it has
been elaborated, how the Blue Economy concept may fit into the sustainability framework,
while balancing its economic, social and environmental pillars. Marine economies create
value from marine resources, but we know surprisingly little about them. A diverse mix of
market and non-market economic activities and actors, they provide food, employment,
minerals, recreation opportunities, export revenues and cultural values. From iwi-owned
fishing corporations to tourism operations, recipients of mining royalties, recreational fishers,
cultural subjects, and seafood gatherers, Maori are central to New Zealand’s marine

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economies. These economies are expanding, complex and subject to uncertain and changing
environmental and social processes. All this challenges us to think creatively about future
risks and possibilities. To do so, we need to know more about how our marine economies
actually work. This project will measure and map New Zealand’s marine economies and
create a range of tools designed to foster a “Blue Economy”. Based on an ecosystem-based
management approach to marine economic development, a blue economy commits to
creating ecologically sustainable economic and social value

This research is descriptive analytical.Sources of data: Secondary data is used to conduct the
research. International data bases, reviewed journals, subject related books and online
publications are main source of data.Methods of data analysis: qualitative analysis .Since
Blue Economy is not yet systematically practiced. Conclusions are made, based on the
previous studies.Bangladesh has Experiencing dramatic up rising in Gross Domestic
Product.Blue-Economy can be a source to develop country’s Economy.Determine to end
poverty and hunger in all their forms and dimensions, and to ensure that all human beings
can fulfill their potential in dignity and equality and in a healthy environment.

The Blue Economy faces challenges in the forms of resource over exploitation, pollution,
habitat degradation and climate change, and prevailing measures to address them, have been
discussed. Finally, the methods to incorporate low Carbon and innovative technologies,
resource efficiency, environmental and conservation and social inclusiveness, with the Blue
Economy concept, have been suggested.

Firstly: Need to Initiate pilot projects.Secondly: Need Involving international collaboration

of ocean research agencies.Thirdly: Stakeholders and users, to explore the feasibility of
assessing the economic value of ocean-related data. Further more: Need to Initiate for safety
and security and for pollution and trade Facilitation for Bangladesh.Finally: Implementation
and monitoring .

Key Words: Blue Economy, Sustainable Development.

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 DEDICATION

This thesis/ research paper is dedicated to God, the Creator of man and the infinite universe
for His mercy, favour and grace every second of each day upon my life.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Foremost, I would like to convey my sincere gratitude to Supervisor: Commodore M Z

Alamgir,( BN), Dean, Faculty of Shipping Administration, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur
Rahman Maritime University for considering me as an applicant for this dissertation in
BSMRMU. I express my gratefulness to Co-Supervisor: Lecturer Md. Mozahid Hossain
Chowdhury. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Maritime University.

My special appreciation goes to my Supporter of this dissertation for the continues support I
got throughout this work. His guidance helped me develop a proposal with timely objectives
and his interest on the topic made me go through many references to supplement the theories,
thus making a final product with a significant weight of data and information.

I want to acknowledge the BSMRMU library staff including all assistant for their support in
purchasing and reserving literature material. Also, I want to thank all the authors, who have
published their work online and made it available as open source. Thank you for sharing your
valuable work and trying to make Bangladesh a better place. Finally, I would like to thank
my parents and my family specially for my kids for their eternal love. Thank you for your
understanding when I was busy with my work and not take part in daily routine and
activities. God bless you all.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Content Page
Topic Page ii
Certification Page iii
Attestation of Plagiarism and Other forms of Academic Dishonesty iv
Abstract v
Dedication vii
Acknowledgement viii
Table of contents ix
List of Tables xiii
List of Figures xiv
Abbreviations/Acronyms xv
Definition of Terms xvi

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study……………………………………………………..................01
1.1.1 Bangladesh’s Strategy towards Blue Development…………………………..06
1.1.2 Bangladesh to work together for people-centric blue economy……………………..07
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem….…………………………...…………………….07
1.3 Objectives of the Study…………………………………………………………………08
1.4 Significance of the Study……………………………………………………………….09
1.5 Methodology of the Study……………………………………………………………...09
1.5.1 Type of Research……………………………………………………………..09
1.5.2 Function of Research………………………………………………………….09
1.5.3 Nature of Data Collected………………………………………………………09
1.5.4 Research Design………………………………………………………………09
1.5.5 Sources of Data………………………………………………………………..09
1.5.6 Methods of Data Collection……………………………………………………10
1.5.7 Experimentation……………………………………………………………….10
1.5.8 Field Methods………………………………………………………………...10
1.5.10 Sampling Techniques…………………………………………………………11
1.5.9 Document Analysis……………………………………………………………11
1.5.11 Methods of Data Analysis…………………………………………………….11
1.5.12 Methods of Data Presentation………………………………………………..12
1.6 Scope of the Study …………………………………………….....................................12
1.7 Limitations of the Study……………………………………...………………………….13

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 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Conceptual Discourse…………………………………………………………………...14
2.1.1.Blue economy…………………………………………………………………14
2.2 Review of Existing Literature………………………………………………………….16
2.3 Examples of other countries……………………………………….................................19
2.4 Lesson learn …………………………………………………………………………….21

CHAPTER 3
ASSESSMENT OF BLUE ECONOMY FOR BANGLADESH
PERSPECTIVE
3.1 Overview of the Blue economy……………………………………………………..….23
3.1.1 Off-shore Power Generation…………………………………………………25
3.1.2 Marine minerals mining……………………………………………………..26
3.1.3 Present Scenario of Maritime Trade in Bangladesh………………………..31
3.1.4 Coastal and marine biodiversity in Bay of Bengal………………………… 33
3.2 Issues involved in the Sustainable Blue Economy around the wo……………….........36
3.2.1 Environmental Pollution……………………………………………………...37
3.2.1.1 Air pollution………………………………………………………..38
3.2.1.2 Water pollution…………………………………………………….38
3.2.2. Degradation of coastal and mangrove habitats………………………………39
3.2.3 Environmental Pollution in Bangladesh and its impact………………………39
3.3 Impact of Blue Economy for national development of Bangladesh…………………..40
3.4 Challenges undermining the blue economy for Bay of Bengal………………………...42
3.5 Prospect of Blue Economy for Economic Development in Bangladesh…………...….43

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 CHAPTER 4
STRATEGIES

4.1 Strategies to Overcome against Challenges blue economy for national development....46
4.1.1 Managing trans-boundary fisheries resources ………………………………..46
4.1.2 Developing Maritime Trade Facility…………………………………………..47
4.1.3 High Seas Governance…………………………………………………………47
4.1.4 Deep sea mining………………………………………………………………..49
4.2 Proposed Plan for developing blue economy in Bangladesh…………………………….51
4.2.1 Development of Education and set up R & D in Bay of Bengal………………51
4.2.2 Tourism development in Bangladesh………………………………………….53
4.2.3 Protection of Mangrove Forests……………………………………………….54
4.2.5 Need for development of MCS in Marine Fisheries…………………………..59
4.2.5 Make anti farakka barricade and creation of irrigation in dry season………...60
4.2.6 Develop Salt Industry of Bangladesh…………………………………………63
4.2.7 Develop Marine Construction…………………………………………………64
4.2.8 Semisubmersible rigs………………………………………………………….66
4.2.11 International collaboration…………………………………………………...67
4.2.10 Develop Maritime safety and security……………………………………….67

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION
Appendix-A
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………. A
Appendix-B
Recommendation…………………………………………………………….C
Bibliography…………………………………….…………………………..F
References…………….……………………………………………………..G

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table No: Name of Table Page No

Table 1 Employment in Ocean Economy in Indonesia. 19
Table 2 Gross value added of the ocean economy in South Korea 20
Table 3 Gross value added of the ocean economy in Philipine 21
Table 4 Impact of Blue Economy for developing economy of Bangladesh 41
Table 5 Statistics of tourist service 53
Table 6 Database report of fishing 2014 58
Table 7 Statistics of Ganga water flow in 2015 61
Table 8 Flood impact due to ganga barricade on coastal surrounding area 63

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 LIST OF FIGURES

No of Figure Name of Figure Page No

Figure 1 Diverse blue economy 2

Figure 2 Value added on ocean based industry in 2010. 4

Figure 3 Bangladesh Heading towards Blue Economy. 5

Figure 4 Industrial contribution in Bangladesh Economy. 15
Figure 5 Ocean Power mechanism. 26
Figure 6 Mineral Concentrate production 27
Figure 07 Marine mineral resources. 27
Figure 08 Maritime area of Bangladesh (from Chowdhury 2014a) 28
Figure 09 Ship recycling ranking. 31
Figure 10 Emerging blue eoconomy for Bangladesh. 32
Figure 11 Marine Biodiversity-1. 34
Figure 12 World’s Pirates statistics. 37
Figure 13 Piracy Activity through ( 2008-2014) 37
Figure 14 Marine Biodiversity-2 42
Figure 15 Limit of national sea area according to UNCLOS. 48
Figure 16 Marine R & D units. 51
Figure 17 Marine mangrove database report and it’s effect. 55
Figure 18 Status and trend in mangrove areas 56
Figure 19 Marine overfishing impact analysis by FAO 57
Figure 20. Marine fishing statistics. 57
Figure 21 MCS process 59
Figure 22 How water flow through India and Bangladesh 60
Figure 23 Graphic view of water flow in dry seasons 61
Figure 24 Example of marine construction 64

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 ABBREVIATION & ACRONYMS

AIS Automatic Identification System

ASS Ananda Shipyard and Shipways Limited
CCNR Central Commission for Navigation of the Rhine
CPA Chittagong is the principal port
ICD Inland Container Depot
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
CEVNI European Code for Inland Waterways
CMTS US Marine Transportation System
CO2 Carbon dioxide
DWT Deadweight Tonnes
EC European Commission
FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency
GHG Greenhouse gases
IWT Inland Waterway Transport
IMO International Maritime Organization
MOR Ministry of Railway
NDRC National Development and Reform Commission
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
RIS River Information Services
SDG Sustainable Development Goal
SBE Sustainable Blue Economy
RIMS Resource Information Management System
TEN-T Trans-European Transport Network
TEU Twenty-foot equivalent unit
UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development

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 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Blue Economy: Principles for a Sustainable Blue Economy. ... For some, Blue Economy
means the use of the sea and its resources forsustainable economic development.
The Sustainable Development Agenda : On 1 January 2016, the 17 Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development — adopted by
world leaders in September 2015 at an historic UN Summit
Ship recycling: Ship breaking or ship demolition is a type of shipdisposal involving the
breaking up of ships for either a source of parts, which can be sold for re-use, or for the
extraction of raw materials, chiefly scrap. It may also be known as ship
dismantling, ship cracking, orship recycling.
Sustainability: Dealing transparently and systemically with risk, uncertainty and
irreversibility.Ensuring appropriate valuation, appreciation and restoration of nature.
Integration of environmental, social, human and economic goals in policies and
activities.Equal opportunity and community participation/sustainable,
community.Conservation of biodiversity and ecological integrity.Ensuring inter-generational
equity.Recognizing the global integration of localities.A commitment to best practices.No net
loss of human capital or natural capital.The principle of continuous improvement.The need
for good governance.
Mangrove: A mangrove is a shrub or small tree that grows in coastalsaline or brackish
water. The term is also used for tropicalcoastal vegetation consisting of such species.
Biodiversity, a portmanteau of "biological diversity," generally refers to
the variety and variability of life on Earth. According to the United Nations Environment
Programme, biodiversity typically measures variation at the genetic, the species, and
the ecosystem levelTerrestrial biodiversity tends to be greater near the equator, which seems
to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity.Biodiversity is not
distributed evenly on Earth, and is richest in the tropics. These tropical forest ecosystems
cover less than 10 per cent of earth's surface, and contain about 90 percent of the world's
species.

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 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Blue Economy

Nowadays economy is to a good extent of linear type. The production-use-throw types of
processes tend to already lead to Consumerism;bankrupting nature.The term circular
economy refers to the necessity of reintroducing the used products inthe circular flux. Here
we refer to natural and to material and technical products that have to betransformed, used
and usable on the long term. Moreover, this term also regards themanagement of waste by
which it profits the most efficient from the resources that are attracted into the
circuit.Estimates based on some studies upon globalism show that annually in Europe
areproduced approximately 3-4 billion of tons of garbage .
Blue economy appeared as an alternative to the unfulfillment generated by the ongoing
support given to the red economy– great resource squanderer and consumer,on which the
consumerist model relies – and to the partially successful attempts of the green economy” –
that for the present costs much, is not competitive and has a sub unitary return to advanced
investments .Blue economy spranginthe mind of its architect (Pauli, 2010).
The blue economy encompasses all economic activities with a direct dependence on the
ocean or coastal and marine resources. These include economic activities that are
(a) Ocean-based and
(b) Ocean-related.
Ocean-based activities include those that are undertaken in the ocean (e.g., fisheries and
aquaculture, offshore oil and gas, mining, ocean energy, desalination, shipping/marine
transportation, marine tourism, marine construction). Ocean related activities use products
from the ocean (e.g., sea food processing, marine biotechnology, chemicals, salt, etc.); and
produce products and services for the ocean and ocean-based activities (e.g., ship building
and repair, ports, tourist resorts, communication, maritime insurance and law, maritime
technical services, etc.The elements of blue Economy are fisheries, sea-minerals including oil
& gas, ports & shipping, marine tourism, marine biotechnology, deep-sea mining, and

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transport & logistics and many more. The blue economy dramatically can improve the human
well being.It can also improve the social balance. The economic elements of blue economy
may be the following but not limited to because we never know what is remaining in vast
ocean.Blue economy is basically emerging as an innovative narrative on productive
sustainable engagement which only can development opportunities.

Source: FAO journals

Figure No: 01 Diverse blue economy.

Natural marine processes, ecosystems and species are not confined to maritimelegal
boundaries. Different legal regimes apply to a single activity depending on where it
takesplace, even within the jurisdiction of a single coastal country (territorial waters,
contiguous zone,economic exclusion zone), and is further compounded by the interests of
other countries in areasbeyond national jurisdiction (international waters).
Remote sensing technology is not able to penetrate deep below the sea’ssurface. This makes
it much harder and much more expensive to know what’s going on in thewater column and
the seabed. Marine research and monitoring costs are extremely high, whichhelps explain
why we know much less about what goes on in the ocean than about what happenson land.

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Marine life occurs from the sea surface down to the deepest ocean trench, whileon land only
comparatively few species (i.e. those with the ability to fly) can sustain themselvesabove the
land surface. The same also applies, to a certain extent, to human activities. Thisrenders two-
dimensional maps less useful, and increases the complexity of marine spatialplanning and
management. It also makes it more difficult to study the marine environment, howit works,
how it is affected by human activities and how the ocean benefitsthe economy and human
well-being.The sea is fluid and interconnected Implication: What happens in one place may
affect what happens elsewhere, as pollutantsand alien species are carried by ocean currents
and/or vessels to much greater distances than onland.

Marine species can potentially travel much longer distances than terrestrial ones: This makes
the management of human activities that use marine resourcesparticularly difficult, as they
are accessible to almost anyone. Aggregations or clusters of animals in the water column can
shift rapidly from one location to another.The mapping of these species and their movements
is more difficult, and measures to protect or manage them need also to shift in time and space
accordingly.Nutrients and pollutants can be retained for several decades until theyare
returned by ocean circulation.There can be significant time lags between the periods when
certain humanactivities take place and the time when their impacts occur, potentially placing
significantburdens on future generations.Lack of ownership and responsibility in the ocean
are even less favorable to sustainable development than on land.

Private utilization of the ocean and its resources is usually dependent onlicenses or
concessions from public authorities. National authorities have the power to allowprivate
activities in areas under the jurisdiction of the coastal state; the International
SeabedAuthority can license activities in the area, but in international waters, private
activities havemuch fewer controls. Common property regimes are even scarcer than on land
given the mobilenature of many marine resources, which makes the exclusion of non-
authorized users extremelydifficult.

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 Source:OECD STAN,UNIDO
Figure 2 value added on ocean based industry in 2010.
The blue economic plan of action for people, planet and prosperity. We can find to
strengthen universal peace with a larger freedom. The greatest challenge of the world is
eradicating poverty in all its forms and dimensions, including extreme poverty. So there is a
great hope to resolve this problem is Sustainable Development Goals which is integrated and
indivisible and balance the three dimensions of sustainable development. Social, economic
and environmental..
Regional vision for the blue economy must be underpinned by a balanced integration of the
economic, social and environmental elements of development. This is why the new SDGs
include a separate Goal – SDG14 – to conserve and sustainably use oceans, seas and marine
resources for sustainable development.This regional recognition of the value of the blue
economy gives new impetus to our efforts, and new urgency to our goal of crafting an Asia-
Pacific vision. The potential for oceans to meet the growing needs of sustainable
development is enormous – but only if they can be protected and restored to a healthy and
productive state. As we turn our focus now to implementation of the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development, the blue economy must be one of our core considerations.
Our bay of Bengal and our coastal area is the greatest sources of economy which is marine
economy.This is the way we can involve ourselves to generate jobs which bring about
significantly tangible changes in the lives of people living in coastline, Islands and across
Bangladesh. So in a word we can say proper sustainable management is vital requirement for

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our nation.We may find the bio-diversity of Bay of Bengal, namely Overfishing, Predator
Loss, Pollution, Climate Change, and Habitat Destruction. Such as overfishing, Predator loss,
Climate Change, Pollution and Habitat destruction are the main affect on our economy so
reduction which may change our quality of future. To maintain a sound marine environment,
prevention of detrimental activities

Source: Center for research and information .

Figure 03: Bangladesh Heading towards Blue Growth .

Dhaka established its sovereign rights through international court verdicts on more than
118,000 sq km of maritime territory, 200 nautical miles (NM) of exclusive economic zone,
and 354 NM continental shelves from the Chittagong coast. It has raised hopes of extracting
“plenty of resources” from the Bay of Bengal, considered by Bangladesh as its “third

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neighbour”. Bangladesh, which lacks expertise and technology to exploit the resources, will
seek global partnership, particularly from neighbouring countries.
The peaceful resolution of maritime discords has opened a golden opportunity for
Bangladesh to explore and exploit the vast resources in the Bay of Bengal. ii
Bangladesh, which lacks expertise and technology to exploit the resources, will seek global
partnership, particularly from neighbouring countries. Bangladesh is also considering
drawing up a maritime policy .
There is no doubt that sea-related subjects like expansion of international trade, use of marine
mineral resources for long-term energy security, proper management of marine fish resources
and protecting marine environment and bio-diversity would determine Bangladesh’s future
development and economic growth.
Bangladesh’s recent activities to enlarge the maritime economic activities assume
significance as the substantial part of the country’s foreign trade is conducted through
maritime shipping. Besides, Bangladesh is one of the promising countries in the arena of ship
building and ship breaking. According to an estimate, the country contributes 24.8% of
global growth in the industry of ship building and breaking. Some Bangladeshi observers
maintain that in ports like Chittagong and Narayanganj, there are huge opportunities to
expand the industry.

Bangladesh’s Strategy towards Blue Development

Considering vast multi-dimensional potentials of the Bay of Bengal, the Father of the Nation,
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman enacted the Territorial Waters and Maritime Zones
Act 1974 to establish Bangladesh’s sovereign rights over the sea and its resources.
Consequent to this some of the important provisions of Bangladesh’s Territorial Waters and
Maritime Zones Act of 1974 were also included in the UNCLOS 1982. Especially the articles
7(2) of the UNCLOS on deltaic base line for highly unstable coastline were incorporated due
to insistence of Bangladesh.
A huge stock of living and non-living resources is available under the seabed and water
column. But we have a dearth of skilled manpower to ascertain the availability and explore
the resources. Besides, there is also lack of proper technology for exploiting deep sea fishes
and seabed resources. To build skilled manpower in these sectors, the country has taken steps

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to impart higher education on Oceanography at the Dhaka University and Chittagong
University. The first National Oceanographic Research Institute’ is being established at
Ramu, Cox’s Bazar to create a marine scientific community for research.
Nearly 30 million people are directly dependent on oceanic activities like fisheries and
commercial transportation for their livelihood. Bangladesh considers Bay of Bengal its “third
neighbour”. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is about to draft a national maritime policy for
the first time.

Bangladesh to work together for people-centric blue economy.

Bangladesh wants to work together and move ahead with a ‘Bay of Bengal partnership for
Blue Economy’ to secure sustainable development among the coastal or littoral states
ensuring an inclusive and people-centric blue economy. .
Foreign Minister AH Mahmood Ali while summing up the two-day international workshop
on ‘Blue Economy’ in the city on Tuesday. He said there needs to have collaboration in
research, observation and surveillance; and in respect of sharing of analyses, outcomes and
observations. “And, such collaboration among countries must take place based on certain
universal principles of engagement-mutual trust, respect, mutual benefits and equitable
sharing of benefits,” said the Foreign Minister

1.2 Statement of Research Problem

The concept of Blue Economy has opened a new horizon for economic development of the
coastal countries through utilizing sea and marine resources at national and international
level.Geographically, Bangladesh has total area 148,460 square kilometers, water 18,290
square kilometers (12% oftotal area). Bangladesh has the 12 nautical miles territorial sea
area, 18 nautical miles contiguous zone and 200 nautical miles of exclusive economic zone.
Bangladesh is blessedby the Bay of Bengal and we are using sea for local and international
trading and transportation from very past,but still we have many things to explore from the
maritime area and utilize properly. The extreme use of theoceans and seas in several
economic sectors, combined with the impacts of climate change, has added to thepressure on
the oceanic environment. Moreover, a large part of the Bangladeshi population lives in
coastal areas,and urbanization, coastward migration, and associated socioeconomic growth,

8
country is experiencing dramatic coastal change, with increased pressure on marine
resources. This situation, in combination with advanced technological possibilities, has raised
the potentials by the help of Blue Economy.
The moderating influence of the oceans as our planet warms, and their very strong influences
on our island continent’s weather, impact on every day.
1. What are the issues involved for sustainable blue economy?
2. What are the ceffects of Sustainable blue economy?
3. What are the challenges mitigating against sustainable blue economy ?
4. What are the prospects for blue economy?
5. What strategies to mitigates challenges and mitigating against sustainable blue economy
for Bangladesh?

1.3 Objectives of the study

The objectives of this study are followings:
1. To identify the existing situation of Blue Economy in Bangladesh.
2. To make a conceptual framework for implementing Sustainable Blue Economy in
Bangladesh.
3. To identify the challenges ahead of Bangladesh in successful implementation of Blue
Economy and to suggest some policy initiatives to address those challenges.
4. To find the prospects of blue economy.
5. To Implement strategies to overcome the challenges.

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1.4 Significance of the study
In this era of globalization no country can only depend on its land resources. So, sourcing of
alternative Resourcesare obligatory especially for the developing country like Bangladesh.
This sourcing of resources fromsea area available for Bangladesh is a great opportunity. It
will help minimize the sole dependency on natural land resources for Bangladesh. In fact,
Bangladesh is blessed with the vast edge of the Bay of Bengal, the largestbay in the world.
Hence, sectors like transport (shipbuilding, shipping), energy (oil, gas, and renewable
energy),food (fisheries, aquaculture), marine ICT, and coastal tourism can be appropriate
means of economicdevelopment based on the bay area obtainable for Bangladesh. Moreover,
Bangladesh will have to look forwardto maintain this economic breakthrough for ensuring
Sustainable Blue Economy (SBE). To do so, some policyinitiatives at strategic level should
be taken by the government of Bangladesh in order to get privileged with Sustainable Blue
Economy.

1.5 Methodology of the study.

The methodology of the study simply indicates how the work was carried out. It is very
crucial in research, (particularly in the Social Sciences) as it determines the quality of the
data collected and applied as well as the reliability and validity of the research findings. The
methodology addresses 6 important requirements. These are the type of research, sources of
data, methods of data collection, sampling technique, methods of data analysis and lastly,
method of data presentation.
Type of Research.The type of research is characterized by the function of research
undertaken, nature of data collected and the research design.
Function of Research. Participants are to indicate the function of the research undertaken
which may be exploratory, descriptive or explanatory.
Nature of Data Collected. Participants are to indicate the nature of data collected which
may be qualitative, quantitative or integrativ.
Research Design.Participants are to indicate the research design. Some research designs are
action research design, case study design, experimental and survey designs.
Sources of Data. The source of data could be primary or secondary. Primary sources are
those from which the researcher collects data directly. These include experiments,

10
observations, questionnaires and interviews. In practice, the designation of the experiment
and location of observation are indicated. Also the institutions of the groups/individuals
interviewed or questioned are to be listed. Secondary sources are data sources other than
those obtained directly by the researcher and have undergone some form of processing.
These include books, journals, newspapers, periodicals, bulletins, magazines, diaries,
registers, other published and unpublished materials obtained from libraries, archives and
other sources. A listing of the sources of secondary data is also required in this section.

Methods of Data Collection. It is imperative that the researcher clearly and fully explains
how data were collected. There are basically 3 methods of data collection. These are
experimentation, field methods and document analysis.
These methods are further explained below:

Experimentation. Experimentation is a process of collecting data from primary sources.

In experimentation, the independed variables is deliberately manipulated/changed under
controlled conditions,. In practice, this involves the manipulation of an experimental group
and recording of relative changes of the variables against a control group that is not
manipulated. Experimentation is not commonly used in the Social Sciences .

Field Methods. Field methods are also used to collect data from primary sources. They
include the use of observations, interviews or questionnaires. Observation is the recording of
data from people/events as they occur. There are direct and indirect observations, participant
and non-participant observations as well as controlled and non-controlled observations.
Secondly, interview is the administration of oral questions to a sample of the population with
a view to collecting data. The interview could be structured or unstructured. Either way,
interviews are conducted by face-to-face encounters, by telephone, on the internet, via video
conferencing, through Focused Group Discussion (FGD), panel discussion or encounter with
an elite resource person on the subject. Thirdly, questionnaire is the administration of written
questions on a sample of the population with a view to collecting data. Questionnaires could
be open or close ended and can be administered physically, by mail or electronically. The
major difference between interviews and questionnaires is that during interviews, the

11
researcher writes the answers while the respondent writes the answers to a questionnaire.
Further details of interview/questionnaire techniques may be found in standard texts on
research methodology.

Document Analysis. Document analysis is used to collect data from secondary sources. The
data may be in the print or electronic media. Two techniques of document analysis are
historical/archival library search and content analysis. The historical/archival library search is
the more common method of document analysis used in maritime sector.
A chart showing the various methods of data collection is at Appendix 14. In this section,
participants are to indicate the method(s) of data collection applied as well as explain why
and how these methods were applied.
Sampling Techniques. Two trends have aided the evolution of sampling in scientific
research. Firstly, in most studies, the population is often too large for collection of data from
every member. Secondly, advances in knowledge now facilitate the valid study of a subset of
a population which closely represents the population itself. The subset or representative
group which is studied in lieu of the population is called a sample while sampling is the
technique of selecting a sample from the population. Generally, there are 2 types of sampling
techniques. These are probabilistic and non-probabilistic sampling techniques. Both
techniques are further divided into 4. Examples of probabilistic methods are simple random
sampling, systematic random sampling, stratified random sampling and cluster random
sampling while examples of non-probabilistic methods are convenience sampling, accidental
sampling, snowball sampling and purposive samplingi. Researchers who use field methods of
data collection are obliged to use samples. In this section, participants are required to define
the population, describe the sampling technique applied and why, estimate the sample size
and describe/list the sample members. Additionally, participants are to give an indication of
the inherent limitations of the sampling technique used.

Methods of Data Analysis. Data analysis is the examination of the data to highlight trends
with a view to making deductions. There are 2 methods of data analysis. These are
qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative methods apply logical reasoning based on
facts. They deploy intuition, tenacity and authority to validate knowledge. Conversely,

12
quantitative methods are more scientific. Quantitative data are prepared and treated before
analysis. During preparation, filter items are used to exclude obviously defective data. Data is
then treated by coding and arranged in a suitable form. Thereafter, the data is analysed using
3 statistical methods. These are descriptive statistics, inferential statistics and bi-variate
analysis. Gladly, computer programmes like the Statistical Package for Social Sciences
(SPSS) can be used for these 3 levels of quantitative data analysis. In practice, it is common
to use both qualitative and quantitative data analysis.

Methods of Data Presentation. Data may be presented descriptively with the aid of
tools like tables, diagrams, pictures, maps, graphs and charts. The charts may include line
charts, bar charts, pie charts, histograms and pictograms.
1.6 Scope of the study
The secondary data collected from reliable and authenticated sources were were very specific
and this has led to making better assumptions by the researcher.The data is taken from 2010
to 2017. Firstly, the report is to indicate the time range for the examination of the variables
and why this time period is chosen. Researchers are to use their discretion to define time
periods that adequately cover the crucial time of occurrence of the identified problems and
reflect recent data on these problems. Secondly, space determines the physical boundaries of
the research that is covered mainly Bay of Bengal and some regional and global area.. The
third factor is content. That is the name implies, this delimits the subject matter. The
limitations are the inherent design or methodology parameters that can restrict the scope of
the research findings and are outside the control of the researcher. These reservations,
qualifications or weaknesses arise when all variables cannot be controlled within a project
design, or the optimum number of samples cannot be taken due to time/budgetary
constraints. Therefore, these factors have the potential to reduce a studies validity of results,
i.e., the credibility or believability of the findings. If after careful consideration, you feel than
the findings will still be valid and useful even after accepting a compromising position the
research can continue by appropriately reporting the limitations.

13
1.7 Limitation of the study
There are some factors that make constraints to conduct of the research and impact the
validity of thesis findings. These factor may weaken the methodology as well as facilities
available .As blue economy aspect In Bangladesh research culture is very low, The primary
data are with very few organigation and unavailability of prospective sources, weaknesses/
shortcomings of data used,. However, in the limited time with the help of BSMRMU and
present govt. we abled to initiation for this prospective step for future.

14
 CHAPTER-02
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Conceptual Discourse

A basic requirement in research is to understand the meaning of the subject matter. This is
done by establishing the meaning of the relevant concepts through a process known as
conceptualization. Concepts are indeed, abstractions based on perceived reality. In other
words, a concept is defined using known words or ideas much like the popular phrase:
“working from the known to the unknown”. Conceptualization therefore, results in the
establishment of the specific meaning of words, terms, phrases and variables used in a study.
There are 3 levels of conceptualization. These are conceptual definition, conceptual
clarification and conceptual discourse.

Blue Economy?
The Changwon Declaration 2012 provides the definition of blue economy. The blue
economy, as discussed during the East Asian Seas Congress 2012, refers to a sustainable
ocean-based economic model; one that employs environmentally-sound and innovative
infrastructure, technologies and practices, including institutional and financing arrangements,
for meeting the goals of: (a) sustainable and inclusive development; (b) protecting our coasts
and oceans, and reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities; (c) addressing water,
energy and food security; (d) protecting the health, livelihoods and welfare of the people in
the coastal zone; and (e) fostering ecosystem-based climate change mitigation and adaptation
measures.
The blue economy basically the economy developed by marine based resources.The blue
economy is the oceanic resources which natural offer to the world economy. The elements of
blue Economy are fisheries, sea-minerals including oil & gas, ports & shipping, marine
tourism, marine biotechnology, deep-sea mining, and transport & logistics and many more.
The blue economy dramatically can improve the human well being.It can also improve the
social balance. The economic elements of blue economy may be the following but not
limited to because we never know what is remaining in vast ocean. Blue economy is

15
basically emerging as an innovative narrative on productive sustainable engagement which
only can development opportunities.
Bangladesh's economy has grown roughly 6% per year since 1996 despite political
instability, poor infrastructure, corruption, insufficient power supplies, slow implementation

of economic reforms, and the 2008-09 global financial crisis and recession. Although more
than half of GDP is generated through the services sector, almost half of Bangladeshis are
employed in the agriculture sector, with rice as the single-most-important product.Garment
exports, the backbone of Bangladesh's industrial sector, accounted for more than 80% of total
exports and surpassed $25 billion in 2015. The sector continues to grow, despite a series of
factory accidents that have killed more than 1,000 workers, and crippling strikes, including a
nationwide transportation blockade implemented by the political opposition during the first
several months of 2015. Steady garment export growth combined with remittances from
overseas Bangladeshis - which totaled about $15 billion and 8% of GDP in 2015 - are the
largest contributors to Bangladesh's sustained economic growth and rising foreign exchange
reserves.

Source: UNTACT and FAO

Figure 3 :Industrial contribution in Bangladesh Economy.

16
“Blue Economy”, saying such activities could create new horizon for the development of a
coastal country like Bangladesh. The Bay of Bengal is an inseparable part of Bangladesh and
is our third neighbour. There is no doubt that sea-related subjects like expansion of
international trade, use of marine mineral resources for long-term energy security, proper
management of marine fish resources and protecting marine environment and bio-diversity
would determine Bangladesh’s future development and economic growth. Today, 90% of the
country’s trade is transported through the sea. The fish stocks and other inorganic resources
in the Bay of Bengal can contribute greatly to our economy. Bangladesh earns substantially
by exporting marine fishes. It is now more appropriate than ever to rely on ocean resources
and management of such resources through the concept of Blue economy.
To make the sustainable environmental policy to create employment and remove the poverty.
How the sustainable plan may act . It is designed to promote and develop an economy that
works within the dynamics of marine environments. This is the plan to sustain, enhance, and
create economic and social values the blue economy. The sustainable plan may approach to
draws on key principles of social ecological research and ecosystem based management
relationships as dynamic, integrated, and place-based. Need to known about marine economy
compared to land-based regional economies, especially from an ecological perspective.

2.2 Review of Existing Literature

The Blue Economy is an integrated development of ocean economy which is inclusion of
society, environment sustainability and modern beneficial business,it is also expressed by
gunter pauli in 2010 who is well known in the blue economy aspect. Presently, the
development of the Blue Economy of Bay of Bengal holds boundless promise for of socio-
economic security, energy, and food health and livelihood life. It is also contributed with a
wealth of natural resources, which are, as yet, largely utilized Blue economy means to
indicate both the objectives of optimum use and preventing misuse or wasteful use of marine
resources. With regard to climate change, economic achievement the ocean has to further
innovate in strategic ways that discover green, clean and simless mechanisms elements etc.
According to Gunter pauli what we can achieve by blue economy are as follows: “In Nature
everything is biodegradable – it is just a matter of time.In natural systems everything is
connected and evolving towards symbiosis.In Nature water, air, and soil are the commons,

17
free and abundant.In Nature one process generates multiple benefits.Natural systems share
risks. Any risk is a motivator for innovations.Nature is efficient. So sustainable business
maximizes use of available material and energy, which reduces the unit price for the
consumer.The blue economy respond to basic needs of all with what you have, introducing
innovations inspired by nature, generating multiple benefits, including jobs and social capital,
offering more with less.
According to Gunter Pauli’s book, “The Blue Economy: 10 years, 100 innovations, 100
million jobs” (2010) brought the Blue Economy concept into prominence. The Blue
Economy is envisaged as the integration of Ocean Economy development with the principles
of social inclusion, environmental sustainability and innovative, dynamic business
models.On the other hand One of the articles from. Rear admiral M.Khurshed Alam depicted
of blue economy of Bangladesh. From OECD Ocean Economy present scenario and future
trends are reported. No other organizations and authors are not defined about the contribution
of blue economy for developing a country’s economy.
Baltic ecoreion programme A clear definition of a sustainable Blue Economy. This
definition makes it clear that the Blue Economy must respect ecosystem integrity, and that
the only securepathway to long-term prosperity is through the development of a circular
economy.
Guidance on governance. The Principles describe how a sustainable Blue Economy must be
steered and managed, by public as well as by private actors, at every scale.
A set of necessary actions. This section of the Principles describes what needs to be done, by
every stakeholder, if a sustainable Blue Economy is to be realized.
Communicate about the Blue Economy with stakeholders in decision-making processes, as
well as in educational or awareness- raising settings.
Guide decision-making about the Blue Economy in both the public and private sector.
Inform assessment processes that track progress in developing a sustainable Blue Economy.
Support stakeholder dialogues with a common definition and frame of reference on the Blue
Economy.
Mobilize commitment by government and all relevant stakeholders

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2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
This Agenda is a plan of action for people, planet and prosperity. It also seeks to strengthen
universal peace in larger freedom. We recognise that eradicating poverty in all its forms and
dimensions, including extreme poverty, is the greatest global challenge and an indispensable
requirement for sustainable development. All countries and all stakeholders, acting in
collaborative partnership, will implement this plan. We are resolved to free the human race
from the tyranny of poverty and want and to heal and secure our planet. We are determined
to take the bold and transformative steps which are urgently needed to shift the world onto a
sustainable and resilient path. As we embark on this collective journey, we pledge that no
one will be left behind. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals and 169 targets which we are
announcing today demonstrate the scale and ambition of this new universal Agenda. They
seek to build on the Millennium Development Goals and complete what these did not
achieve. They seek to realize the human rights of all and to achieve gender equality and the
empowerment of all women and girls. They are integrated and indivisible and balance the
three dimensions of sustainable development: the economic, social and environmental.
The Goals and targets will stimulate action over the next fifteen years in areas of critical
importance for humanity and the planet:

We are determined to end poverty and hunger, in all their forms and dimensions, and to
ensure that all human beings can fulfil their potential in dignity and equality and in a healthy
environment.We are determined to protect the planet from degradation, including through
sustainable consumption and production, sustainably managing its natural resources and
taking urgent action on climate change, so that it can support the needs of the present and
future generations.We are determined to ensure that all human beings can enjoy prosperous
and fulfilling lives and that economic, social and technological progress occurs in harmony
with nature.We are determined to foster peaceful, just and inclusive societies which are free
from fear and violence. There can be no sustainable development without peace and no peace
without sustainable development.We are determined to mobilize the means required to
implement this Agenda through a revitalised Global Partnership for Sustainable
Development, based on a spirit of strengthened global solidarity, focussed in particular on the
needs of the poorest and most vulnerable and with the participation of all countries, all

19
stakeholders and all people.The interlinkages and integrated nature of the Sustainable
Development Goals are of crucial importance in ensuring that the purpose of the new Agenda
is realised. If we realize our ambitions across the full extent of the Agenda, the lives of all
will be profoundly improved and our world will be transformed for the bettervision of a
sustainable Blue Economy ... and act to turn that vision into reality.

2.3 Blue economy initiatives of other countries.

Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, and the Philippines: The ocean economy assessments in these
countries were based on their respective national income accounts, and Input-Output tables.
The System of National Accounts (SNA) is the internationally agreed framework to monitor
the performance of an economy.

Indonesia
In the 2015 report, output, employment of each oceaneconomic activity, and their %age and
total contribution to GDP were reported forthe year 2008, although there were no estimates
for the government sector (navaland coast guard activities). Initial GVA of the ocean
economy in 2013 was alsoreported, however there were no estimates yet for the marine
services sectors. Initialestimates of the coastal and marine ecosystem services were also
reported.
Table 1:Employment in blue Economy in Indonesia.

20
South Korea
The 2009 and 2015 reports showed the total output and GVA forkey marine sectors, but did
not present the employment data per sector. Using theinput-output table, the backward and
forward linkages, and production- andemployment-inducing effects of the ocean economy
were shown in the 2009 report.Economic values of key coastal and marine resources were
presented in the 2015report. It was pointed out that South Korea has a number of ocean
energy projects,and should be included in the assessment of its ocean economy.
Table 2: Gross value added of the ocean economy in South Korea

Source: UN ,FAO,UNTACT.

Philippines
The gross output, employment, and GVA for the ocean economicactivities were presented for
the period 2003 to 2006 in the 2009 report. There areinitial estimates for the period 2010 to
2014, but the contribution of marine tourism,marine biotechnology, and ocean energy still
have to be included. Initial estimatesof the coastal and marine ecosystem services and costs
of resource andenvironmental degradation were obtained from a 2006 country
environmentassessment study (World Bank 2006).

21
Table 3: Gross value added of the ocean economy in Philippine.

2.4 Lesson learn for the study.

Initiate pilot projects, involving international collaboration of ocean research
agencies,stakeholders and users, to explore the feasibility of assessing theeconomic value of
ocean-related data. In a first phase, a selection of available andsuitable data value chains
could serve as case studies.Comparative analyses and reviews of maritime clusters around
the world should be done with respect to their effectiveness in stimulating andsupporting
cross-industry technological innovations in the maritime domain.Three avenues could be
pursued to achieve more effective and more widespread use of integrated ocean management:
Make better use of economic analysis and economicinstruments;
Improve data collection, management and integration;
Promote more innovation in governance structures, processes and stakeholder
engagement.Our Goals and targets, we are setting out a supremely ambitious and
transformational vision. We envisage a world free of poverty, hunger, disease and want,
where all life can thrive. We envisage a world free of fear and violence. A world with
universal literacy. A world with equitable and universal access to quality education at all
levels, to health care and social protection, where physical, mental and social well-being are
assured. A world where we reaffirm our commitments regarding the human right to safe
drinking water and sanitation and where there is improved hygiene; and where food is
sufficient, safe, affordable and nutritious. A world where human habitats are safe, resilient
and sustainable and where there is universal access to affordable, reliable and sustainable
energy.

22
We envisage a world of universal respect for human rights and human dignity, the rule of
law, justice, equality and non-discrimination; of respect for race, ethnicity and cultural
diversity; and of equal opportunity permitting the full realization of human potential and
contributing to shared prosperity. A world which invests in its children and in which every
child grows up free from violence and exploitation. A world in which every woman and girl
enjoys full gender equality and all legal, social and economic barriers to their empowerment
have been removed. A just, equitable, tolerant, open and socially inclusive world in which
the needs of the most vulnerable are met.
We envisage a world in which every country enjoys sustained, inclusive and sustainable
economic growth and decent work for all. A world in which consumption and production
patterns and use of all natural resources – from air to land, from rivers, lakes and aquifers to
oceans and seas - are sustainable. One in which democracy, good governance and the rule of
law as well as an enabling environment at national and international levels, are essential for
sustainable development, including sustained and inclusive economic growth, social
development, environmental protection and the eradication of poverty and hunger. One in
which development and the application of technology are climate-sensitive, respect
biodiversity and are resilient. One in which humanity lives in harmony with nature and in
which wildlife and other living species are protected.

23
 CHAPTER 3
ASSESSMENT OF BLUE ECONOMY FOR BANGLADESH
PERSPECTIVE
3.1 Overview of the Blue economy
Economy is the chief determining factor in the present world of power politics, and
petroleum greases its wheels. The hawk-eyed global economic powers are combing through
the lands and waters across the globe for mineral extraction. It would be very tough on our
part to make the best use of the hard-earned maritime resources for our own interest escaping
the prying eyes of the profit-sucking financial vampires and predatory economic imperialists.
However, the task is not as such impossible. The first thing we have to do for the
conservation and protection of our oceanic resources is to master the knowledge about it. The
offshore oil and gas production is no easy task. It is more challenging than land-based
installations. A cursory glimpse into the world maritime resources would reveal the gravity
of the subject. The deposits of petroleum and natural gas under the sea floor are the most
important fuels of the contemporary world economy. Lots of minerals- metallic and non-
metallic-- can be extracted from the seawater itself, from offshore alluvial deposits, or from
the continental shelf. Hydrocarbon fuels are the most precious among the non-metallic
minerals. They are generally located in deep waters. Other minerals of commercial value,
such as, ilmenite (a mixture of iron and titanium oxide), tin, monazite (a rare earth), zircon,
and chromites can also be found in near-shore sand bodies.As far as the ocean oil is
concerned, the Persian Gulf is the largest oil-producing region in the world. People are lately
focusing more on offshore oil exploration.
The major sites of exploration activity are the north-western coast of Australia, the Andaman
Sea, the coast of Africa, south of the Equator, and the south-western coast of Madagascar.
Searching for offshore petroleum and natural gas has also been going on in the Bay of
Bengal, both of which are believed to have very large reserves. However, apart from the
countries of the Persian Gulf, only India is producing a large quantity of oil from its offshore
areas. Therefore, Bangladesh, being a similar littoral country, has immense potential for
exploring petroleum and natural gas from the waters of the Bay of Bengal it has possessed.
Metal-bearing deposits on the deep-sea floor, consisting of nodules, crusts, and
accumulations of metallic sulphides from deep vents, are also of great economic value.

24
Tourism is a travel for recreation, religious, leisure, family or business purposes, usually for a
limited duration. Tourism can be domestic or international. Nowadays, tourism is one of the
major source of income for many countries. There is no consensus concerning the definition
of tourism; its definition varies source by source, person by person. GuyerFeuler first defined
tourism in 1905. In order to prevent the disaccords to define “Tourism” UNWTO defined it
as it is indicated below: “Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling and staying in
places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure,
business and other purposes”. Tourism is different from travel. Not all travel is tourism. In
order for tourism to happen, there must be a displacement. Three criteria are used
simultaneously in order to characterize a travel as tourism:
Criteria-1: it involves a displacement outside the usual environment;
Criteria-2: the travel must occur for any purpose;
Criteria-3: only a maximal duration is mentioned, not a minimal. Tourism displacement can
be with or without an overnight stay.
Tourism is a service industry. It has become a very complex activity encompassing a wide
range of relationships. Resulting in the improvements in standard of living and disposable
income with more leisure time, the overall numbers of tourists are expected to grow further.
Factors like convenient transport, no restrictions on travel, availability of information on
various tourist spots and new marketing techniques contributed the growth of overall number
of tourists in the present world. Additionally, a number of socio-demographic factors such as
higher educational standards, advancement in information technology, rapid urbanization
have strongly influenced the growth of tourism.

We can analyze the types of seafarer’s education in different countries. The education of
seafarers is not the same everywhere in the world and thus the quality of future officers
differs from country to country. This paper displays the positive and negative aspects of a
university level study and a study based on short courses. It will also show the number and
percentage of active officers from various countries covering the maritime market. This
analysis indicates that the nationality of seafarers has changed in the last few decades, and it
also states the reason for the decline of seafarers from developed countries. Moreover, in this
will analyze the quality of the officer personnel education through all kinds of short courses

25
that meet a prescribed minimum standard which is not on a par with the maritime colleges
and academies. This analysis should indicate the main deficiencies in the existing education
system, and the necessity of adopting new and more effective measures for better education,
which leads to improved safety at sea. According to Accreditation of Seafarer Manning
Agencies estimates from 2003, in addition to Philippines, Indonesia, China and Russia, the
other big suppliers of seafarers are countries: Turkey and India.The reason for the decline of
seafarers from developed countries, and an increase of seafarers from poorer countries in the
first place depends on the price of labor. For example, the average monthly wage of a first
mate in U.K. can never be the same or even close to the one that a Filipino first mate
receives.

Off-shore Power Generation

Our world becomes more and more energetically hungry. Consumption tends to spread and
level across territory but the main sources of energy are likely to remain localized. The
growing integration of intermittent renewable sources of energy (wind) even increases the
need for transferring electric energy over long distances, which may include sea crossings.
One of the solutions available for bulk electric power transmission across large distances
encompassing wide and deep water bodies is using submarine power cables. This technology
can be considered as already mature with various examples of cables operating reliably for
decades. However innovation and development have occurred at a high rate during last years.
As more cable lines are under construction and many more are planned the landscape of
submarine power cables is increasingly expanding and diversified. It certainly deserves a
state-of-the-art study. The report is the first deliverable of the “Offshore Transnational Grid”
(OTG) work package, which is intended to identify and analyze the engineering and
geopolitical challenges for building a transcontinental energy interconnection between
Europe and North America. The scope of the report is to examine the present-day
technologies used for submarine power cables. It is particularly intended to offer a picture of
the state-of-the-art of the High Voltage Direct Current HVDC submarine cables in the world.
The report will not deal however with short distance HVDC power cables that connect off-
shore wind farms or oil extraction platforms to the continent. The locations, number and
length of these cables are not present in the lists or maps of the report. Nonetheless the

26
lessons learned from building and laying the cable along with technical solutions found are
presented in the report. It is also out of the scope of the report to analyse the economics and
power markets that make the cables workable

Source: www.csanyigroup.com

Figure No: 05 Ocean Power mechanism.

Marine minerals mining

The deposits of marine minerals can be divided into three categories:
Polymetallic sulphurs,
Ferromanganese crusts,
Manganese nodules, and
Rare earth elements and yttrium, and.

27
They differ in composition, shape and location. Managed correctly this natural capital could
be converted into jobs, infrastructure, public service improvements and growth in the
domestic private sector. The deep-sea environment is one of the least understood regions of
the planet and we still have a fairly rudimentary understanding of the ecosystem services
these environments support. By 2020, an expected 5% of the world's precious minerals
including cobalt, copper, zinc as well as rare earth can come from the ocean floors (up to
10% in 2030). Overall global annual turnover value of marine mineral mining can be
expected to grow from virtually nothing up to € 5 billion in the next 10 years, and € 10
billion in the period up to 2030 Marine minerals mining - The deposits of marine minerals
can be divided into three categories: (1) polymetallic sulphurs, (2) ferromanganese crusts, (3)
(ferro) manganese nodules, and (4) rare earth elements and yttrium, and. They differ in
composition, shape and location. Managed correctly this natural capital could be converted
into jobs, infrastructure, public service improvements and growth in the domestic private
sector. The deep-sea environment is one of the least understood regions of the planet and we
still have a fairly rudimentary understanding of the ecosystem services these environments
support. By 2020, an expected 5% of the world's precious minerals including cobalt, copper,
zinc as well as rare earth can come from the ocean floors (up to 10% in 2030). Overall global
annual turnover value of marine mineral mining can be expected to grow from virtually
nothing up to € 5 billion in the next 10 years, and € 10 billion in the period up to 2030

Source: UN Agenda Journal

Figure No: 06 Mineral Concentrate production Figure No: 07 Marine mineral
resources.

28
http://geology.com/minerals/photos/zircon-concentrate-production.gif
Ship breaking Industry Known as ship recycling. Is the process of dismantling an obsolete
vessel’s structure Conducted on a pier, dry dock or dismantling yard. Involves removing all
the gear and equipment from the ships to cutting down and recycling the ship’s
infrastructure. Established for the utility and the limited source of iron mine. Ship breaking
country mainly, Bangladesh, Pakistan, India and China.
Bangladesh is, however, at a burgeoning stage of development with regard to the
implementation of blue economy. Whereas, it is essential to create a robust maritime domain
awareness among the stakeholders. There should have been closer observation and, more
importantly, creation of policy frameworks to attract critical private investment for our Blue
Economy. The Bay of Bengal and its 1.4 billion people will experience a transformation if
the blue economy drives are properly realized, but there would be lots of challenges lying
ahead of Bangladesh, which include equitable and beneficial sharing of resources,
governance in terms of both ownership and partnership and the security issues.

Sorce: Bangladesh Blue economy cell.

Figure 08 :Maritime area of Bangladesh (from Chowdhury 2014a)

29
The Bay of Bengal has a special tropical marine ecosystem, and an abundance of wetlands,
marshes, and mangroves, which may help increase the productivity of near-shore fish
species. The exploitation of these resources can be carried out even by small-scale fisheries.
The major coastal species like shrimp, croakers, snappers, skates, and grunts are usually
caught by littoral countries, and the pelagic fish like tuna, billfish and the like which are
found in tropical and subtropical waters are caught mostly by the world's major fishing
nations (Japan, South Korea, and Russia etc). Shrimp is the most important commercial
species for coastal countries, and India is having the largest catch of it. In addition, small
quantities of sardines, mackerel, and anchovies can also be exploited by the littoral states.
Since Bangladesh now can claim sovereignty over resources of an exclusive economic zone
in the Bay of Bengal, it has become possible for her to increase national income by selling
their fishing rights to the major fishing nations, which have the capital and technology to
exploit pelagic resources
However, to select the right buyers of the fisheries and the exploiters of oil and gas is really
a difficult task many countries/companies are jockeying for it. Some have already come up
with lucrative proposals. Bangladesh has got a heritage of building ocean-going vesselsin
Asia between the 15th and 17th century.Bangladesh traditionally become one of the largest
ship breaking countries in the World.More than 3 million Workforce are employed in this
Sector.Bangladesh exports Cargo Vessels, Passenger Ferries and Patrol craft to many EU
countries particularly in Denmark and Netherland, Sweden and Germany. Bangladesh built
1000 ton to 5200 dwt vessels. 22155Km long coastal line.400 Billion of Global Ship
Building Market of which Bangladesh can gain10% share of it.At least 10 shipbuilding yard
could be built.International market export is around $700 Million and domestic market has
got the demand of around $3.0 Billion. Shipping Export growth is around 9 Percent from
Bangladesh.
Because of the rivre rine geography of Bangladesh, ships have been playing a major role in
the trade affairs of the people of this country since the ancient times. According to the
accounts of the 14th century Moroccan traveler IbnBatuta, there used to be large fleets of
warships docked in various ports of the country. A medieval European traveler Caesar
Frederick documented that the port city of Chittagong was a manufacturing hub of large
ships during the mid 15th century. The volume of shipbuilding swelled extensively during

30
the Mughal period. During the 17th century, the shipyards of Chittagong used to build
warships for the Sultan of Turkey.
The Royal Navy had many warships built in Chittagong, some of which were also used in
the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. Khulna Shipyard, the first modern shipyard of Bangladesh,
was established in 1957, constructed by a German firm. Initially a private concern, the
shipyard was later nationalized and came under the control of Bangladesh Navy in 1999.
In 1979, the sector received its first foreign investment after the independence of Bangladesh
when Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding Industry, a Japanese enterprise, formed a joint
venture with High Speed Shipyard of Bangladesh to establish a shipyard at Fatullah,
Narayanganj. By the 2000s, several more private shipyards were established and in 2008,
Bangladesh became a ship exporting country.
Ananda Shipyard and Shipways Limited (ASSL), founded in 1983 on the bank
of Meghna river, became the first Bangladeshi shipbuilding company to export an ocean-
going ship when it transferred the locally built "Stella Maris" to a Danish firm. ASSL has
since then secured several more contracts, mostly from the European countries. Western
Marine Shipyard is another company, based in Chittagong, which has secured many export
contracts. There is also another shipbuilding company and they have the third largest
shipyard in Bangladesh and it is situated in Meghna. The company's name is Khan Brothers
Shipbuilding Limited. The potentials of shipbuilding in Bangladesh has made the country to
be compared with countries like China, Japan and South Korea. Referring to the growing
amount of export deals secured by the shipbuilding companies as well as the low cost labor
available in the country, experts suggest that Bangladesh could emerge as a major competitor
in the global market of small to medium ocean-going vessels
Ship recycling industries in Bangladesh

Last few years ships were dismantled, which is the highest number in recent years and
Bangladesh ranked 2nd considering number of ships. It provides max amount of scrap steel
as raw material for Steel and Re-rolling mills, saving lot of foreign currency. This industry
not only met the growing needs of furniture, household fittings of all classes, boilers, life
saving boats, generators etc but also employment opportunities.

31
 Source: Ship demolition statistics Bangladesh journals.
Figure No: 09 Ship recycling ranking.

There are more than 100 ship breaking yards with annual turnover of about USD 3 billion.
Ship recycling must be turned into modern industry with all eco- friendly infrastructure and
compliance of international convention.Activites concentrated in Sitakund .Over 1,500,000
metric tons of iron produced by scrapping 20 ships in the 19 functional ship yards. 70
companies registered as ship breakers in Chittagong. organized under the Bangladesh Ship
Breakers Association,In Bangladesh Started its operations in the 1960s in Chittagong steel
house brought and scrapped the Greek vessel ‘Md. Alpain’. In 1974, Karnaphuly Metal
Works Ltd, introduced commercial ship breaking in Bangladesh. The Industry flourished
during the 1980s.

Present Scenario of Maritime Trade in Bangladesh

More than 90% of the Bangladesh’s external freight trade is seaborne – and ongoing
globalization has made this flow ever more important. The long coastline and age old
tradition of sea navigation in Bangladesh have led to a relatively strong development of
maritime services that support the sea trade and sea transport function (ranging from shipping
agents, freight forwarders, and insurance to classification and inspection, and maritime
education in the Marine Academies/Dockyards/Shipyards/ Nautical Institutes etc). Presently
Bangladesh’s value of export and import stands at about USD 67 billion (2013-14) and are

32
carried by 2500 foreign ships visiting our ports. Against our import and export value, during
last ten years, importers, exporters and buyers has paid USD 95 billion as freight and related
charges to shipping companies, air lines and freight operators to carry goods in and out of
Bangladesh. There are only 74 registered (2014) Bangladeshi merchant ships which are not
sufficient to carry even a fraction of our cargo.

Source: Gunter pauli.

Figure No: 10. Emerging Blue Economy for Bangladesh.

Considering the average import growth rate of 15.79% (last 10 years) and export growth rate
of 15.43% (last 10 years), projected freight value for next ten years would be around USD
435 billion. In order to retain parts of the USD 400 billion in the country, over the ten years,
Bangladesh must facilitate local shipping companies to add more ships to the existing fleet,
freight operators to establish freight services including container liner services to carry goods
to/from Bangladesh using our own as well as chartered ships and freighters
Moreover, intermodal transport services within the country and especially for India, Nepal
and Bhutan highly required in the South Asia that may be supplied from Bangladeshi
seaports. In here, the major factors like high transport costs, import and export expenses,
passage time and others may be reduced through the developments of ports that positioned
with the geographical advantages for some countries including landlocked developing
countries of South Asia that is focused by transit facilities by Bangladesh to other countries.
Furthermore, this paper makes a case study for Southern China transit and transport

33
arrangement with Bangladesh by which both countries will be benefitted equally. Overall,
development process of port transport and its interrelated subject development attributed in
this paper to make it useful for all port users nationally, regionally and internationally.
The geographical location of Bangladesh can be treated as very much attractive to the
international traders as she is located beside the Bay of Bengal. The bay is comprising two
natural ports located Chittagong and Mongla surrounds a great portion of the boundary area
of Bangladesh where Chittagong is the principal port (CPA, 2014) that situated on the right
bank of the river Karnafuli in Chittagong . On the other hand, Mongla port is situated at the
East Bank of Pussur River in Khulna. With the expanse of market economy, movement of
various products increased day-by-day that is demanding a proper transportation system
exclusively port transportation, moreover , regional requirements of port transport where port
development is must to avail the opportunities appropriately. Meanwhile, to ( The News
Today, 2013) mitigate the derived demand, Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina inaugurated Paira
Seaport, the country's third seaport, at the Rabnabad Channel in Kalapara, Patuakhali which
one is 31km from the sea boundary, 316km from Chittagong, 130km from Mongla port and
340km from the capital Dhaka. Remarkably, the strongest addition is the River-side Inland
Container Terminal (RICT) in Pangaon near the capital city Dhaka that introduced as special
addition of port development. Moreover, 17 nos off-dock/ ICD-Inland Container Depot in
Chittagong, one ICD in Dhaka are helping Chittagong and Mongla port to store the in-out
containers efficiently by import delivery and export staffing also for intermodal container
transportation in the whole country forwarded to Nepal and Bhutan.

Coastal and marine biodiversity in Bay of Bengal

Coastal and marine biodiversity the recording of the biodiversity of the Bay of Bangle has
made notably for the coastal ecosystem, not at that extend. Biodiversity of the Sundarbans
and the Cox’s Bazar-Teknaf peninsular has been recorded by different academic and
development interventions. Coastal biodiversity A total 453 species of birds, 42 species of
mammals, 35 reptiles and 8 amphibian species for the coastal zone as a whole; for the
renowned Royal Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris) the Sunderban is the largest remaining natural
habitat; Otter (Lutra species), Squirrels (Collosciurus pygerythus, Funambalus pennati), Wild
Boar (Sus scrofa), and a number of dolphin species are also found. A total of 301 species of

34
mollusks and over 50 species of commercially important crustaceans have been recorded so
far in the coastal zone and the Bay of Bengal. About 46 species of coastal wildlife are
endangered; 5 mammals, 25 birds,

Source:Invasive species - Biodiversity Ireland:

Figure No: 11. Marine Biodiversity-1.

1 crocodile, 8 turtles, 4 lizards, 1 snake and 2 frog. Marine biodiversity About 442 marine
and 76 species fish from estuarine waters were recorded by IUCN Bangladesh in 2000. The
marine list, however, contains 73 species whose distribution includes estuaries as well.
MOEF (2002) surveys made 87 new records from the St. Martin’s Island. Thus the present
total would be 529 (442+87) marine and 149 (76+73) estuarine fish species. However, many
of them are not of commercial importance (Amin & Kawsar 2003). There are about 100
commercial species of which 20 fish families are highly commercial. About 36 species of
shrimps have been recorded from the marine water of Bangladesh. A total of 66 coral species
were recorded, of which 19 are fossil coral. 36 living coral and the rest are under 6 families

35
of sub class octocorallia. A total of 3 species of lobsters were recorded from the St. Martin’s
Island. (Tomascik, 1997). A new census conducted by the Wildlife Conservation Society
(WCS) and other groups has revealed nearly 6,000 Irrawaddy dolphins in the Sundarbans
mangrove forest and adjacent waters of the Bay of Bengal—an area where little marine
mammal research has taken place up to this point. Five turtle species are found in the marine
water of Bangladesh viz., olive ridley turtle, green turtle, hawksbill turtle, loggerhead turtle
and leatherback turtle. Olive ridleys, green turtles are common while hawksbills are rare.
There was an unconfirmed record of loggerhead. Leatherback turtles are seldom encountered
and with no known records of nesting, in Bangladesh (Marinelife Alliance). Table 1: Coastal
and Marine Biodiversity Category Species # Sponges 3 Corals 66 Mollusks 336
Shrimp/Prawns 56 Crabs (Marine + Freshwater) 16 Lobsters 325 Fish 442 Amphibians 22
Reptiles 17 Birds 628 Mammals (Inland) 42 Mammals (Marine) 3 Major threats to
biodiversity The population of the marine biodiversity has declined sharply due to
environmental degradation and numerous anthropogenic activities such as over-fishing of
inshore fisheries, indiscriminate catching of juveniles, construction of barrages and dams,
siltation, extensive use of pesticides, pollution etc. However, increase in the human
population and consequent increases in the demand for fish & fishing pressure is intensifying
every year. This is believed to have caused over fishing of all stocks and populations of
fishes and prawns by the use of even banned gears and methods. Collection of shrimp fry and
soft shell crab is causing loss of post larvae, juveniles and pre-adults of many other species.
For example, in the coastal Sundarbans area estimation provides that 97% of the shrimp fry
and finfish larvae are destroyed or thrown on the land during the collection of only 3% seed
of tiger prawn for shrimp culture. Thus during wild collection of 1 million P. monodon, an
estimated annual loss of 75.75 million non- target fin and shellfish larvae occurs. Municipal
waters, industrial pollution, oil pollution, and ship breaking are causing chemical and thermal
pollution. An oil spill that occurred on 9 December 2014 at the Shela River in Sundarbans
resulted spread oil over of a 350 km2 (140 sq mi) area in 17 December. The oil spread to a
second river and a network of canals in Sundarbans, which blackened the shoreline. On 13
December 2014, a dead Irrawaddy dolphin was seen floating on the Harintana-Tembulbunia
channel of the Shela River. However, it was not confirmed that the dolphin's death was
caused by the oil spill. According to the local residents, few dolphins have been seen in the

36
area since the spill. On 18 December 2014, two dead otters were recovered from the Shela
River by forest department workers. An autopsy of the two otters confirmed that they had
died from ingesting oil. The otter is considered to be an endangered species.

3.2 Issue involved in the Blue Economy

To resolve the poverty and hunger in all respect and dimensions this can ensure dignity,
equality and healthy environment.Our vision and goal to protect the planet degradation with
sustainable activities and production and taking into account of climate change which can
give shelter the necessecity of the present and future world.We need to ensure everybody can
enjoy prosperous happiest lives by which progress occurs in harmony with nature in line with
social economic.
Our Coastal and blue economic resources and sustainable activities mainly segmented as
follows but it may not be limited to:Capture fishes and controlling overfishing.Coastal area
conservation for agriculture and create forest asset.Our seabed Gas field and its sustainable
step by Government.Control of salinity of coastal area create green ecosystem.Ship recycling
Industry developing and take sustainable action.Develop active shipbuilding industry and its
sustainable step.Increasing port industry focus on transiting prospects.Tourism and recreation
activities reformation with innovative idea.Development of Education and set up R & D in
Bay of Bengal.Progress of Cable lines and submarine mining.Increasing proper maritime
business.Innovation of production electricity of sea current strong of bay of Bengal. Make
anti farakka barricade and creation of irrigation in dry season.Marine biotechnology.
New innovation through deep sea mining.Production of electricity by using offshore seasonal
wind.Develop modern maritime logistics support-such as shipbuilding,repair,supply,ship
agency, shipbrokering, liner and port agencyship,port companies and freight
forwarder.Marine construction Development of strategy for disaster control and climate
change. Maritime piracy In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number
of attacks on vessels by pirates, in particular in the Gulf of Aden, Somali Basin and the
Indian Ocean. Vast areas of waters are affected making it a challenge to prevent maritime
piracy incidents.
Bay of Bengal pirates halt fishing Armed robbery, kidnap and piracy common problems in
Bay of Bengal.Pirates thwart deep sea fishing off Ctg coast .

37
Chittagong: Fishing in the deep sea off the Anwara and Banskhali coast often remains
suspended allegedly due to growing influence of pirates from Kutubdia-Moheshkhali
channel. As many as 50 fishing boats have been robbed off in the Bay of Bengal during a
period of last three months, forcing the fishermen to suspend fishing, the fishermen alleged.

Source:www.rand.org (ICC international maritime bureau)

Figure 12: World’s Pirates statistics.

Source:www.rand.org (ICC international maritime bureau)

Figure 13: Piracy Activity through (2008-2014) around the world.

Environmental Pollution
According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 80% of
pollution to the marine environment comes from the land, which occurs as a result of runoff.
This includes many small sources, like septic tanks, cars, trucks, and boats, plus larger

38
sources, such as farms, ranches, and forest areas etc.. Millions of motor vehicle engines drop
small amounts of oil each day onto roads and parking lots. Much of this, too, makes its way
to the sea. Some water pollution actually starts as air pollution, which settles into waterways
and oceans. In some areas, this pollution is so bad that it causes beaches to be closed after
rainstorms. The flow chart is based on the path way of entering nutrients and pollutants in
coastal and marine environment. Sewage, domestic waste & municipal waste in the Bay Raw
sewage being dumped into the ocean happens on a regular basis. The oceans are vast and can
break down this vile liquid, but it still causes many adverse effects on marine life causing the
coastal environment pollution. Sewage or polluting substances flow through sewage, rivers,
or drainages directly into the ocean. This is often how minerals and substances from mining
camps find their way into the ocean. The release of other chemical nutrients into the ocean’s
ecosystem leads to reduction in oxygen levels, the decay of plant life, a severe decline in the
quality of the sea water itself. As a result, all levels of oceanic life, plants and animals, are
highly affected. Domestic sewage and industrial effluents are released in the water courses
along the Bay in untreated or partially treated form. These, of course, add a mixture of
pollutants which include, among others, certain toxic heavy metals and metalloids.

Air pollution
Air pollution that covers much of South Asia and the Indian Ocean, every year between
January and March and possibly also during earlier and later months, hangs over the Bay of
Bengal. It is considered to be a combination of vehicle exhaust, smoke from cooking fires,
and industrial discharges into water way.
Water pollution
The major transboundary issues relating to pollution and water quality are: sewage-borne
pathogens and organic load, solid waste/marine litter, increasing nutrient inputs, oil pollution
persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and persistent toxic substances (PTSs), sedimentation
and heavy metals. Water pollution by leakage of oil tanker: Recently leakage of oil tanker
close to Sundarban spread whole Sundarban area and its impact on flora, fauna and soil. How
many flora and fauna have been damaged is yet to be assessed.
Coastal and Marine Pollution: Municipal waters, industrial pollution, oil pollution, ship
breaking, impact of coastal aquaculture on environment, natural disasters, sea level rise, and

39
persistent organic pollutants are transboundary problems. And they are harmful to coastal
and marine biodiversity (Maruf, H 2004).

Degradation of coastal and mangrove habitats

Key coastal habitats With a coastline of over 2,400 km, Myanmar possesses complex and
diverse ecological and socio-economic systems. Coral reefs, sea grass beds and mangroves
flourish mainly in the Myeik Archipelago. Estuaries and mud flats are common in the
Ayeyarwady delta. Mangroves cover an estimated area of 467,330 ha making Myanmar the
fourth largest mangrove coverage in Asia, after Malaysia, Bangladesh and Papua New
Guinea. The majority is located on Ayeyarwady floodplains, with the remainder in
Tanintharyi and a lesser portion in the Rakhine Coast. Species distributions and compositions
of mangroves differ amongst the three coastal regions. 8 Executive member, Myanmar
Forest Association, Yangon, Myanmar37 Mangroves: Mangrove ecosystems contribute a
wide range of goods and services to the coastal population, particularly as charcoal and
firewood for cooking, timber for construction, nurseries and artisanal fisheries. The role of
mangroves in protecting coastal lands, settlements and infrastructure against the effects of
cyclones and tidal surges is also wellrecognized. However, over the past three decades more
than half of mangroves have been undergoing over-exploitation, illegal felling, agricultural
expansion and conversion to fishponds and shrimp ponds. Mangrove coverage estimated in
2010 has significantly decreased in the past three decades. The depletion and degradation of
mangroves is comparatively greater in Ayeyarwady region than in other areas due to higher
population, easier accessibility to the forest and the devastated impacts of Cyclone Nargis.

Environmental Pollution in Bangladesh and its impact:

Pollutants from point and no-point sources are often their ways in the Bay of Bengal. Some
point sources are ship breaking activities in Chittagong, Municipal Wastes (about 120-130
tons of wastes) Khulna city (Hossain, 2004), municipal wastes from Chittagong city through
Karnaphuli river. However, scrapping activities generate various hazards for the coastal and
marine environments by releasing loads of pollutants, including toxic waste, harmful
chemical.

40
Pollution in Bay of Bengal (BoB) is causing degradation of the natural quality of the coastal
environments in India and the trends are expected to increase. Polluted runoff entering
waterways from diffuse land-based activities is the leading cause of water quality
degradation. Non-point source pollution includes runoff from agricultural and forestry land,
storm water runoff from urban areas and discharges from on-site sewage disposal systems.
As rain water picks up pollutants such as sediments, nutrients, organic matter, bacteria, oils,
metals and other toxic chemicals and transports them to coastal creeks, rivers, bays and
estuaries. As such the pollution has also contributed to coral reef degradation, fish kills, sea
grass bed declines and algal blooms. Polluted runoff can cause both ecological and human
health impacts. Increases in polluted runoff have been linked to a loss of aquatic species
diversity and abundance, including many important commercial and recreational fish species.
Point sources include sewer out-falls, concentrated animal feeding operations, sanitary sewer
overflows, storm water, oil spills, industrial discharges, discharge from boats, and dumping
of ballast water from ships. The increased pollution from oil pollution, persistent organic
pollutants and persistent toxic substances, sedimentation, heavy metals, sewage and organic
discharges from the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna rivers. High nutrient discharges from
rivers could intensify large scale hypoxia. Atmospheric transport of nutrients is inherently
transboundary. The other sources are persistent organic pollutants, persistent toxic substance,
mercury and organo-mercury that are transported long distance with sedimentation and most
heavy metal. The main causes of the issues are increased coastal population density and
urbanization causing higher consumption, resulting in more waste generated per person,
insufficient funds allocated to waste management, industrialization and proliferation of small
industries

Impact of Blue Economy for national development of Bangladesh.

In our country people one of the poorest country in the world .Most of the rural people suffer
from hunger and poverty, while other socio-economic concerns and environmental
degradation hinder their performances toward development.

41
Table 4 impact of Blue Economy for developing economy of Bangladesh

Sectors Activities
Fishing Capture fishery, Aquaculture, seafood processing
Marine Biotechnology Pharmaceuticals, chemicals, seaweed harvesting, seaweed products,
marine derived bio-products.
Minerals Oil and gas, deep-sea mining (exploration of rare earth metals,
hydrocarbon)
Marine Renewable Offshore wind energy production, wave energy production, tidal
Energy energy production
Marine manufacturing Boat manufacturing, sail making, net manufacturing, boat and ship
manufacturing and repairing, marine instrumentation, aquaculture
technology, water construction, marine industrial engineering.
Shipping, Port & Ship building and repairing, ship owners and operators, shipping
Maritime logistics agents and brokers, ship management, liner and port agents, port
companies, ship suppliers, container shipping services, stevedores,
roll-on roll-off operators, custom clearance, freight forwarders,
safety and training.
Marine Tourism & Sea angling from boats, sea angling from the shore, sailing at sea,
Leisure boating at sea, water skiing, jet skiing, surfing, sail boarding, sea
kayaking, scuba diving, swimming in the sea, bird watching in
coastal areas, whale, dolphin watching, visiting coastal natural
reserves, trips to the beach, seaside and islands,
Marine Construction Marine construction and engineering.
Marine Commerce Marine financial services, marine legal services, marine insurance,
ship finance & related services, charterers, media & publishing.
Marine ICT Marine engineering consultancy, meteorological consultancy,
environmental consultancy, hydro-survey consultancy, project
management consultancy, ICT solutions, geo-informatics services,
yacht design, submarine telecom.

42
Education and Education and training, R&D.
research

Source: 2017 Indian Ocean Rim Association.

.Similar to other developing regions, In Bangladesh rural development strategies are based on
agriculture, in which the rural poor gain food and income.

Source: internet pictures.

Figure No: 14. Marine Biodiversity-2.

3.4 Challenges undermining the blue economy for Bay of Bengal.

As a result of technological improvements coupled with poorly managed access to fish stocks
and rising demand. The FAO estimates that approximately 57 percent of fish stocks are fully
exploited and another 30 percent are over-exploited, depleted or recovering. Fish stocks are
further exploited by illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, responsible for roughly 11 to
26 million tons of fish catches annually, or US$10-22 billion in unlawful or undocumented

43
revenue. Due largely to coastal development, deforestation, mining, and unsustainable
fishing practices as well as pollution, in the form of excess nutrients from untreated
sewerage, agricultural run-off and marine debris such as plastics. Coastal erosion also
destroys infrastructure and livelihoods.

Both slow onset events like sea level rise and more intense and frequent weather events.
Long term climate change impact on ocean systems is fraught with uncertainty, but it is clear
that changes in sea temperature, acidity, and major oceanic currents, among others, threaten
marine life and habitats.
Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ), zones in which a state has special rights over exploration
and use of marine resources, are crucial to the economies of island states, and often dwarf
their corresponding land mass and government’s administrative capacity. (In Tuvalu, for
instance, the size of the EEZ is more than 26,000 times that of the land mass.) Moreover,
much of the value from international seafood trade does not remain in developing countries
of origin, let alone in fishing communities.
Unplanned and unregulated development in the narrow coastal interface and near shore areas
have led to significant externalities between sectors, Suboptimal siting of infrastructure,
overlapping uses of land and marine areas, marginalization of poor communities, and loss or
degradation of critical habitats. Environmental Issues,Oil pollution ,Impact on biodiversity
,No safety precautions,Government & Regulations,Lack of enforcement & compliance of the
marine law,Shortage & improper usage of govt. resources,Inadequate Power and Energy,
Shipbuilding yard Infrastructure,Recycling of steel for producing iron rods for construction
hold by local business & politicians.

Prospect of Blue Economy for Economic Development in Bangladesh

The most of earth’s surface is covered by the oceans where it encloses numerous
commercially important resources and intangible ecosystem services. The importance of the
ocean resources for national development strategies and the necessity to conserve them, have
been surfaced as the “Blue Economy concept”, first proposed by the Pacific Small Island
Developing States during the preparatory process, and the concept is gaining world attention,

44
since it is recommended to be practiced by any state with maritime interests. The Blue
Economy is considered as the Green Economy in the Ocean Environment, which requires the
sustainable utilization of marine resources through the adaptation of low Carbon and resource
efficient technologies, while conserving biodiversity and assuring social inclusiveness to
obtain socio-economic development of the nations. In this study, various aspects of the
paradigm shift from the Green Revolution to Blue Economy have been analyzed in the
context of the South Asian region-Production of steel The scrapping of ships is the country’s
main source of steel. Saves substantial amount of moneyin foreign exchange .Reducing the
need to import steel materials.Green industry In some ways it can be considered a “green
industry”. Almost everything on the ship and the ship itself is recycled, reused and resold. A
potential source of Government as a source of revenue.Generates large amounts of revenue
for various government authorities through the payment of taxes. It is an industry that
employs people directly while many other people are involved indirectly.It provides
employment for some of the poorest people from the north of Bangladesh who would
otherwise have no employment. The geographical position of the coastal areas is also
important for establishment.

Well-trained, skilled and educated human resources are the driving force of the
developmentof an economy, who can participate in the globalization of business and the
accompanyingtechnological revolution. Dynamic and sustainable development is not
possible withoutskilled work force. Having assessed the need of world market and local
industry, appropriatecourses on marine science/oceanography, ocean and coastal engineering,
maritime educationand trade are essential to introduce at tertiary education system. A large
eligible populationplaces Bangladesh in a suitable position to produce skilled human
resources in almost anysector imaginable. A thrust in blue economic growth may come from
a large army of skilledcoastal and offshore engineers, navigators, merchant mariners,
fisheries technologists,biotechnologists, etc. and in a variety of other professions. There are
reportedly shortage ofmarine officers and rating worldwide and shortage escalating about
20% every year.Philippines, China and India are supplying providing most of the officers to
all the merchantships around the globes. Even Myanmar and Sri Lanka are ranked ahead of

45
India in terms ofproviding ratings. Bangladesh has enormous potential for seafaring job
opportunities from its
18 private and public marine academies provided it can arrange on board practical
trainingfacilities for its would be seafarer and also can remain in the white list following
STCW 1995.Recently the National Oceanographic Research Institute (NORI) has been
established forcoastal and oceanic research (Alam M. Khurshed, MoFA,2015).

46
 CHAPTER 04
STRATEGIES

4.1 Strategies to Overcome aganist Challenges to develop blue economy

Information sharing and database management
Information sharing among the regional bodies and scientists is very important for
sustainable technology generation and all information should be shared and managed through
a web-based database system.
Skilled manpower development.Marine sector in Bangladesh is remarkably short in skilled
manpower and this shortfalls should be fulfilled through training, higher study and new
recruitments.Long-term study on fish behavior and fishing technology.Long-term study on
fishing behavior, detection of spawning, nursery and fishing grounds and fishing technology
to generate new environment friendly and resource friendly harvesting technologies.
Long-term information generation on ocean dynamics and climate change.Ocean dynamics
greatly influence the behavior and life strategy of marine species and it also contribute to the
climate change. Therefore, a long-term and continuous study should be conducted to generate
information on generation on ocean dynamics and climate change.Long-term research on
preservation, processing and quality control of marine products.
Proper handling, preservation, processing and quality control mechanisms are essential to
utilize the harvested marine species to get the best nutritional, palatability and economic
benefits including the foreign exchange earnings. Therefore, long-term and continuous
research and development must be taken with great importance.Strategic goal for blue
economy
Managing trans-boundary fisheries resources
There are many trans-boundary important fisheries resources that need to be managed on
regional basis. This may be done under the UN agreement on the straddling and highly
migratory fish stocks which give the two countries to work under the auspices of the UN to
manage and conserve these fisheries for optimum benefit.

47
Developing Maritime Trade Facility
Maritime trade and shipping Shipping-International shipping contributes to the three pillars
of sustainable development facilitates global commerce, the creation of wealth and prosperity
among nations and peoples, creating a wide variety of jobs on board ships and ashore, with
direct and indirect beneficial impacts on the livelihoods of others. In comparison to other
transport modes, it provides the most environmentally sound and energy-efficient means of
moving huge quantities of cargoes and people. International shipping is the carrier of world
trade, transporting around 90% of global commerce. Without it, the bulk transportation of
raw materials and the import and export of affordable food and goods would simply not be
possible. The global regulatory framework is provided by the International Maritime
Organization (IMO), which has adopted 52 treaties regulating ship design and operation. The
most important of them – concerning the safety of life at sea and the protection of the
environment – today applies on 99% of the world’s merchant fleet.

High Seas Governance

High Seas Governance Strategic objective is to effective contribute to the production and
management of open Seas resources for the interest of national growth and development. The
focus is national, regional and international. The ‘High Seas’, the marine areas beyond 200
nautical miles from the mean sea level, are governed by an international Convention called
UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) came into force in 1994 and currently
with 166 countries and the European Union as Party to the Convention. Representing about
60 per cent of the ocean and deep seabed beyond of State’s national jurisdiction, this High

48
Seas is under worrying situation not only for fast degradation of its common resources but
also for increasing of illicit activities.

Source: UNCLOS
Figure No: 15.Limit of national sea area according to UNCLOS.

Since the enforcement of Convention though much has been achieved in resource
conservation and management through different regional initiatives, such as Large Marine
Ecosystems (LMEs) projects, however little has been achieved in combating illegal/illicit
activities e.g. illegal fishing, transportation of slaves and sea piracy (as enshrined in Article
99 and Article 100 of the Convention). The recent horrific evidence of the transportation of
‘illegal migrants’ form Bangladesh and ‘inhuman violence on the migrants’ onboard
demands rights based and equitable implementation of UNCLOS. Given the scope of
UNCLOS Bangladesh, along with its.

49
Deep sea mining
Seabed mineral resources need to be used for the benefits of mankind. They need also to be
used in responsible and sustainable way so that future generations do not pay for misuse.
Suitable technology development and equipment for specific task are now available but await
the right economic climate. Legal aspect need to be clarified through UNCLOS and ISA. The
present state of uncertainty in profit sharing inhibits investment in ocean mineral mining, and
mining of seafloor sulphide in particular. Fresh consideration need to be given to using the
ocean through properly engineered waste disposal and storage with safeguards against
irresponsible environmental degradation. UN through ISA/ UNCLOS could achieve income
from licensing and fee for marine mineral mining in the international waters. Like other
oceans, in the Bay of Bengal has several mineral resources varying from coast to deep water.
They include beach placers, phosphate nodules, cobalt rich crusts, manganese nodules,
seafloor massive sulphide and above all sea water. In the continental shelf area, due to
sediment pile possibility of hydrocarbon accumulation exists. This review presents the
marine minerals in the Bay , and how future may shape due to increasing interest to get
potential area for seafloor sulphide in particular, and mining of manganese nodules. This
marine mining desire shall certainly lead to competition, sign of which are visible. It is my
hope that present synthesis would benefits those interested in the Bay of Bengal. We look
forward to Indian Ocean remaining a zone of peace.Iron ore Chromium Manganese Bauxite
Copper Zinc Nickel Lead Molybdenum Vanadium Tungsten Rock Phosphate Rare earths
Rutile Ziroconium.
Seabed minerals are of great importance for Bangladesh , and this is an opportune time to
make a close analysis of seabed mineral resources as well as the state of the deep sea mining
technology and its wider applicability and usefulness. The UN Convention on the Law of the
Sea (or UNCLOS) came into force on 16 November 1994. This Convention provides a
regime for deep-seabed mining, and includes numerous provisions about technology and
technology transfers. Question as to who would give technology to CHM (Common Heritage
of Mankind) and the ISA. More important is the profit sharing and different aspect of
technology transfer and conditions. This is an important aspect of ISA if is to be a self-
sustaining wing of the UN. In this context, we have to bear in mind the importance of
technology in contemporary economic life. At least 80−85 per cent of economic growth

50
today is based on innovations, research and development in technology and not on new
inputs or materials, or even finance. The research and development dimension has grown
beyond what would have been imaginable 3−4 decade ago. Moreover, technology is
fundamentally important to making our economic development economically and socially
sustainable. Thus, energy efficient technology which reduces the emission of green-house
gases is a good example. Seabed mining technology has to be developed so as to minimize its
negative impact on the marine environment. Thus, the very nature of The Importance of
Seabed Minerals for India 13 contemporary high technology is qualitatively different from
traditional technology. As compared to traditional technology which is based on hardware
and is capital intensive, the newer technology is software oriented, and people oriented; it is
information based, knowledge based, and one cannot buy it; one has to learn it. This,
‘transfer’ can be effected only through the establishment of the on-going contracts and joint
relationships involving training, service, maintenance, repair, as well as updation and
upgradation to the next generation of the technology in question. Thus, in many ways, it
would emerge as a joint venture which would require the development of human resources.
An examination of the seabed non-living resource in terms of the Law of the Sea Convention
(UNCLOS) and the ‘New international technological order’ that it might generate, we find it
states that the International Seabed Authority (ISA) shall take measures to acquire
technology and scientific knowledge relating to seabed mining in the international areas, and
that it will promote and encourage the transfer this knowledge to developing states so that all
parties benefit. These statements are amongst the most controversial of the UNCLOS and one
of the reasons why industrialized states have been reluctant to ratify the UNCLOS, though
the situation is changing. The set of seabed mining technologies that Bangladesh and China
are looking for may not be forthcoming so easily. In other words, the UNCLOS was
conceived under the assumption that seabed mining would be a growing commercial concern
by the time it came into force. However, this did not happen. This monograph examines the
various parameters from the perspective of India. It will take into account
(a) land based resources, and
(b) Seabed minerals and incorporating both the minerals within the EEZ and the International
area of the sea.

51
It also identifies some emerging resource areas which could also demand national a security
perspective in the marine sector. The Bangladesh Navy and Coast Guards Competition for
Seabed Resources in the Bay of bengal have to formulate its future policies taking into
consideration these critical issues of national importance. One big responsibility would be to
guard offshore oil and gas installations as well as on coast located plants and refineries. The
non-living resources which will be discussed are the following: a) Within the EEZ: Sea
Water Beach and offshore heavy mineral placers Volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) or
Sea-floor massive sulphide (SMS) Hydrocarbon–Petroleum and Natural Gas Cobalt rich
encrustations (Co-crusts) Gas hydrates Phosphorite Salt and chemicals b) Open seas
(International Waters) Deep-sea ferromanganese nodules Volcanogenic sulphides or SMS
on mid oceanic ridges. Examined below are the options and situations as they are likely to
accrue in the year 2020 and 2030.

Development of Education and set up R & D in Bay of Bengal

Internationalization of research and development has accelerated significantly in the 1990s
and 2000s. Much of this activity continues to take place among major industrial economies.
Developing countries are, however, also playing increasingly important roles. Bangladesh
and China are rapidly emerging as major powers in this century, both in terms of the size of
their markets and in a wide range of science and technology developments. This study
provides a strategic review of economic and R&D developments in Bangladesh. It examines
key trends, drivers and future prospects for R&D with a special focus on India’s emerging
role as a center for research and knowledge processing service industries. The study also
discusses scenarios for India’s emergence as a major economic and R&D power and
subsequent local and global consequences.

52
 Source: mmru.ubc.ca/
Figure No: 16. Marine R & D units.

Recent observations of surface meteorology and exchanges of heat, freshwater, and

momentum between the ocean and the atmosphere in the Bay of Bengal are presented. These
observations characterize air-sea interaction at 18°N, 89.5°E from December 2014 to January
2016 and also at other locations in the northern Bay of Bengal. Monsoonal variability
dominated the records, with winds to the northeast in summer and to the southwest in winter.
This variability included a strong annual cycle in the atmospheric forcing of the ocean in the
Bay of Bengal, with the winter monsoon marked by sustained ocean heat loss resulting in
ocean cooling, and the summer monsoon marked by strong storm events with dark skies and
rain that also resulted in ocean cooling. The spring intermonsoon was a period of clear skies
and low winds, when strong solar heating and weak wind-driven mixing led to ocean
warming. The fall intermonsoon was a transitional period, with some storm events but also
with enough clear skies and sunlight that ocean surface temperature rose again. Mooring and
shipboard observations are used to examine the ability of model-based surface fluxes to
represent air-sea interaction in the Bay of Bengal; the model-based fluxes have significant
errors. The surface forcing observed at 18°N is also used together with a one-dimensional
ocean model to illustrate the potential for local air-sea interaction to drive upper-ocean
variability in the Bay of Bengal.

53
Tourism development in Bangladesh
Bangladesh is full of natural beauty. Rivers, coasts and beaches, archaeological sites,
religious places, hills, forests, waterfalls, tea gardens surround it. The Sundarban, Historic
Mosque in city of Bagerhat, Ruins of the BuddihistVihara at Paharpur are the three world
heritage sites in Bangladesh among 1007. To observe the beauty of nature, huge amount of
domestic and foreign tourists visit the country and its tourist attraction sites. In 2016, around
six-lakh (6 hundred thousand) tourists came Bangladesh to visit and enjoy its beauty.

Table No: 05. Statistics of Tourist Service.

Source: The tarvel & tourism competativeness report ,world Economic Forum (2013)

The total contribution of tourism to GDP was 4.4%, 3.8% to employment and 1.5% to
investment in 2016. Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation (BPC) looks after the tourism sector in
Bangladesh under the ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism. Due to some limitations,
Bangladesh has failed to introduce itself as a tourist destination country. The paper tries to
focus on the attractive tourist spots of Bangladesh and the contribution of tourism in the
Bangladesh economy. The major concern of the writer is to highlight the factors by which
Bangladesh can be one of the major tourist attractive countries in the world in near future.
54
Protection of Mangrove Forests
Strategic objective is to safeguard mangrove forest ecosystem from natural environmental
changes and from undue human activities with a view to ensure long-term sustained
socioeconomic and cultural benefits. The institutions/actors include Ministry of Environment
and Forests, Ministry of Land, Ministry of Water Resources, Ministry of Shipping, Ministry
of Tourism, Ministry of Cultural Affairs, Department of Environment, Department of
Forests, Department of Fisheries, Academic/research institutions. The Mangrove forest
ecosystem is considered one of the unique ecosystems that harness an excellent floral, faunal,
ecological and environmental ambience in a close network of mutual interdependence. This
forest ecosystem provides multiple goods and services for economic wellbeing, serves as a
fertile breeding and nursery ground for many commercially important fisheries, protect
coastal communities from losses and damages of cyclonic storm, protects shoreline from
erosion and, more importantly, reduces the threat of global warming through capturing
atmospheric carbon-di-oxide.

Mangrove forests are fading into dis appearance all over the world.They were estimated to
cover 181 million sq, km worldwide but a more recent study estimates it arround 15 million
sq.km.The world mangrove experts opine that the mangroves may be totally lost within 100
years.In the sheltered tropical coastlines such as delta areas of Ganges-
Brahmaputra,Irrawaddy,and Nigeras well in the coastlines of the Malacca
Straights,Borneoand Madagascar mangroves areas are under heavy human pressure.

55
 Source : https://www./ Wildlife/Wildlife-Library/Plants/Red-Mangrove.aspx
Figure No: 17. Marine Mangroves database report and it’s effect

The Sundarban forest, located in the southwest of Bangladesh, is one of the largestcontinuous
blocks of mangrove forests in the world. This mangrove forest ecosystem in Bangladesh
isnow in captious position. Negative natural and anthropogenic impacts and overexploitation
of naturalresources have caused severe damage to the ecosystem. Growing human population
with fewalternative livelihood opportunities poses a serious threat to the mangrove forest.
The rapidlyexpanding shrimp farming industry is a significant threat to the mangrove forests
of Bangladesh. Dueto illegal cutting, encroachment of forest areas and illegal poaching of
wildlife, the mangrove forest islosing biodiversity in an alarming rate. This forest ecosystem
also has become vulnerable to pollution,which may have changed the ecosystem's
biogeochemistry. Further threats arise from global climatechange, especially sea level rise.
This study seeks to identify the root causes of deterioration of theSundarban mangrove forest
in Bangladesh. It also recommends the application of sustainablemanagement strategies
covering needs for an advanced silvicultural system, improvement of scientificresearch as
well as conservation measures The causes of deterioration of Sundarban mangrove forest
ecosystem of Bangladesh: conservation and sustainable management issues.

56
 Source: Australian Department of Environmental Protection
Figure No: 18. Status and trend in Mangrove areas.

The thin canopy of the forest should be bought under mangrove rehabilitation program.
At present, the Sundarbans mangrove forest relies only on natural regeneration which is
insufficient to recover its loss. So plantation of mangrove species in the larger canopy gaps
created after catastrophic disturbances should actively be taken. Economic evaluation total
stock of the ecosystem services and optimum limits of sustainable yield of all ecosystem
services should be assessed before giving permits for resource extraction. Also measures
should be undertaken to develop alternative livelihoods options for the resource dependent
communities Outreach and education activities could be undertaken to make informed
decisions about the sustainable use of the mangrove resources, and augment grassroots
support and COASTAL AND MARINE RESOURCES 36 increased political will for taking
measures to conserve and sustainably manage mangroves.

57
Protecting Sea fish and controlling overfishing

Source: FAO ,2008

Figure No: 19. Marine overfishing impact analysis by FAO.
Increased demand for the fish, which is popular throughout South Asia, has led to pressure
on the fish species. Not only is the Hilsa in trouble, but so are the 3 million fishermen,
fisherwomen and fishery workers who directly or indirectly depend on the fish for their
livelihood.

Source: Fishery Statistical Bulletin of Southeast Asia 2014

Figure No: 20. Marine fishing statistics .

58
Bangladesh has recognized that something needs to be done. The government has already
declared four areas as sanctuaries for the fish. In return for not fishing in these areas affected
fishing communities or households are rewarded with sacks of rice or provided with
microcredit to start up small businesses to replace the lost income. This is an example of how
economic incentives can be used to conserve fish resources.
However the scheme is not without its flaws. Knowledge gaps highlight the need for further
research into the effects the sanctuaries are having on hilsa stocks, and also how the scheme
is reaching and affecting those people who depend on the fish for a living, particularly the
poorest and most marginalized fishing communities.

Table No: 06. Data base report of fishing in 2014

Source: Fishery Statistical Bulletin of Southeast Asia 2014

IIED has launched a project that aims to fill this gap by redesigning the system that rewards
people who help to protect it. Working in partnership with Bangladesh Centre for Advanced
Studies and Bangladesh Agricultural Universityand in collaboration with the Department of
Fisheries of the Government of Bangladesh, we will work with affected communities and
ecosystems to learn about what is working and what is not, and to find ways to improve it.

59
Need for development of MCS in Marine Fisheries
MCS is a tool to implement management and conservation of marine fisheries resources.
Currently, there exists only one office in Chittagong to control and monitor the activities of
243 trawlers, innumerable number of mechanized and non-mechanized fishing boats engaged
in marine and coastal waters. The Department of Fisheries has only one Marine Fisheries
Surveillance Check Post based in Patenga,

Source: www.fish.wa.gov.au/Fishing-and.Fishing/.Fishing./Vessel-monitoring-system
Figure No: 21. MCS process

Chittagong to perform MCS activities. Other coastal districts do not have any such check
post to implement management and conservation measure. In addition the Department lacks
the sufficient infrastructure such as, fishing ports, petrol vessel, VTMS, VHF, and other
facilities needed to effectively implement a MCS system for management and conservation
of Marine Fisheries. A very robust MCS system is needed to achieve sustainability in
fisheries. Some modern MCS activities might be started under the mid-term activities, but for
updating those, long-term activities are essential using modern digital system of MCS like
VTMS. Research in development of the resource assessment and digital mapping activities

60
should be on continuous long-term basis and that should be conducted nationally and on
regional basis(Humayun M Nasiruddin’15).

Make anti farakka barricade and creation of irrigation in dry season.

Bangladesh is sensitive to diversion of Ganges water through Farakka barrage which
adversely affected her ecology and economy. 37 per cent of the total area and 33 per cent of
the total population of Bangladesh is dependent on Ganges basin (Hossain 1981). As a result
of reduced flow of Ganges, Bangladesh has faced problem in the field of agriculture,
industry, fisheries, navigation, salinity and ecology, etc., in the south western region. About
one-third of the total area of Bangladesh is directly dependent on the Ganges basin for their
livelihood. In these circumstances water diversion at Farakka is bound to have an impact as
it was an attempt to introduce a new ecological system against the usual course of nature.

Source: International Hydrgraphic Organization.

Figure: No- 22- How water flow through India And Bangladesh.

61
 Table No: 07. Statistics of Ganga water flow in 2015.

Source: International Hydrgraphic Organization.

A substantial number of studies compared the pre and post Farakka situations in
Bangladesh. According to these studies, there is a huge contrast between pre and post
Farakka water supply, where the situation was much better in pre-Farakka period even in dry
season in the downstream, more particularly in the Bangladesh part (Mirza and
Hossian 2000). It was expected that situation would improve after the treaty but a substantial
amount of studies showed that the situation has become even worser in some cases.

Sources :Hydrografic sources Bangladesh

Figure No: 23. Graphical view of water flow in dry season.

62
The water scarcity has brought much misery and hardship to the people of the affected south-
western parts of Bangladesh that has resulted disruption of fishing and navigation, brought
unwanted salt deposits into rich farming soil, adversely affected agricultural and industrial
production, changed the hydraulic character of the rivers and brought about changes in the
ecology of the Delta. Due to the Ganges diversion the minimum discharge of the river Padma
at the point of Hardinge Bridge in Bangladesh fell far below. The groundwater level in the
highly affected area went down particularly in the district of Rajshahi, Kustia, Khulna and
Jessore. The south-west region had been facing the critical problem of salinity intrusion from
the Bay of Bengal because of the drastic reduction of fresh water flows in the Gorai river
which is the major distributary of the Ganges in this part of the country .
The analyses set out above indicate that the diversion of water at the Farakka Barrage has
caused significant hydrological changes in the dry season discharge of the Ganges system in
Bangladesh. Flow regulation by the barrage has induced nonhomogeneity in the annual peak
flow of the Ganges River in Bangladesh. The statistical tests found most of the hydrological
changes significant. The diversion also accelerated the siltation of the Gorai River. The
reduced flow in the Ganges system has potentially wide-ranging socioeconomic and
environmental implications for Bangladesh. For examples, in recent years, extreme low flow
in the Gorai River in the dry months has appeared to exacer-630 M. Monirul Qader Mirza
bate the intrusion of saline water to the most inland parts of the southwest part of Bangladesh
(Khan, 1993). The implications of the diversion of the Ganges water on various sectors in
Bangladesh should be carefully examined.

63
 Table No: 08 Flood impact due to ganga barricade on coastal surrounding area

Source: www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/research/case_studies/Ganges_New.

Develop Salt Industry of Bangladesh

Sea salt production-Sea salt has been produced traditionally along the Cox’s Bazar coast of
Bangladesh for generations. In a longer dry season, the salt farmers can get about 20 tons/ha
production. The annual salt production in the Cox’s Bazar coastal segment of Bangladesh is
22MT, where the Samut Sakhon of Thailand produces 43MT. Most of the salt farms are
small-scale, using manually operated local equipment and lease the land from landowners, or
sometimes from the government on a yearly basis. Community-focused land leasing systems,
sufficient credit facilities, use of mechanical equipment (water pump, leveler, etc.) and
reliable weather forecasting can enhance salt production. Moreover, formation of salt
farmer’s cooperatives can ensure bargaining power and maximize economic return (i.e., salt
price) for their standard of living.

64
Develop Marine Construction:

Source: https://construction.trimble.com/products-and-solutions
Figure No: 24. Example of marine construction.

The oceans incorporate three-quarters of the Earth's surface, and most of humanity
lives in coastal regions. For example, a lot of population presently lives in coastal areas, and
the coastal population is projected to increase by million between now and 2017. Similar
projections can be made for other developed countries many of which depend on the coastal
zone as a major source of tourism-related income. The long-term ecological health and
sustainability of the marine and coastal environments are obviously at risk. Coastal projects
such as beach re-nourishment, housing developments, and pipe-line, harbor and marina
construction can have negative impacts on the coastal environment that must be minimized
and often mitigated. Typically, mitigation is done after the fact at considerable expense and
often with a questionable return of ecosystem services. However, multiple research projects
clearly show that species-specific and lifestage-specific habitat can be designed into artificial
structure. Thus, with forethought, coastal construction can include structural designs that are
not only ecosystem friendly but which also return ecosystem services impacted by
construction. Structure incorporating fish and invertebrate habitat can often be integrated up
front at little or no extra construction cost. This paper discusses the results of some of the
artificial habitat research as well as recent examples of coastal construction and design that
have incorporated these findings.
Significant Guidance for Design and Construction of Marine and Offshore Structures

65
Marine and offshore structures are constructed worldwide for a variety of functions and in a
variety of water depths, and environmental conditions. Shore protection facilities, ports,
harbors and offshore petroleum platforms are important infrastructures which have big
impacts on the economy level and industrial progress of countries. Selection of type of
platform and also right planning, design, fabrication, transportation and installation of marine
and offshore structures, considering the water depth and environment conditions are very
important. In this paper an overview of coast, ports and offshore structures engineering is
presented. The paper covers mainly design and construction of jetties, harbor and fixed
template offshore platforms. The overall objective of this paper is to provide a general
understanding of different stages of design, construction, load-out, transportation and
installation of marine and offshore structures. The marine and offshore structures must
function safely for their design lifetimes against very harsh marine environments. Some
important design considerations are peak loads created by storm winds and waves, fatigue
loads generated by waves over the platform lifetime and the motion of the platform. Offshore
structures are designed for installation in the open sea, lakes, and gulfs many kilometers from
shorelines. These structures are mainly made of various grades of steel, from mild steel to
high strength steel. Offshore platforms are very heavy and they are among the tallest
manmade structures on the earth. Maritime construction emphasis on mainly design and
construction of jetties, breakwaters, harbors and fixed template offshore platforms. For more
information about environmental data for Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea, different types of
coastal, ports .
Offshore Petroleum Platform Types Depending upon the water depth, environmental and
geotechnical conditions, different types of offshore petroleum platforms such as template,
tower, guyed tower, gravity, tension leg, jack up, semi submersible and ship type platforms
are used. There are two main groups of offshore platforms or rigs; the first group includes
moveable offshore drilling rigs that can be moved from one place to another and the second
group covers the fixed platforms. Main types of offshore platforms are briefly explained as-
Moveable Offshore Drilling Platforms/Rigs Jack up rigs are suitable for shallower waters and
can be moved from one place to another. Submersible rigs, also suitable for shallow waters,
are like jack-up rigs in that they come in contact with the sea floor. Semisubmersible
platform/rig is an offshore oil rig that has a floating drill unit that includes columns and

66
pontoons that if flooded with water will cause the pontoons to submerge to a depth that is
predetermined. Semisubmersible rigs are the most common type of offshore drilling rigs,
combining the advantages of submersible rigs with the ability to drill in deep water. The rig
is partially submerged, but still floats above the drill site. When drilling, the lower hull, filled
with water, provides stability to the rig. Semisubmersible rigs are generally held in place by
huge anchors, each weighing upwards of ten tons. These anchors, combined with the
submerged portion of the rig, ensure that the platform is stable and safe enough to be used in
turbulent offshore waters.
Semisubmersible rigs.
moved to new locations. Drills ships use 'dynamic positioning' systems. Drill ships are
equipped with electric motors on the underside of the ships hull, capable of propelling the
ship in any direction. These motors are integrated into the ships computer system, which uses
satellite positioning technology, in conjunction with sensors located on the drilling template,
to ensure that the ship is directly above the drill site at all times. Fixed Platforms In shallow
water, it is possible to attach physically a platform to the sea floor. The 'legs' are mainly
constructed with steel, extending down from the platform, and fixed to the seafloor with
piles. There are many possible designs for these fixed permanent platforms. The main
advantages of these types of platforms are their stability, as they are attached to the sea floor
there is limited exposure to movement due to wind, current and wave forces. However, these
platforms cannot be used in extremely deep water; it simply is not economical to build legs
that are long. Template platforms are usually installed in Persian Gulf, Gulf of Mexico,
Nigeria, California shorelines and are made of steel. Template platforms mainly consist of
jacket, decks and piles. All of the petroleum platforms installed in Persian Gulf are Template
type. So far about 160 template platforms belonging to Iran and about 150 template platforms
belonging to Arabian countries are installed in The Persian Gulf. Tower platforms consist of
a narrow tower, attached to a foundation on the seafloor and extending up to the platform.
This tower is flexible, as opposed to the relatively rigid legs of a fixed platform. Tension Leg
Platforms are used in deep waters. The long, flexible tension legs are attached to the seafloor,
and run up to the platform itself. These legs allow for significant side to side movement with
little vertical movement. Tension leg platforms can operate as deep as 7,000 feet. Gravity
Platforms are fixed platforms which are made of concrete. The weight of the legs and

67
seafloor platform is so great, that they do not have to be physically attached to the seafloor,
but instead simply rest on their own mass.
Significant Guidance for Design and Construction of Marine and Offshore Structures. Wave
Mechanism and Wave Theories Wave mechanics and wave theories including wave
classifications, governing equations of waves theories, different wave theories such as Airy,
Stockes Stream Function, Cnoidal, Solitary and Trochoidal waves and the related equations
are presented in references and which can be used for more information. All sea motions can
be determined by differences between water particle velocities and pressures in functions of
its position and time. Basic governing equations of hydrodynamic sea motion are continuity
equation and momentum equation. In all cases, fluid is assumed to be incompressible, in-
viscid and irrotational. Velocity Potential Function is defined so that its negative partial
derivatives in different directions submit the water particle velocity components in those
directions .

Develop Maritime safety and security

Aims to improve the situational awareness of all activities at sea impacting on maritime
safety and security, the marine environment, fisheries control, trade and economic interests
as well as general law enforcement and defense. Maritime safety including Search and
Rescue is understood as the combination of preventive measures intended to protect shipping
and port facilities against threats of intentional unlawful attacks and prevention of pollution
caused by ships. There is a growing demand for all of these functions due to the increasing
number of activities at sea. The last decade has seen an increase in threats, including piracy,
illicit human and drug trafficking as well as terrorism.

International collaboration
In Bangladesh there are very limited facilities for forecasting natural calamities.
Collaboration in this context with neighboring countries is particularly important. In addition,
as neighboring countries have similar coastal resources and problems, transboundary
cooperation is likely to benefit mangrove resource conservation initiatives in Bangladesh.
Conclusion Bangladesh is blessed with extensive mangrove resources, which are vital for the
maintenance of the environment and sustainable development of the country. The Forest

68
Department has been entrusted with the responsibility of management of this precious
resource for more than a century. So far it has been considerably successful in this context.
However there is still an opportunity to improve efficiency and mangrove forestry practices
need to be standardized. This necessitates knowledge on ecological process, cooperation
among related national and international organizations and adequate financial support.
Financial assistance for infrastructure development and implementation of rehabilitation
programmes:
Coastal areas are generally remote, have a poor communication infrastructure and are hard to
live in. For effective management of the coastal forest the effort must be backed by
appropriate infrastructure, logistical and communication facilities.
Cooperation among inter ministerial bodies and collaboration between the Forest Department
and local institutions:
It has already been mentioned that various national policies are relevant to coastal forest
resource conservation and extension. Thus the ultimate success of the initiative depends on
successful cooperation among various inter ministerial bodies and also among local residents.
So, it is important that the mangrove rehabilitation programme works in harmony with the
Integrated Coastal Zone Management programme.
Generation of information and development of a database on ecological issues and processes
at the regional level: As in other developing nations, effective coastal forest conservation is
constrained by the inadequacy or unavailability of necessary information/data. So,
appropriate steps should be taken for the generation and storage of data covering all aspects
of coastal resources. There should be effective collaboration among the Space and Remote
Sensing Organization (SPARRSO), the Resource Information and Management System
(RIMS) of the Forest Department, the Meteorological Department and the Bangladesh
Bureau of Statistics

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 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION

Appendix-A
The intensive agriculture practices in the Bay of Bengal we have severely degraded the
environment, but in order to feed a growing population, it has to be further intensified,
compromising the environmental sustainability. Most of the Bay countries have significant
maritime territories with universally owned high-seas, therefore, opportunities for socio-
economic benefits are enormous, thus makes it convenient to adopt blue economy strategies.
The region is rich with marine living and non living resources, and its geographic position
makes it more strategic in maritime transportation, which further expands the opportunities
for nations’ development. However, the true potentiality of the Blue Economy opportunities,
have not yet been clearly identified by the Bay Nations. The policies related to blue capital is
not very strong as they are of agriculture or other terrestrial industries. 87 Compared to other
countries, island nations are performing better in the South Asian region. Even without
practicing systematic Blue Economy strategies to the optimum potential, the socio-economic
status of Bangladesh , Maldives and Sri Lanka are relatively higher than that of their
neighboring states.These levels can be further upgraded by expanding their Blue Economy
interests in a sustainable way. Lack of intellectual attention is a major obstacle, and limited
socio-economic and environmental data on ocean sector makes it difficult to formulate
policies that promote the true value of the blue capital. There is a huge diversity of socio-
economical, political and cultural aspects among Bay countries, and their national priorities
may be different. However poverty is the one common issue that they all suffer from,
therefore solutions must be found as a region. Political revelries and disputes among
neighbors restrict the regional development, and the governments have to recognize the
importance of cooperation and collaboration on their way to sustainable development. It is
necessary to find solutions for climate change as a region through adaptive measures. Issues
such as climate change and pollution cannot be addressed alone, due to their trans-boundary
nature, and countries have to identify their national, regional and international level roles to
protect the natural environment. Education and awareness also play a major role in changing
people’s attitudes. Many poor South Asians are illiterate and uneducated, especially women,

70
who live on subsidies that negatively affect on the environmental sustainability. They may
have never heard of the sustainability concept, and it won’t be realistic if the majority
remains unaware of the concept. National, regional and international humanitarian
organizations have a role to play in this sense, to empower them with up-to-date education
and awareness. A reason for most of the socio-economic issues in the region is the high
population. Therefore, people have to be educated about family planning. One constrain is
that the Blue Economy might not be accessible for rural poor, who live in geographically
disadvantageous regions, that are far from the coastal regions. In that case, governments have
to formulate policies to establish them in the coastal region, to make the resources accessible.
However, this may increase the pressure on the natural resources and eventually deplete
them. Therefore, this has to be monitored carefully. At some level, Blue Economy concept
may sound costly and countries related with bay of benal may still not be developed
enough or wealthy, to practice all the greening techniques. South Asia is suffering from both
poverty and environmental degradation, which is very critical, and sustainability might not be
realistic when there is an impatient need of poverty eradication. At this point again, it needs
to emphasize that political will can make a huge difference. Technology and funding can be
obtained through regional and international level collaboration, but most of all, nations itself
should develop their willingness. Most of the governments of this region are severely
corrupted, without proper institutional capacity to implement effective measures. Until these
governance issues are solved, South Asia will continue to remain as one of the poorest
regions in the world.

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 Appendix-B .
Most important thing is, to directly incorporate Blue Economy concept with the pro-poor
growth strategies, especially in the maritime nations, where the natural resources are to be
considered as assets of the poor. With more quantitative research, it is necessary to formulate
marine sector-wise national databases, as proposed in this study, in which the evidence-based
decisions can be made upon. It will elaborate how the sectors are performing and what
measures to be taken in the future. As in agriculture sector, ocean based industries’ GDP
shares have to be compiled in to one category to evaluate the cumulative value of the blue
capital. Nations should consider, gathering all industrial and environmental affairs with
regard to marine environment, under one multidisciplinary authority, since it will 89
minimize the governing, institutional and coordination issues. National policies have to be
upgraded, in order to include the value of the blue capital, and accompany with people’s
rights to live in a safe and secured environment.
The processes of the high seas are poorly observed in the Bay of Bengal and a collaborative
approach can be practiced in managing activities and conducting research in the high seas, as
it is universally owned.
Coastal and marine ecosystems and the products and services they provide are one of the
treasures of the Bay of Bengal . These resources are under assault by a collection of local,
regional and global pressures.
A healthy ocean is vital to the region’s economy. Bay of Bengal may leader in several
coastal and marine industries, but as the natural capital that industries depend on continues to
erode, so too will the health of those industries. The only way to ensure long-term
sustainability of both the ecosystems and the economy is by transitioning from an ocean
economy to a blue economy.
Blue economy offers a mindset for managing business risks, improving decision making and
generating new opportunities. It is an imperative for the long-term sustainability of coastal
and marine industries. As we already begin to see value chain impacts from climate change,
marine pollution, overfishing and other threats to coastal and marine ecosystems, it is
important for companies to start thinking and acting now.
Blue economy is a process, and we don’t know where it will go next. We are encouraged by
the number of countries and international organizations, and increasingly companies and

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investors, that have taken up the call of blue economy and are working to move it forward.
As we venture into uncharted waters, we have an opportunity to learn the lessons from
development of land-based resources. Can the blue economy offer more than simply doing
less harm? Can it be something truly transformational, and sustainable? We believe that the
success of ICM in the region over the past two decades demonstrates that it can.
We hope this report has provided a better understanding of blue economy and the opportunity
it represents. Blue economy is ultimately about our relationship with the sea, one that
supports our own economic and human well-being. We view this report as the continuation
of an ongoing discussion.
This report has focused on practical considerations of blue economy from the perspective of
business, and therefore it has not explored other economic dimensions of blue economy in
more depth, including government activities and valuation of natural capital. With the
challenges in measuring the value of natural capital, coastal and marine ecosystems are
severely undervalued and countries’ understanding of the economic contribution from coasts
and oceans to their economies is generally limited.
A complementary research report is being developed in partnership with governments of the
region to shed light on these issues and explore blue economy from the perspective of
national governments. The research will culminate in a set of National State of the Coasts
Reports including.
Definitions and methodologies for assessing blue economy; The contribution of economic
activities and ecosystem services in coastal and marine areas to national economies in
Bangladesh.Policies and incentives to promote and facilitate investments in blue economy
and Growth sectors and emerging market and investment opportunities. These national
reports will combine into a comprehensive East Asia Regional State of Oceans and Coasts
Report, planned for release in 2018.
Building a blue economy in Bangladesh will be essential for the long-term health of
ecosystems, communities and businesses in the region. The path to achieving a sustainable
blue economy will require innovative, integrated approaches between industries, working
collaboratively with government.
The network offers companies access to resources and technical assistance to advance their
sustainable development strategies and programs and manage related risks and opportunities

73
emerging in coastal and marine areas. It provides a practical forum for business leaders to
engage with peers across industries to build integrated approaches for managing coastal
resources, based on the latest science, management best practice and ocean policy
developments. The network also serves as a unified voice for coastal and marine business to
engage with local and national governments in the region to develop partnerships and
identify investment opportunities.
In fact the Blue Economy opportunities, have not yet been clearly identified by the Our
Nations. So we need to do -Firstly: Need to Initiate pilot projects.Secondly: Need Involving
international collaboration . of ocean research agencies.Thirdly: Stakeholders and users, to
explore the feasibility of assessing the economic value of ocean-related data. Further more:
Need to Initiate for safety and security and for pollution and trade Facilitation for
Bangladesh.Finally: Implementation and monitoring .

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