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Prepared by:
Asmaa Mosbeh
• In filter design, we seek to find the system coefficients, i.e. M, N, ak and bk,
such that the corresponding frequency response
• [0,ωp ] = pass-band
• [ωs ,π] = stop-band
• δω = ωs − ωp = width of transition band.
• δ1 = pass-band ripple. Often expressed in dB via 20log10(1+δ1 ).
• δ2 = stop-band ripple. Usually expressed in dB as 20log10(δ2 ).
Design of FIR filters
• The general FIR system that is
• Digital FIR filters cannot be derived from analog filters, rational analog
filters cannot have a finite impulse response.
Where
Properties of Windows
• Prefer windows that concentrate around DC in frequency
Less smearing, closer approximation
• Prefer window that has minimal span in time
Less coefficient in designed filter, computationally efficient
• So we want concentration in time and in frequency
Contradictory requirements
• Example: Rectangular window
•U
Conflicting Ideal Requirements
• Use windows with no abrupt discontinuity in their time domain response
and consequently low side-lobes in their frequency response.
• In this case, the reduced ripple comes at the expense of a wider transition
region but this However, this can be compensated for by increasing the
length of the filter.
➢ In command window, FDAtool will be opened.There you can select FIR or IIR
filter, order of filter and cutoff frequency of a filter (either HPF, LPF or BPF). That
code will automatically generate .m file for you.
Highpass Filter
Design of IIR filters
For H(z) to be the system function of a causal & stable
LTI system, all its poles have to be inside the unit circle (U.C.).
•Design problem
The goal is to find filter parameters N,M,{ak} and {bk} such that H(ω) ∼ Hd (ω) to
some desired degree of accuracy.
•Transformation methods:
There exists a huge literature on analog filter design Ha(Ω). The transformation methods
try to take advantage of this literature in the following way:
2.Design an analog IIR filter Ha(Ω) that meets the desired analog specifications
Had(Ω):
• Choose the filter type (Butterworth, elliptic, etc.)
• Select the filter parameters (filter order N, poles sk, etc.)
• Step 1: We set the sampling period to Ts = 1 (i.e. Ω = ω ), so that the desired specifications for the
analog filter are :
• Step 2: design an analog Butterworth filter Hc(Ω) that meets the above specifications. For the
Butterworth family, we have
• Thus, we need to determine the filter order N and the cut-off frequency Ωc so that the above
inequalities are satisfied.
Step 3: The desired digital filter is finally obtained by applying the
impulse invariance method:
Bilinear transformation
Principle: Suppose we are given an analog IIR filter Ha(s). A digital filter H(z) can be obtained by applying the bilinear
transformation (BT), defined as:
Example: Bilinear transformation
Step 1: Set the parameter α to 1. The desired
specifications for the analog filter are similar to
the above except for the band-edge frequencies.
That is
• Step 2: Design a Butterworth filter Ha(Ω) that meets the above specifications.
• Find that the required order of the Butterworth filter is N = 11 (or precisely N≥ 10.15).
• Determine the cut-off frequency Ωc. For example: