Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 56 (2016) 760–777

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser

Energy savings by energy management systems: A review

Dasheng Lee n, Chin-Chi Cheng
Department of Energy and Refrigerating Air-Conditioning Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan, ROC

art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This study investigated energy saving effects of published papers related to energy management system (EMS),
Received 5 April 2015 building energy management system (BEMS), industrial, company and factory energy management system (I/C/
Received in revised form F/EMS); and EMS for heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC) and refrigerating equipment, artificial lighting
22 July 2015
systems, motors and others (EMS for equipment). From 1976 to 2014, management performance reported by
Accepted 22 November 2015
305 EMS cases (105 BEMS cases, 103 I/C/F EMS cases and 97 cases of EMS for equipment) is analyzed to evaluate
varied energy saving effects. Statistical results show that saving effects of BEMS increased from 11.39% to 16.22%
Keywords: yearly. Inversely, saving effects of I/C/F EMS decreased from 18.89% to 10.35%. Regarding to EMS for equipment,
Energy management system (EMS) there is no obvious trend but only the averaged saving effect can be reported. EMS for artificial lighting systems
Building EMS (BEMS)
has the highest saving effect up to 39.5% in average. For HVAC and other equipment, energy saving effects are
Industrial
around 14.07% and 16.66% respectively. These energy saving performances are correlated with developed EMS
Company
Factory EMS (I/C/F EMS) functions. The key EMS functions could be identified from their developing progress for effective energy sav-
EMS for equipment ings. Based on the quantitative analysis, the future trends of EMS are discussed.
Energy saving & 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760
2. Study cases of EMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
2.1. BEMS cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
2.2. I/C/F EMS cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
2.3. Equipment energy saving cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
2.4. Case summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763
3. Developed functions of EMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763
3.1. Basic function group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763
3.2. Control function group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763
3.3. Analysis function group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763
3.4. Management function group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763
3.5. Advanced function group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765
3.6. Specific function group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765
4. Energy savings by EMSs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765
4.1. Increased energy savings by BEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765
4.2. I/C/F EMS: an effective tool for management, but not for effective energy savings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767
4.3. Varied energy saving effects for different equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768
5. Key EMS functions for effective energy savings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770
6. Toward to future EMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771
7. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773

1. Introduction
n
Correspondence to: 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608 Taiwan, R.O.C.
Tel.: þ886 2 27712171x3510; fax: þ 886 2 27314919.
Energy management system (EMS) has been extensively stu-
E-mail address: f11167@ntut.edu.tw (D. Lee). died for almost 40 years. According to the database of the Science

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.11.067
1364-0321/& 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 D. Lee, C.-C. Cheng / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 56 (2016) 760–777
Nomenclature
AI Artificial intelligence
BEMS Building energy management system
CRM Customer relationship management
EMS Energy management system
HVAC Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
IAQ Indoor air quality
Direct on Line (SDOL), there are 357,030 published papers from
1982 to 2014. Regarding to the IEEE Xplore (IEL Online), mainly on
the electrical and power electronic fields, there are 26,767 pub-
lished papers from 1907 to 2014. Among the huge number of
publications, a part of papers are picked up for studying energy
savings by EMS. Selecting criterions include:
● Selected papers report quantitative energy saving data obtained
from real case studies.
● Research works provides detailed descriptions of energy man-
agement sites or technical specifications of managed equipment.
● Researches related to building energy management
system (BEMS)
● Researches related to industrial/company/factory EMS (I/C/
F EMS)
● EMSs applied to equipment include heating, ventilation, air
conditioning (HVAC), refrigerating and other equipment; artifi-
cial lighting systems; motors and other equipment (EMS for
equipment).
Through reviewing selected papers, this study aims at
● Analyze energy saving performances achieved by different kinds
of EMSs.
● Identify the key EMS functions for effective energy savings.
● Explore the future of EMS development.
2. Study cases of EMS
Due to the global warming and energy shortage, EMS became
one of the popular research topics. A computerized EMS was
reported in 1976 [1]. Afterward, The EMS has been developed
around 40 years. These computerized systems could manage and
control the energy usage of building, industry, company, factory
and equipment automatically or semi-automatically according to
various control logics or developed functions. However, the
diversity of managing and controlling functions increased the
complexity of EMS. What's the main function for effective energy
saving is still under investigation.
In this review paper, the reviewing points would be focused on
the energy managements and saving effects of EMS study cases on
whole site, including BEMS, I/C/F EMS, and single facility, such as
HVAC systems. The main purpose is to identify the key EMS
functions for effective energy savings. The cases study of BEMS, I/
C/F EMS and equipment would be introduced in the following
sections.
2.1. BEMS cases
The published year, case description and referencing number of
BEMS case are listed in Table 1.
In totality, there are 105 BEMS cases discussing about the
whole building management. The distribution of these 105 cases is
illustrated as follows:
761
I/C/F EMS Industrial, company and factory energy
management system
IEL Online IEEE Xplore database
IR Infra-red
OA Office automation
SDOL Science direct on line
MES Manufacturing execution system
(1) Residential building: 34%;
(2) Complex building: 25%, including commercial departments
and residential house, schools;
(3) University: 10.5%;
(4) Commercial building: 16%;
(5) Office building: 9.5%;
(6) Others: 2% for hospitals and 3% for hotels.
The locations of these BEMS cases are: 33.3% in Northern
America, 30.5% in Europe, 29.5% in Asia, 4.8% in Africa; just one
case in Australia.
2.2. I/C/F EMS cases
The types of I/C/F EMS cases include application of EMS for
industrial process management, entire company, and factory. The
published year, case description and referencing number of I/C/F
EMS cases are listed in Table 2.
In Table 2, totally 103 cases located in the following areas: 45%
in Europe; 25% in Asia; and 12% in North America. The 18% other
cases are the companies or factories in various countries or areas
integrated together through worldwide EMS communication. They
can't be counted actually in one single country or area.
Based on the applications, these 103 I/C/F EMS cases are divi-
ded into:
(1) Industrial process energy saving: 50%, i.e. among the cases of
Table 2, there are 52 cases with the main energy consumption
instruments include motors, heaters and other power
facilities;
(2) Company energy management: 21%, the main energy con-
sumption instruments are HVAC systems, artificial lighting
systems and office automation equipment;
(3) Factory energy management: 29%, the main energy con-
sumption instruments combine those mentioned in industrial
process and company divisions.
2.3. Equipment energy saving cases
The research papers of applying EMS on the management of
single facility, including HVAC systems, artificial lighting systems,
motors and other equipment, are listed in Tables 3–5.
In Table 3, there are 52 cases applying EMS on the HVAC sys-
tems and refrigerating equipment. The energy management cases
of adopting HVAC system for heating function in America and
Europe are 46% of the whole cases. Those for cooling function in
Asia and the energy management cases are in the same ratio.
Based on the type of equipment, the case ratios of various
equipment are: large HVAC facility (chiller) 71%, small type air
conditioner 21%, refrigerator 8%.
In Table 4, there are 22 cases applying EMS on the artificial
lighting system. Among them, 81% of cases are located in North
America or Europe, which are at high latitude and less sunshine
762 D. Lee, C.-C. Cheng / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 56 (2016) 760–777

Table 1
Building energy management system (BEMS) cases.

Year BEMS case Ref.

1976 A central heated (fossil fuel) and cooled (electric air-conditioner) residential building located in Long Island, New York, U.S.A. [1]
1977 30 independent and far-flung buildings in Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A. [2]
1979 3 basic house types with 147 m2 living area in Swedish [5]
1979 The Knoxville demonstration house [6]
1979 Office buildings; universities and community colleges; health and rehabilitative services; correctional institutions at Florida, U.S.A. [7]
1982 Avon bank office block with an area of 5264 m 2 in Britain, U.K. [10,11]
1982 Sutton Cold field deanery first and middle schools in U.K. [12]
1982 48 hospitals in four states include New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia and Tennessee at U.S.A. [15]
1983 223 retrofitted commercial buildings distributed at U.S.A. [20]
1983 Residential buildings in the city of Davis at California, U.S.A. [22]
1983 65 North American residential retrofit projects [24]
1984 Integration of daylight and electric light in buildings at Israel [27]
1984 Residential buildings in Canada [30]
1984 Residential buildings at Western industrialized nations [30]
1984 473 single-family houses in Canada [33]
1984 225 houses in Decatur and Illinois at U.S.A. [35]
1985 Energy management in educational premises and staff morale at U.K. [39]
1986 A summary of five discussions of EMSs [45]
1986 Energy management assistance schemes for houses in developing Countries [46]
1986 Energy efficiency analysis of household energy in U.S.A. [49]
1987 Four kinds of policy interventions for energy efficiency in buildings at U.S.A. [54]
1987 Microcomputer assisted energy management for hospitals at U.S.A. [56]
1987 Energy savings in buildings: a tour of a 15-year research program at Princeton University, New Jersey, U.S.A. [57]
1988 33 Home energy rating system surveys in U.S.A. [63]
1988 Use of direct digital control (DDC) system in North America buildings [64]
1991 Climate and BEMS cases reported by Sweden [75]
1992 Decision support system for green house advice in Australia [56]
1992 Central air conditioners for US households [83]
1992 On-line building energy management system and control at Tidcombe Lane School U.K. [85]
1992 Measurement and verification plan developed by the Central Maine Power Company at U.S.A. [86]
1992 Smart home system developed by Landis & Gyr Energy Management Corp., Switzerland [87]
1992 Energy efficiency in UK supermarkets [88]
1993 U.S. commercial building demand side management [90]
1993 Rescheduling electricity demands in domestic buildings at U.K. [91]
1994 Quality assessment procedure to different BEMS [100]
1994 Energy auditing of large commercial buildings in tropical Singapore [104]
1995 Standardized communication protocol for intelligent buildings [105]
1995 Dynamic modeling of buildings: case study of Italy [112]
1995 Home energy saving by a new utility–user interface: case study of Italy [113]
1995 Expert system for large scale energy auditing in buildings at Italy [114]
1995 Knowledge-based control for solar-building designs at Greece [115]
1996 Novel technology for displaying complex building energy consumption data: case study from central Texas, U.S.A. [117]
1997 Artificial intelligence (AI) in BEMS [121]
1997 BEMS for Sheraton's four hotels: case study of 4500 rooms [122]
1998 Energy conservation program developed for the National Autonomous University of Mexico [113]
1998 Dynamic programming for limiting the overload in electricity consumption [136]
1998 Effective tools for energy conservation in Saudi Arabia [138]
1999 An energy management collaboration between all universities, technicians and secondary schools in Africa, and particular Southern Africa [139]
1999 Electricity audit for the household sector of the capital city of Jordan, Amman [144]
1999 Energy conservation in TEPCO R&D center at Japan [145]
1999 Demand-side management through thermal efficiency in South African houses [150,151]
2000 E-service to home [154]
2001 China building with VAV air conditioning system [158]
2001 Office building of R&D Center of Tokyo Electric Power Company, Japan 11F building with 38,000 m2 area [161]
2001 Typical model house at U.K. [168]
2002 Global energy savings in office buildings by the use of daylighting [169]
2002 Energy saving and human comfort control in the building of the Laboratory of Electronics of the Technical University of Crete [172]
2002 Demand-side-energy management scheme for commercial buildings in Hong Kong [173]
2002 Energy use and management in 16 quality hotels in Hong Kong [174]
2002 Two office rooms of the LESO-PB building, Switzerland [175]
2002 Wireless sensor network (WSN) for BEMS [176]
2003 BEMS based on multi-agents structure: case of Japan [179]
2003 Network architecture for home EMS: 22 cases tested at Japan [180]
2003 Energy plan of a hotel unit in Greece [181]
2003 Wireless LANs for BEMS [186]
2005 EMS used at the University of Nebraska – Lincoln (UNL) [192]
2005 Intelligent EMS within a microgrid consists of a combination of generation sources, loads and energy storage: case of Italy [197]
2005 Energy efficient improvement in commercial buildings of Palestine, Israel [199]
2005 Supervision and control of the lighting, climatization and occupation detection in the Electrical Engineering and Computers [200]
Department's building of University of Coimbra, Spain
2005 2000 W society launched by the Board of the Swiss Institutes of Technology [201]
2006 Energy-consumption information system on energy savings in residential houses based on monitored data: the case of nine residential houses at Japan [203]
2007 Typical BEMS case of Greece [209]
2008 A monitoring study of the electricity consumption of a sample of UK domestic buildings [214]
2009 Advanced control or energy and comfort management in a building environment: review cases of Greece [218]
 D. Lee, C.-C. Cheng / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 56 (2016) 760–777 763

Table 1 (continued )

Year BEMS case Ref.

2009 BEMS application to a typical existing office building in Athens, Greece [222]
2009 Energy-efficiency supervision systems for energy management in large public buildings: necessary choice for China [223]
2009 A BEMS installation in a laboratory at Hania, Crete, Greece [224]
2010 Renewable energy resources for EMS: the case of France [225]
2010 EMS for Keio University Shonan Fujisawa Campus, Korea [227]
2010 Home EMS based on power line communication: case of Korea [234]
2011 Nonintrusive EMS for smart home: Taiwan case study [228]
2011 Energy saving by WSNs: case study of convenience stores in Taiwan [226]
2011 Energy efficiency management reporting systems: case of China [242]
2012 Building energy and comfort management: case of Singapore [247]
2012 Smart home controller enabling consumer economic saving: case of Italy [248]
2012 Home EMS on web: the case of China [251]
2012 EMS in microgrid operations [252]
2012 BEMS for Legacy Civic Towers building [253]
2012 A housing complex with 20 residences located in Japan [254]
2012 EMS with electric vehicle (EV) battery power and renewable energy resources: the case of Europe [255]
2013 Real-time EMS for microgrids in islanded mode [256]
2013 Building energy efficiency automatic management program [258]
2013 Passive and active domestic EMS: Europe cases [260]
2013 Smart heating and air conditioning scheduling for home EMS: Korea case [262]
2013 Context aware EMS with heterogeneous WSN: case of Indian [263]
2013 Management and monitoring of public buildings through ICT based systems case of the historical Politecnico di Torino Campus (Valentino Castle) [266]
2013 Intelligent buildings at U.S.A. [267]
2014 Nearly zero energy building A real low-consumption house located in Amberieu-en-Bugey, Rhône-Alpes, France [273]
2014 Optimization of EMS in commercial buildings with weather forecasting input [275]

locations. Another 19% of cases are located in Australia or Asia,
which are at low latitude and full of sunshine locations. Most of
the cases of EMS for lighting system in this paper are for office
building. There is only one case for hospital, and two for school.
In Table 5, there are 23 cases applying EMS on the industrial
motors and other equipment. Among the cases of Table 5, 56.5%
are related to energy conservation of motors. There are five cases
related to the office automatic (OA) equipment, two cases related
to oven or boiler in kitchen, and another two cases related to
server facility in data center.
3.1. Basic function group
The basic function group of EMS is to monitor the energy usage
of whole site and single facility, and achieve the management or
energy saving target. Table 6 summarizes all the developed func-
tions related to energy usage monitoring. Based on the applica-
tions, the collected functions in Table 6 are further separated into
three types, including BEMS, I/C/F EMS and EMS for equipment, for
describing the functions briefly. The most cited function could be
the represented function and marked by the bolded characters.

3.2. Control function group

2.4. Case summary
In Tables 1–5, there are 276 papers, including 305 cases
applying EMS, published in scientific paper database from 1976 to
2014. The related names and reference numbers of the cases are
provided for further detail information.
For BEMS, I/C/F EMS and equipment energy management, the
developments of many novel functions are provided. In this paper,
only the papers equipped with energy savings and effective
number of management are chosen for discussing the developed
functions of EMS.
3. Developed functions of EMS
Based on the developed EMS functions collected from the 276
published papers in previous section, the 194 EMS developed
functions in totality were obtained through combining the similar
working principles as one function.
The 194 functions could be separated into 12 blocks, through
combining the functions with similar purpose as one block.
The 12 blocks could be further separated into 6 groups,
including EMS basic function, control function, analysis function,
management function, advance function and specific function
groups. These 6 groups would be described in the following Sec-
tions 3.1–3.6.
Based on the effective energy usage monitoring functions,
various control functions for equipment, building or factory were
developed for energy usage control. The collected control function
group and related function blocks are listed in Table 7.
3.3. Analysis function group
The analysis function group was developed through analysis of
industrial processes, company daily operation, and factory or
equipment operation, prediction of future energy usage variation,
determination of control settings or management strategies. The
developed functions of this group are listed in Table 8. The analysis
function group could forecast/predict the future energy usage,
optimize the controlling state, diagnose the operation conditions
of the equipment, point out the possible fault detection, and
suggest the maintaining schedule for the equipment. Comparing
with previous groups, the published papers in Table 8 were sig-
nificantly less. This is due to difficulty of analysis for the whole site
energy management.
3.4. Management function group
The developed functions of EMS for management are listed in
Table 9.
The management function group organizes staff management,
database management and control functions. For BEMS functions
of behavior management function block in Table 9, the socio-
764 D. Lee, C.-C. Cheng / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 56 (2016) 760–777

Table 2
Industrial, company and factory energy management system (I/C/F EMS) cases.

Year I/C/F EMS Ref

1976 Energy management of the heavy industries such as steel, aluminum and cement companies at U.S. A. [3,4]
1979 EMSs for U.K. industries [9]
1982 Industrial energy conservation in Canada [16]
1982 EMS for PILKINGTONS LTD in England [18]
1983 EMSs for pulp, paper, and allied Industries at U.S.A [25]
1984 Energy management awareness program for senior executives from industries in India [31]
1984 Refrigeration plant of an Australian abattoir [36]
1984 EMSs for the New Zealand food system [32]
1984 156 U.S. firms, which had extensive plant energy audits over the four years from 1978–82 [34]
1985 Commercial and industrial customers with the 0–19 kW demand group and 20–499 kW demand group monitored by Southern California Edison [38]
1985 Green house energy management reported by the British Columbia Greenhouse Vegetable Growers Research Committee [40]
1985 Chemical process plants in advanced countries [41]
1985 Integrated water and energy management system [43]
1986 Industrial energy accounting and control systems: a survey in energy intensive industries such as the petrochemical and steel industries. [44]
1986 Computerized EMSs for factory [47]
1987 Integrated energy generation and industrial processing [55]
1987 EMSs for U.K. companies [58]
1987 Energy management by checklists for energy managers of companies in Great Britain [59]
1987 EMS for a kori-tofu plant which processed 6 ton of soybeans per day at Japan [60]
1987 Industrial Energy Efficiency in U.K. [61]
1988 U.K. companies that implemented M&T in eight industrial sectors [62]
1988 EMSs for 33 industrial customers in northern and central California, U.S.A. [66]
1988 EMS in a telecommunications manufacturing plant at U.S.A. [66]
1988 A large distributed EMS with 29 field processing units and 450 controlled points is used in a magnetic tape plant at U.S.A. [66]
1988 EMS in a telecommunications manufacturing plant at U.S.A. [66]
1989 Energy monitoring & auditing in the catering industry at U.K. [67]
1989 Use of energy in a large manufacturing plant at U.K. [70]
1989 Energy management in a dairy product factory in Kwun Tong, Hong Kong [72]
1991 Energy conservation in small and medium-sized companies in Germany [78]
1992 Energy auditing kit for cement industries in India [79]
1992 Energy efficiencies in an electro-metallurgical industry in Karnataka State, India [80]
1992 EMS of a large German utility [81]
1992 Tea processing in China [89]
1993 Energy and Environmental Management Information Systems for large U.K. companies [92]
1993 Sweden factory production planning with optimal electricity demand [95]
1994 Energy efficiency from the perspective of developed countries [101]
1994 Energy paradox and the diffusion of conservation technologies [102]
1994 Industrial energy management system for Maharashtra Gas Cracker Complex, Indian [103]
1994 ECMS system for Gandhar petrochemical complex, Indian [103]
1994 Energy savings for the major petrochemical products from Netherlands [106]
1995 Aluminum production plant supervisor system: case study from Italy [112]
1995 Distributed information systems for networks of small- and medium sized enterprises (SME) at Italy [112]
1995 Energy saving in the Swedish Carpentry Industry [116]
1996 Energy monitoring technologies and industrial applications at U.S. [118]
1996 Energy management techniques to meet shortage problems in Indian [119]
1997 EMS at the ENEL National Control Centre in Rome, Italy [125]
1998 A process plant for a particular chemical product at France [126]
1998 A paper production plant at France [126]
1998 EMS – an integrated part of plant automation [128]
1998 Automatic commissioning of an air-conditioning plant at U.K. [129]
1998 Availability modeling of EMS [130]
1998 Implementation of EMS for an Integrated Steel Plant at India [131]
1998 M&T information system in Breweries, Beer production factory [132]
1998 Energy integration of industrial sites: the case of MU (monetary units) at Belgium [134]
1998 Case study of Ericsson Energy Master [135]
1998 Modeling and optimization aspects in energy management and plant operation with variable energy demands-application to industry [137]
1999 Energy balance information system (SIBE) developed by Telecom Italia [144]
1999 Energy management for multi-utilities at U.K. [146]
1999 A larger scale energy reporting system for the process industry [149]
The case of Norsk Hydro's plants worldwide
2000 EMS that was installed at Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited (IPCL) Nagathone Gas Cracker complex [152]
2000 EMS for Yanshan petrochemical works, China [155]
2000 The Shougang (Capital) Iron and Steel Works in Beijing is part of the larger Shougang Corporation, which employs some 260,000 people, mainly in the iron [155]
and steel business, but also in 18 other areas of activity
2000 EMS for Østfold Eggsentral, the company is the largest Norwegian chicken and turkey slaughterhouse [156]
2000 Gilde Fellesslakteriet, the company processes Norwegian meat products with the trademarks “Gilde” and “Goman”. [156]
2000 Grimstad Konservesfabrik, the company preserves fruit and vegetables at Germany [156]
2000 The company Kjøttcentralen, a small factory, which process meat from animals [156]
2000 Energy saving potentials in nine industry sectors at Norway [156]
2000 U.S. cement industry [157]
2001 PC based EMS for high voltage customers at Taiwan [159]
2001 Energy balance management systems (EBM) for distribution companies: the case reported by Siemens AG, Germany [162]
2001 Energy management in the new Datacom world: the case study of Datacom operators in Europe [165]
2001 Indoor sustainable plant production with emphasis on energy saving of Greenhouse case of Netherlands [166]
2002 A new generation EMS [178]
 D. Lee, C.-C. Cheng / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 56 (2016) 760–777 765

Table 2 (continued )

Year I/C/F EMS Ref

2003 Industrial energy efficiency: the case of Sweden [182]

2003 Energy efficiency and management implementation in Turkish industrial sector [183]
2003 Energy efficiency in the industrial sectors of Slovenia [184]
2003 Energy conservation projects implementation at Jordan's industrial sector [185]
2004 Energy management information system for foundry industry at India [190]
2004 Enterprise EMS [191]
2005 Energy audit using data mining for a typical industrial site at Malaysia [194]
2005 Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in industrial plant EMSs [196]
2005 Implementation of ISO 14001 environmental management systems in selected industries in China [198]
2006 Supply chain management in energy systems using multi-period MILP: the case of Japan [206]
2008 An enterprise energy-information system for over 10 large energy user sites in Ireland [211]
2008 Energy consumption in Telecom Switch Plants and Data Centres of Telecom Italia [212]
2009 Implementation of real time on line EMS in sugar and alcohol industry [216]
2009 The energy monitoring and management system of Linyun Iron and Steel Group companies, China [217]
2009 An optimal management control strategy for power systems in industrial plants: the case of Italy [219]
2009 Energy efficient and management in iron and steel works at China [221]
2010 Development of EMS: case study of Serbin car manufacturer [228]
2011 Energy efficiency improvement in long-term Mediterranean cropping systems [237]
2011 EMS implementation at Toyota SA motors, Durban, South Africa [238]
2011 EMS for energy consuming IT industries of Taiwan [240]
2011 Constructing an effective energy-saving system on the perspective of low-carbon economy: the case of China [243]
2012 EMS according to ISO 50001 standard for the producing industry in Romania and all over Europe [245]
2012 Large enterprise employees: the case of Cyprus [246]
2012 FEM based on operational condition estimation by sensor data: the case of Japan [249]
2013 Energy management in industries [259]
2013 Energy efficiency measurement in industrial processes: the case of Italy [261]
2013 Enabling energy management for planning energy-efficient factories: the case of Germany [264]
2013 Data mining approach for development of EMS: the case of Spain [265]
2014 Energy management maturity model: the case of Europe [272]
2014 Advanced energy saving stand for production systems: the case of Germany [276]

economic behavior management linked the information of eco-
nomics and energy usage cost together to force staff practicing
energy management, and combined with control functions to
achieve energy conservation. For I/C/F EMS of the same block in
Table 9, the operation procedure recommendation guided the
operator and staff of company to carry out energy saving man-
agement actively. According to ISO standard norms, the standard
procedures of plan, check, do and act could investigate the effec-
tiveness of staff management and uplift the efficiency of producing
system.
3.5. Advanced function group
The developed functions of EMS for advanced function group
are listed in Table 10. In the table the function block 1 combines
the model analysis and control functions to strengthen the EMS
control function. For example, the BEMS case could control the
HVAC equipment for more effective energy management under
the prediction of thermal response modeling. The function block
2 could develop the advanced calculating logic of computer for
strengthening the energy usage management by the expert system
and artificial intelligence (AI).
3.6. Specific function group
The developed functions of EMS for specific sites are listed in
Table 11.The HVAC equipment could be an example of specific site
function group. The HVAC with cool storage equipment could cold
the indoor space and reduce the electricity cost by reserving the
cold energy in the cool storage facility during the off-peak time of
electricity, and releasing it during the on-peak time. For the
enough sunshine area, the light could be guided into the indoor
space through daylight assisted management to reduce the energy
usage of lighting system and achieve the effective energy saving.
The developed functions are denoted as the specific site function
due to the requirement of specific environment (such as enough
sunshine) or specific equipment (such as the cool storage system).
4. Energy savings by EMSs
This study aims at identifying the key function developments
for effective energy savings. By the statistical analysis of data
published in papers and summarized in Tables 1–5, quantitative
energy savings can be obtained by
 
Energy usage after implementing EMS
Energy savingsð%Þ ¼ 1   100:
Energy usage before implementing EMS
ð1Þ
where the energy savings of the equipment or sites is defined as
the ratio of the energy usage difference before/after implementing
the EMS during the same time period, as illustrated in Eq. (1).
Based on the collected data, Pearson's chi-squared test [277] is
adopted for calculating the P-value of yearly energy saving ratio.
This P-value could judge if the energy savings of the equipment or
sites managed by EMS have a clear variation tendency during the
past development or not. The judging rule is defined as follows:
P o 0:05-Reject of null hypothesis: ð2Þ
Satisfying the above equation means that 95% of the con-
fidential level verifies the true tendency of energy savings. The
verified quantitative data trend would be discussed further for
identifying the key functions causing the effective energy saving.
4.1. Increased energy savings by BEMS
The energy savings of 286 BEMS study cases in Table 1 could be
calculated according to Eq. (1). All results are shown in Fig. 1.
766 D. Lee, C.-C. Cheng / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 56 (2016) 760–777

Table 3
Energy management system (EMS) for HVAC and refrigerating equipment.

Year Equipment Ref.

1979 Refrigeration systems on one large plant in U.K. [8]

1982 EMS for Heating/ventilating/air conditioning equipment: case study of U.S.A. [13,14]
1982 EMS for tropical air conditioning system [19]
1983 EMS for industry air-conditioning systems in Kuwait [21]
1983 EMS for livestock buildings and equipment at U.S.A. [26]
1985 Energy management for cooling system in Kuwait [42]
1986 Ventilation & Heating equipment of Livestock Buildings belong to Belgian Farmers [48]
1986 Cold store constructed by West Cumberland Farmers. [51]
To maintain the 4130 m2 store at a temperature of  29 °C
1987 8-bit microprocessor EMS for ventilation system [53]
1988 EMS used to improve refrigeration efficiency and decrease load fluctuations in a fish- [66]
processing plant at U.S.A.
1988 EMS controls and records the temperatures in offices, refrigeration rooms, and 12 [66]
banana storage rooms
1988 Scheduling HVAC equipment to match operation with occupancy at a U.S.A. plant [66]
1989 Energy savings due to the economizer system in Montreal, Canada [68]
1990 EMS for HVAC equipment in U.S.A. buildings [74]
1992 U.S.A. households have central air conditioners [82,83]
1992 A broader range of air-conditioner behavior through minor incentives and information: [83,84]
case study of U.S.A. households
1992 Comparison of individual usage patterns at U.S.A. houses [83]
1993 EMS for Multi-zone HVAC systems at Canada [93]
1993 Oversizing air conditioner control for reducing peak loads in a single residence at U.S.A. [97]
1994 Comfort control for short-term occupancy at hotels at U.S.A. [99]
1994 Energy management control functions for a VAV system [107]
1995 Air handling unit (AHU) energy efficiency improvement: Swedish design practices [109]
1996 Optimization of VAV in a HVAC system of typical Canada buildings [120]
1997 Predictive control applied to an air conditioning system [123]
1999 Computerized economic optimization of refrigeration systems: the case of Turkey [142]
1999 EMS on-line control strategies for VAV air conditioning system [140]
The case of a forty-six commercial building located in Hong Kong
1999 QUICK control for the HVAC system: a detailed study of 12 South African office [141]
buildings
1999 HVAC systems for a large (28,000 m2) commercial building [148]
2001 HVAC system for a building used for office and lecture purposes and consists of 22 [160]
floors
2002 EMS of air-conditioning systems: 35 tested data from Taiwan [167]
2002 Chiller system with ice storage for an office building in Jinan, Shangdong Province, [171]
China
2002 Telecommunication HVAC system: the case of South Africa [177]
2004 A multi-zone heating system at U.K. [187]
2005 Heating systems of 35 buildings in U.K. [195]
2006 Energy management control functions for HVAC systems in buildings: simulation cases [204]
2006 Component-based plant simulation model of entire: HVAC system: simulation cases [205]
2008 Two air conditioned rooms with a PC based air conditioning control system at Taiwan [213]
2009 Energy management of subway HVAC system: the case of China [220]
2010 Centralized air conditioning systems in Hong Kong [230]
2010 Energy saving of centralized air-conditioning systems in subtropical Hong Kong [231]
2010 HVAC systems in the campus of the Universidad Politécnica de Valencia [232]
2010 Heating control for energy management in buildings [233]
2011 HVAC system strategies for energy conservation in commercial buildings in Saudi [236]
Arabia: the case of Al-Waha Mall
2011 Hypermarket HVAC systems applications: the case of Serbia [239]
2011 EMS for energy consuming IT industries of Taiwan [240]
2011 Energy saving in HVAC system: the case of Turkey [241]
2012 HVAC system in a hospital: the case of Turkey [250]
2013 A versatile EMS for large integrated cooling systems [257]
2013 A large-scale chiller system serving a commercial complex [268]
2014 Smart sensors enabled smart air conditioner: the case of Taiwan [274]

Among them, there are 26 energy saving results obtained through
estimation or numerical simulation, marked by hollow rectangular
symbols. Another 36 cases reported (1) shedding or shifting the
peak load to a long period; (2) other energy supply, such as
renewable energy; (3) other energy saving methods, such as
replacing with high energy efficient light or HVAC systems. They
are marked by hollow triangle symbols. Rest of the study cases is
marked by filled rhombus symbol.
This paper focuses on the energy savings obtained from real
experiments, i.e. only data from experiments is taken into
consideration. The mentioned above 62 study cases, marked by
hollow rectangular and triangle symbols, would be removed. The
reasons are: (1) estimations or simulations may over estimate
energy saving effects. One can see that most of the hollow rec-
tangular symbols in Fig. 1 locates at higher energy savings.
(2) Peak load shedding case just shifts load to another period, but
it causes even 90% energy saving difference. This cannot explain
the real amount of energy savings reasonably. (3) Replacing energy
usage by the renewable energy or energy efficient equipment is
not the same purpose with the energy saving control or
 D. Lee, C.-C. Cheng / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 56 (2016) 760–777 767

Table 4
Energy management system (EMS) for artificial lighting system.

Year Equipment Ref

1983 Entire floor lighting at the Pacific Gas and Electric (PG & E) office building in San [23]
Francisco, and another at the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey's World Trade
Center in New York City
1984 EMS for lighting system of 40-floor office building [28]
1984 Lighting system installed at the World Trade Center in New York City. [29]
1985 Helping IBM company keep costs in check [68]
1990 Predicting Annual Lighting use in Daylit Buildings at U.K. [69]
1990 U.K. domestic appliance energy management [73]
1990 Lighting system of a U.S. building [74]
1993 Energy-efficient lighting system at Adelaide Dental Hospital, Adelaide, Australia [96]
1993 Energy-efficient lighting system in Panorama College, Adelaide, Australia [96]
1993 Energy-efficient lighting system at head office, South Australian Department of Mines [96]
and Energy, Adelaide, Australia
1993 Energy-efficient lighting systems for office buildings, Groningen, The Netherlands [96]
1993 Energy-eficient lighting system for Monash House, Melbourne, Australia [96]
1993 Energy-efficient lighting system for Vattenfall Head Office, Stockholm. Sweden [96]
1993 Energy-efficient lighting systems at Headquarters of Chase Manhattan Bank, London, U. [96]
K.
1993 Energy-efficient lighting system for Jacob's Well, Civic Offices, Bradford, U.K. [96]
1993 Energy-efficient lighting systems at Office Buildings in Emeryville, California [96]
1993 RetroLite: an artificial intelligence tool for lighting energy efficiency improvement at U. [98]
S.A.
1999 Energy management in lighting systems [147]
2002 Energy efficient lighting system [170]
2011 EMS implementation in Toyota SA motors, Durban, South Africa [238]
2012 Lighting energy management practices in office buildings: the case of Greece [244]
2013 A selected room in Marmara University, Norway [269]

Table 5
Energy management system (EMS) for motor and other equipment.

Year Equipment Ref Year Equipment Ref

1984 Residential, commercial, and industrial class loads [37] 1998 Energy management of efficient electrical appliances for India [133]
1985 Electric motors applied to factories in advance countries [41] 2001 Energy management for motors, systems and electrical equipment: [163]
The case study reported by Siemens AG
1988 Energy Consumptions in three big kitchens for company, hotel and [65] 2001 Adaptive control for optimizing variable-speed pumps used in a [164]
hospital at U.K. chilling system in a large office building at Hong Kong
1988 EMS limits peak demand at a winery in Madera that has a power [66] 2002 The use of variable speed motor drives [170]
demand of 1400 kW
1991 Reducing energy losses in large industrial loads (Induction motors) [76] 2003 Energy conservation of bake ovens in a bakery at Germany [178]
at Egypt
1992 Motor-generator used for an electro-metallurgical industry in Kar- [80] 2004 Office equipment power management at Japan [189]
nataka State, India
1994 Office equipment energy management: Case studies from Europe, [105] 2008 In-Service motor monitoring and energy management system based [215]
Japan and U.S.A. on WSNs: The case of China
1995 Efficient motors in the commercial and residential sectors of Indian [110] 2010 Boiler–solar energy saving system in Jordan [235]
1995 Fax machine energy conservation [111] 2010 EMS implementation in Toyota SA motors, Durban, South Africa [238]
1997 MotorMaster+: An energy-efficient motor selection and energy [124] 2012 Simplified FEM for air compressor energy saving at a factory: [249]
management tool for the pulp & paper industry in U.S. The case of Japan
2014 Energy saving strategy for cloud storage systems: The case of China [270]
1997 Office equipment in commercial buildings: The case of Thailand [127] 2014 Energy savings of volunteer computing system: The case of U.K. [271]

management by EMS. Therefore, only the study cases marked by
the black rhombus symbol are adopted for analysis of the yearly
energy saving tendency by Pearson's chi-squared test, as shown in
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2 presents the energy saving tendency of the BEMS study
cases in the past 38 years. Under a 95% confidential level, the slope
range of the fitting curve is from 0.0085 to 0.2526. The determined
slope is 0.1305. The energy saving ratio increases from 11.39% to
16.22% in the past 38 years. The P-value of the average slope is
0.03612, based on Pearson's chi-squared test. According to Eq. (2),
the null hypothesis would be rejected, and the energy saving
tendency of BEMS is supported by the significant test of statistics.
The identified cases marked by the gray frame in Fig. 2 are
important for the development of BEMS. The case group of #1
applied scheduling control of EMS functions for saving energy
from 1983 to 1993. The group of #2 applied the tariff, load control
and Socio-economic behavior management on building retrofit
cases for better energy savings from 1994 to 1998. The group of #3
applied the distributed sensors and controllers, and artificial
intelligence (AI) controller on smart home/environment for energy
savings of 20–40% from 2013 to 2014. The scheduling control, tariff
management and smart home/environment, included in identified
case groups #1–3, are three key functions for increasing energy
savings of BEMS yearly.
4.2. I/C/F EMS: an effective tool for management, but not for effective
energy savings
The energy saving ratios of 260 I/C/F EMS study cases are
summarized in Fig. 3. Similar to BEMS, data of estimation,
768 D. Lee, C.-C. Cheng / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 56 (2016) 760–777

Table 6
EMS basic function group.
① Energy usage monitoring
For BEMS
Computerized EMS for real-time monitoring of energy usage data and
display [2, 39, 45, 100, 117, 122, 143, 153, 179, 214, 228];
Public awareness of energy usage/ Energy information channel on Televi-
sion[113, 138, 192, 199, 203];
Calculation of Energy usage index/ Energy indicators [56, 57, 75, 114];
Energy-efficiency supervision systems for energy management [223, 242] ;
Measuring the needs of the building operations [86, 190]; Occupancy com-
munication [87]; Energy management report [100]; Energy auditing of large
commercial buildings and targeting for different departments [104]; Stan-
dardized communication protocol for intelligent buildings [108]; Data ani-
mation [117]; Energy management collaboration between all universities
[139]; Audit for identifying the major areas of electricity consumption [144];
Energy use policy and an action plan [174]; Metropolis energy information
system [208]
For I/C/F EMS
Energy usage auditing, accounting, monitoring and control/ On-line color
graphics [18, 41, 44, 47, 62, 66, 72, 78, 80, 92, 128, 131, 132, 146, 156, 159, 183];
Measure & control of process energy efficiency [9, 18, 25, 61, 66, 80, 155, 221];
Providing reports of energy use and efficiency [16, 128, 165, 228];
Energy usage reporting system based on Web/Intranet/Java technology and
an Oracle database [149, 191, 216];
Assessing rapid variations in operating conditions [16]; Energy information
systems for networks of small- and medium-sized enterprises [112]; On-line
production cost monitoring [125]; Factory manufacturing control system
(FMCS) Integrated with EMS [240]
For equipment
Typical daily operation/ Real-time monitoring [107, 257]; Data records [66];
Load patterns recording [127]
simulation and peak load shedding or shifting would not be
counted for energy saving tendency. For I/C/F EMS, some study
cases adopted co-generation plant as other energy efficiency
improvements, such as utilizing heat recovery power generator for
energy conservation. They would not be counted either. Rest of
data is shown in Fig. 4.
Fig. 4 presents the energy saving tendency of the I/C/F EMS
study cases in the past 38 years. Under 95% confidential level, the
slope range of the fitting curve is from  0.09876 to 0.3718. The
determined slope is  0.2353, as indicated by the fitting line in
Fig. 4. The energy savings decreases from 18.89% to 10.35% in the
past 38 years. The P-value of the average slope is 0.000797, based
on Pearson's chi-squared test. According to Eq. (2), the null
hypothesis would be rejected, and the energy saving tendency of I/
C/F EMS is supported by the significant test of statistics.
Identified case group of #4 marked by the gray frame in Fig. 4
presents higher energy savings than other cases. However, their
developed EMS functions are not the same. This may be due to the
significant variation of equipment and sites for industry, company
and factory. Therefore, there are no consist functions developed for
increasing the energy savings, and this phenomena results in the
decreased energy savings of I/C/F EMS cases during the past years.
Special cases of group #5 in Fig. 4 indicate the interesting
development of I/C/F EMS related to efficient production and cost
saving. Several cases, such as cases A, B, C, D, E and F, are related to
the smart manufacture based on operation conditions estimated
by sensors. The reported maximum increment of production
volume is up to 50%. By combining the energy and production
management, the smart manufacture could achieve high produ-
cing efficiency. Comparing with saving energy, the managers of
company or industry would pay more attention on production
efficiency than energy usage. Therefore, the development of I/C/F
EMS would move to business intelligence. Through manufacturing
execution system (MES) and customer relationship management
(CRM), the manufacturing behavior would be transferred from
production-driven activity to a consumer-oriented activity. The
development of I/C/F EMS achieved 10% cost saving by ISO based
management, 15% cost saving by modeling production and up to
65.7% cost saving by optimal network operation of equipment. It is
an effective tool for management, but not for effective energy
saving.
4.3. Varied energy saving effects for different equipment
The energy saving ratios of EMS for equipment, including
artificial lighting system, HVAC system, motors and others in
Tables 3–5, are presented in Fig. 5.

Table 7
EMS control function group.

② Scheduling control ③ Demand response/ energy cost control ④ Human comfort control

For BEMS For BEMS For BEMS

Scheduled On/ Off (Start/ Stop) of equipment/
Day-to-day scheduling [13, 14, 50, 64, 91, 100];
Proper operational mode of the building [5];
Prime time program [22]; Daylight and electric
light scheduling [27]; Thermostat setback [30];
Time switching control [39]; Chiller or boiler
selection [64]
For equipment
Scheduled start/ stop [13, 14, 23, 28, 29, 80, 105,
107, 147, 204, 232];
Timer control [53, 71, 96]; Scheduling control with
learning schema [66]; A time scheduling control
system using power-line-carrier technology [96]
Saving energy costs considering the time-varying Thermal comfort/ indoor air quality (IAQ) control/
price/ Tariff and load management [17, 56, 86, 87, 262, Ventilation control [12, 154, 158, 175];
263];
Demand limits and energy cost control [64, 136. 193, Balance of energy and comfort control [172, 191, 218];
248]; Comfort theory and practice [10, 11];
Demand side management by changing the load HVAC equipment switch based on external tempera-
patterns and monitoring efficiencies of appliances ture threshold [82, 93, 100]; Occupants detection and
[150, 151, 203]; occupancy based control [100, 266]; Occupancy driven
Power saving benefit analysis [251, 263]; Use of night- control [247]
time thermostat [6]; Load shift from peak to off-peak For I/C/F EMS
[22, 77]; Peak shaving by photovoltaic [90]; Power Not available
quality management [242]
For I/C/F EMS For equipment
Peak load control [16, 38, 103, 152]; Thermal comfort control/ Control by thermal com-
fort index [19, 74, 96, 187, 195, 213, 231, 274];
Power quality control [103, 119, 152]; Occupancy detection based control [68, 97, 148, 204];
Industrial load shaping measures [66]; Machine soft start Microprocessor thermostat termed 'Comfortstat’ [99]
control [119]; Demand control display [159]; Billing
control [165]
For equipment
Demand limiting control [13, 14, 66, 76, 141, 177];
Slow start up [107];
Automatic demand control [66]; Harmonic reduction
[110]; Power factor correction [170];
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Table 8
EMS analysis function group.

⑤ Forecast/ Prediction ⑥ Optimization ⑦ Diagnosis/ Fault detection/ Maintenance scheduling

For BEMS For BEMS For BEMS

Energy demand prediction/ forecast [227, 252];
Weather compensated control [100]; Predictive con-
trol for joint management of energy and human
comfort [224]; Day-ahead electricity price predic-
tion [256];
Optimization of EMS in commercial buildings with
weather forecasting input [275]
For I/C/F EMS
Energy demand prediction/ forecast [3, 4];
On-line prediction decision making, energy con-
sumption forecast Analysis, load forecasting, et al
[217]
For equipment Model-based predictive control of an
air conditioning system [123]; Wavelet analysis for
predicting fan speed [241];
Optimized HVAC equipment settings [30, 52, 158]; Equipment fault detection and diagnosis [161, 179];
Optimal start/stop of equipment [46, 64, 100]; Fault detection and warning to users [87]; Regular hea-
Optimized management of renewable energy ter and air conditioner maintenance [30]; Facility chan-
resources [115]; Decreasing heater setting tem- geover [100]; Alarm statistics [100]; Diagnosis of com-
perature [5]; plicated problems of complex building [117]; Operation
Reducing thermostat settings [30]; and maintenance program [174]
Optimization of economic saving in case of Time of
Use (ToU) tariff [248]; Cost-optimal analysis [272]
For I/C/F EMS For I/C/F EMS
Optimization of energy supply [3, 4, 60]; Automatic maintenance scheduling [47, 165];
Modeling optimization [95, 131]; Warning of sub-optimal performance or need of main-
Chiller optimization [47]; Optimal management tenance for the machine [16]; Reducing energy con-
control strategy for power systems in industrial sumptions by fostering adequate maintenance [44]
plants [219];
For equipment
Optimized settings [8, 42, 74, 109, 120, 140, 148,
164, 236, 249];
Mathematical optimization model [205, 213, 220,
230, 239, 268];
Optimized start/stop [13, 14, 66, 96, 160, 240];
Computerized economic optimization [142];

Table 9
EMS management function group.

⑧ Behavior management/ISO based management ⑨ Knowledge management / Database management

For BEMS For BEMS

Socio-economic behavior management [33, 173, 260, 267]; Causal model of Database energy management for hospitals [15] and municipal energy [210];
behavior change [35]; Staff behavior management [174]; Decision support tool Relational database [45]; Rule sets control [121]; Object oriented management
[222]; Building energy efficiency management by ISO 50001 Energy Manage- information base [121]; Knowledge base management with inference engine [113];
ment Standard and ASHRAE guides [258] Knowledge based model control for guarantee of the desirable levels of living
quality in building [209]
For I/C/F EMS For I/C/F EMS
Operation procedure recommendation [112, 131, 144, 217]; Model of the production for Carbon emission reduction [56, 243];
Production system converted from a production-driven to a consumer orien- Process control and management systems [157];
ted activity/ Supply chain management [166, 206, 249, 259]; Energy balance management system for supporting business processes [162];
EMS with ISO 50001 for performing Plan, Do, Check, Act (PDCA) loop [238, Object-oriented relational database for increasing energy efficiency [178]; Total
245, 272]; quality management based energy conservation [185]; WSN for knowledge based
management [212];
Establishing responsibility of energy use by departments [16, 155]; Data mining for understanding, processing and modeling energy usage [265]
Energy monitoring on the technical, behavior and structural alternatives for
improving the energy efficiency [32, 89]; Decision support tool [182]; Energy
saving awareness program [31];
Energy conservation recommendation [34]; Energy management by checklists
for energy managers [59]; Changing previous work-patterns for energy saving
[67]; Energy saving performance measurement and verification by IPMVP
[191]; Implementation of ISO 14001 environmental management systems
[198]; Energy management intensity [237]; Visualization techniques for
behavior management [249]
For equipment For equipment
Affecting users’ behaviors by information and incentives [82, 83, 84]; Knowledge-based automation for energy conservation and Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
Activity chart for users [65]; Performing standard based energy management control for a single zone air conditioner [94];
such as IEEE Std 739-1995 [163];
Office equipment power management by users’ behaviors [188];

In Fig. 5, there are 76, 41 and 30 study cases corresponding to
HVAC system, artificial lighting system, motors and other equip-
ment, respectively. The P-value of EMS for three different equip-
ment is 0.8598, 0.6429 and 0.4675. According to Eq. (2), the null
hypothesis could not be rejected, and the yearly energy saving
tendency is not clear. Therefore, the analysis of energy savings for
these three facilities would be focused on the averaged value.
Averaged energy savings of EMS for artificial lighting system is
39.5%. The highest saving ratio of EMS for lighting system is 86%,
marked by #6 in Fig. 5. The highest energy savings is achieved by
the daylight assisted energy management and de-lamping
function, as indicated in Table 11 (the specific function). Other
lighting system cases with energy savings above 50% practice the
optimized setting function of analysis function group to adjust the
lighting intensity for saving energy.
Averaged energy saving effect of EMS for motors and other
equipment is 16.66%. The highest energy savings of EMS for
motors is 30–50%. It was achieved by adopting the variable fre-
quency control function of specific function group marked by #7 in
Fig. 5.
Averaged energy savings of EMS for HVAC system is 14.07%.
Highest energy saving ratio of EMS for HVAC system is 46.9%,
770 D. Lee, C.-C. Cheng / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 56 (2016) 760–777

Table 10
Advanced function group integrates analysis & control functions to achieve model assisted control. Expert system/ AI development is also includes.

⑩ Model assisted control ⑪ Expert system/ Artificial intelligence

For BEMS For BEMS

Thermal response modeling and mode based control [85, 226, 253];
Energy usage model for energy efficiency analysis of household energy [49,
112]; Modeling the energy balance of buildings [75]; Building data bus and
integrated control [121]; Model based reasoning [161]; Computer program for
modeling and simulation energy flows [169]; Wireless sensor network (WSN) for
collecting building information [186]; Modeling approach of city level energy
management [207]
For I/C/F EMS
Mathematical programming for targeting energy usage and efficiency [134,
261];
Energy management with the assistance of Markov reward models [130]; Input-
output analysis for the energy activities of the whole plant [70]; Model assisted
control in a dairy product factory [72]; Energy management information model
[190]; WSN for industrial plant [196]; Energy management matrix [228];
Enabling energy management for planning energy-efficient factories [264]
For equipment
Environmental zone model [93];
Model based control [97]
Modeling for the assessment of air pollutant emission mitigation potentials [133];
A central supervisory station (CSS) connected by WSN to sense motor currents
[215]; Energy saving by cloud computing [270];
Smart home and smart environment [176, 228, 234];
Artificial intelligence (AI) for management of renewable energy resources [115,
202, 225]; Fuzzy logic algorithm for energy saving and human comfort control [172,
181];
Energy usage pattern recognition by AI [45]; Estimates of energy savings [63];
Expert system for building information modeling [114]; NN algorithm for optimal
participation of generation sources, loads and energy storage [197]
For I/C/F EMS
Expert system for a large utility management [81];
Plant supervisor system consists of expert system and knowledge database [112];
Web-based energy management service [135];
Energy audit by computer learning [194]
For equipment
AI tool for lighting energy efficiency improvement [98];
Fuzzy control of lighting system [269];

Table 11
Specific site functions developed for EMS.

⑫ Site specific function

For BEMS
Adjustment of energy data [24]; Prepay systems [87]; Identification of home appliances by monitoring load patterns [228, 229]; EMS with SOFC cogeneration system for
power interchange operation [254]; Vehicle to grid (V2G) power control [255]; Daylight harvesting system [266]
For I/C/F EMS
Energy management with cogeneration system [126, 134];
Establishing energy-technology complexes [55]; Seven S Approach to Energy Management [58]; Distributed control systems for energy saving [103]; Automatic com-
missioning system [129]; Modular energy system analysis [184]; Boiler control [188];
For equipment
Energy management with cool storage [21, 71, 171]; Daylight assisted energy management [69, 238]; Management of adjustable speed drives of motors/ Variable
frequency control [41, 106, 116, 167] :
Livestock energy saving by automatic animal identification [26]; Stepless capacity control of compressors [51]; Regulator and voltage reduction of lighting system [37];
Fax machine standby power improvement by avoiding communication error [111]; Energy-efficient motor selection [124];

marked by #8 in Fig. 5. It was achieved by feedforward human
intention and interaction with users through smart phone for
optimizing schedule.
As reported in Section 3.6, the main EMS function for equip-
ment in Table 11 is the specific one, which requires special
equipment, such as cool storage, daylight assisted facility and
variable speed driver working with EMS. The operation of these
equipment influences energy savings. Therefore, energy savings of
equipment managed by EMS doesn't have a significant tendency,
but varies with different cases.
5. Key EMS functions for effective energy savings
There are six summary points related to the key function
developments of EMS for effective energy savings, based on the
analysis of energy savings mentioned in Sections 4.1–4.3, as
follows:
● For BEMS, scheduling control, tariff and load control; and smart
home/environment are the three main functions for uplifting the
energy saving effect of BEMS from 11.39% to 16.22%.
● For I/C/F EMS, the key function is management function, which
converts manufacturing behavior from the production-driven
activity to the consumer-oriented one. The energy savings
decreased from 18.89% to 10.35% from 1975 to 2013. However,
the uplift of production efficiency, with the reported highest
value of 50%, is another achievement of energy conservation
through management function.
● The common development of BEMS and I/C/F EMS is to create
the smart home, building and factory. By distributed sensors and
controllers, the maximum energy savings of these smart spaces
could be carried out through combining the managements of
facility operation and human behavior, or uplifting the produc-
tion efficiency. This is the most important function development
concluded in this paper.
● The smart control of EMS for HVAC system is an effective energy
saving function. Through feedback of human intention, interac-
tion with human, combination management of facility operation
and human behavior by smart phone, the highest energy savings
of reported data is 46.9%, which is triple times than the average
value of 14.07%.
● The most important energy saving function of EMS for motors is
the specific function: variable frequency control, which manages
the energy usage by variable speed control. The average energy
saving ratio is 16.66%, and the highest one is 40–50%.
● The key function of EMS for lighting system is optimization
function, which optimized the lighting intensity and reduced the
 D. Lee, C.-C. Cheng / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 56 (2016) 760–777 771

Data from experiments 100

#4.Identified cases with high energy savingsby different functions
Data from estimations or simulations 90
80 #5.Identified cases with high production efficiency

Energy savings (%)

Data of (1) shedding or shifting peak load to a long period; (2)
energy usage reduction by other energy supply, such as 70 Fitting curve
renewable energy; (3) other energy saving methods 60
50
100 40 A
B
90 30
C
80 20 D EF
Energy savings (%)

70 10
60 0
50 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
40 Year
30
Fig. 4. Energy saving ratios of I/C/F EMS cases decreased from 18.89% to 10.35% in
20 the past years. The energy saving ratio decreased, but the interesting point is that
10 the special cases A–F reported efficient production and higher cost savings than
0 energy savings.
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Year

Fig. 1. Energy saving ratios of 286 BEMS cases (Case details can be referred to
Table 1). ∗ HVAC system Artificial lighting system Motors and other equipment

Average Average Average

100
#6
90 Identified case with high
100

Energy savings (%)

80 energy savings
90 Identified cases Fitting curve
70
Energy savings (%)

80 #3. Smart home/ 60 #7 #8

70 #2. Tariff and environment
#1. Scheduling load control 50
60 enabled by AI
control 40
50 30
40 20
30 10
20 0
10 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
0 Year
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Year Fig. 5. The energy saving ratios of EMS for equipment are presented (case details
can be referred to Tables 3–5). Yearly energy saving tendency is now clear. Aver-
Fig. 2. Energy savings of BEMS increased from 11.39% to 16.22% in the past years. aged savings of EMS for artificial lighting system, HVAC system, motors and others
Identified case groups #1–3 include scheduling control, tariff management and are 39.5%, 14.07% and 16.66%, respectively.
smart home/environment are three key functions for increasing energy saving
effects.
6. Toward to future EMS

Data from experiments Based on the mentioned EMS functions, three EMS functions
Data from estimations or simulations need to be developed in the coming future, such as:
Data of peak load shedding/ energy management combined
with co-generation or renewable energy resources/ energy 1) Future EMS with human intention feedforward control
savings byother energy efficiency improvements
Energy conservation of building needs to consider the human
comfort at the same time. Therefore, the system needs not only
100
feedback the physical information, such as humility and tem-
90
perature, but also the feedforward control technique for human
80
Energy savings (%)

70 intention. Human intention feedforward control is different

60 from IR detector used for occupancy based control. This control
50 could combine the smart phone and wearable devices. Through
40 the occupancy's schedule and interactive interface, the equip-
30 ment settings could be adjusted by EMS effectively for envir-
20 onmental comfort. By combining with scheduling control
10 function of BEMS, energy conservation and human comfort
0 could be considered simultaneously.
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
2) Future EMS integrated with smart grid
Year The renewable energy could be stored and utilized through
Fig. 3. Energy saving ratios of I/C/F EMS cases (Case details can be referred to combining with the grid and energy storage system, and
Table 2). avoiding the unstable generating schedule. The smart grid
control could organize with well-developed EMS functions,
such as daylight assisted energy management, cold storage
artificial lighting system by daylight assisted energy manage- and inverter control, for utilizing the renewable energy directly
ment. The energy savings could be above 50%, according to the and effectively. For example, the daylight assisted energy
reported data. management could compensate the illumination directly,
772 D. Lee, C.-C. Cheng / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 56 (2016) 760–777

Management functions

Behavior management/ Energy management

ISO based management
combined with MES,
Saving
CRM and product production
Knowledge management / pedigree for tracking wastes
Database management production

Specific functions Keeping

Smart grid stable energy
Daylight assisted management; integrated supply from
Cool storage for air conditioning; control renewable
Variable speed control etc… energy

Feed forward Control functions Smart factory

Scheduling control
Effective
Future energy
Target Demand response/
E M S energy cost control saving

Human comfort Smart home /

Feedback control
with Smart building
sensors Basic function
and
human
intention Energy usage monitoring

Human intention feedback

through smart phone or
wearable devices

Fig. 6. Toward to future EMS, the above architecture is suggested to construct a smart home/building and a smart factory. Dashed textboxes illustrate functions needed to be
developed. The ultimate purposes are: 1) saving energy by control feedback both from sensors and human intention; 2) keeping stable energy supply from renewable energy
by smart grid integrated control; 3) energy management combined with production management for effective energy saving through reducing production wastes.

instead of converting the light to electricity. The methods of
storing energy are not only by storing electricity, but also by
storing ice. During the energy usage, the dynamic peak elec-
trical demand of equipment could be reduced by the motor
inverter control for the stable energy supply.
3) Energy management combined with production management
I/C/F EMS needs to combine with MES, CRM and production for
the stability of industrial process, company operation and fac-
tory fabrication. Meanwhile, the pedigree documents could be
utilized for tracking the usage of energy and material during
fabrication in order to reduce waste. This tendency is also the
same with present international carbon emission reduction. The
EMS could combine with MES for carrying out the smart factory
to manufacture flexibly according to demand, and reduce waste
for effective energy saving.
The suggested functions above could structure future EMS for
carrying out a smart home/environment through human intention
feedforward control and a smart factory with an integrated man-
agement system. Fig. 6 presents the suggested future EMS
structure.
In Fig. 6, the key EMS functions for effective energy saving
could be identified through reviewing the 276 papers. By collect-
ing the published data, the energy saving data after applying the
developed EMS functions could be obtained. The human intention
feedforward control is also developed for intensifying the energy
savings of BEMS. At the same time, the management function for
reducing waste could improve the decreasing tendency of I/C/F
EMS energy savings. The effective production could reduce waste
of energy and resource at the same time. Therefore, the well-
developed EMS functions and the suggested three future devel-
opments could realize a smart plant for human sustainable
development.
7. Conclusions
276 published papers related to BEMS, I/C/F/EMS, and EMS for
equipment has been investigated in this study. From 1976 to 2014,
management performance reported by 305 EMS cases (105 BEMS
cases, 103 I/C/F EMS cases and 97 cases of EMS for equipment) is
analyzed to evaluate varied energy saving effects. Statistical results
show that saving effects of BEMS increased from 11.39% to 16.22%
yearly. Inversely, saving effects of I/C/F EMS decreased from 18.89%
to 10.35%. Regarding to EMS for equipment, there's no obvious
trend but only the averaged saving effects can be reported. EMS for
artificial lighting systems has the highest saving effect up to 39.5%
in average. For HVAC and other equipment, energy saving effects
are around 14.07% and 16.66% respectively. These energy saving
performances are correlated with developed EMS functions. Six
 D. Lee, C.-C. Cheng / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 56 (2016) 760–777
summary points related to the key EMS functions for effective
energy savings are provided. Based on the quantitative analysis,
the future trends of EMS, such as human intention feedforward
control, smart grid, and combination with production manage-
ment, are concluded.
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