AUSTIN SAN ANTONIO WESLACO

formulas
Fan, Pumps and Drives Water Side HVAC Formulas

BHP 1
( ) ( ) ( )
CFM 1 RPM 1 SP 1 3
2 2

   =     =     =    2 Affinity Laws, Note: (CFM = GPM) BTUH = GPM x 500 x T (water)
BHP 2 CFM 2 RPM 2 SP 2
Synchronous Motor RPM = 
Hertz x 120 TONS =  GPM x ΔT
24 (CH water) (CT Ton = 15,000 BTUH)
Poles z psi x 2.31
Belt_Length = 2c + [ 1.57 x (D + d )] + (D – d )
4c
FTHD =
S.G.


RPM
    Motor
RPM Fan
= 
DIA Fan Sheave

DAI MotorSheaves
NPSHA
ha
= ha – hvpa + hst – hfs
= Absolute Pressure in feet of liquid on surface supply level.
BHPActual = 1.73 x Amps x Volts x motor x P.F. h vpa
= Head in feet corresponding to vapor pressure of liquid at the
 Amps Rated 
Amps Actual Volts Actual
Rule of Thumb: BHPActual = HP (name_plate) x      x
Volts Rated temperature being pumped.


GPM x FTHD
BHP =       x S.G. (For Pumps)
6,350 x pump
hst

= Static height that the liquid level is above (+) or below (–)
the pump centerline
CFM
BHP =    x in.  
W.G. (For Fans)
6,350 x fan hfs = All suction line losses including the entrance loss and friction
losses through pipe, valves and fittings.
Electrical Equations
Amps x Volts x Ph Air Side HVAC Formulas
KVA = 
1,000
KW = KVA x P.F. = P.F. x Amps x Volts x Ph BTUHTotal = BTUHSensible + BTUHLatent
1,000
BTUHSensible = (1.08) x (CFM) x ΔT
KW motor input = BHP x 0.746
 motor BTUHTotal = (4.5) x (CFM) x ΔH
V = IR
60 x CFM
W = V x I = I² x R ACH =
Floor Area x Ceiling Height
KWDC =  Amps1,000
x Volts
Pvelocity ( ) ( ) ( )
V 2 V 2 P
=     =    
4,005 C 2g
C = 136.8, g = 32.2
PTotal
= PVelocity + PStatic
Refrigeration
KW / ton = 12 / EER

COP = EER / 3.412 = 12 / (KW / ton) / 3.412

 1
Cond. Tons = GPM x ΔT x (1 + COP )
24

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Formulas

Formulas

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 HVAC FORMULAS

TON OF REFRIGERATION - The amount of heat required to melt

a ton (2000 lbs.) of ice at 32°F

288,000 BTU/24 hr.

12,000 BTU/hr.

APPROXIMATELY 2 inches in Hg. (mercury) = 1 psi

WORK = Force (energy exerted) X Distance

Example: A 150 lb. man climbs a flight of stairs 100 ft.
high
Work = 150 lb. X 100 ft.
Work = 15,000 ft.-lb.

ONE HORSEPOWER = 33,000 ft.-lb. of work in 1 minute

ONE HORSEPOWER = 746 Watts

CONVERTING KW to BTU:
1 KW = 3413 BTU’s
Example: A 20 KW heater (20 KW X 3413 BTU/KW = 68,260 BTU’s

CONVERTING BTU to KW:

3413 BTU’s = 1 KW
Example: A 100,000 BTU/hr. oil or gas furnace
(100,000 ÷ 3413 = 29.3 KW)
COULOMB = 6.24 X 1018 (1 Coulomb = 1 Amp)
E = voltage (emf)
I = Amperage (current)
R = Resistance (load)

WATTS (POWER) = volts x amps or P = E x I

P(in KW) = E x I
1,000

U FACTOR = reciprocal of R factor

Example:
1 R = .05U
19
= BTU’s transferred / 1 Sq.Ft. / 1ºF / 1 Hour
VA (how the secondary of a transformer is rated) = volts X amps

Example: 24V x .41A = 10 VA

ONE FARAD CAPACITY = 1 amp. stored under 1 volt of pressure

MFD (microfarad) = 1 Farad

1,000,000

LRA (Locked rotor amps) = FLA (Full Load Amps)

5

LRA = FLA x 5

TXV (shown in equilibrium)

46.7 Bulb Pressure

_______________
Spring
Pressure 9.7 37 Evaporator Pressure

Bulb Pressure = opening force

Spring and Evaporator Pressures = closing forces

RPM of motor = 60Hz x 120_

No. of Poles

1800 RPM Motor – slippage makes it about 1750

3600 RPM Motor – slippage makes it about 3450

DRY AIR = 78.0% Nitrogen

21.0% Oxygen
1.0% Other Gases

WET AIR = Same as dry air plus water vapor

SPECIFIC DENSITY = 1_______

Specific Volume

SPECIFIC DENSITY OF AIR = __1__ = .075 lbs./cu.ft.

13.33

STANDARD AIR = .24 Specific Heat (BTU’s needed

to raise 1 lb. 1 degree)
SENSIBLE HEAT FORMULA (Furnaces):

BTU/hr. – Specific Heat X Specific Density X 60 min./hr. =

X CFM X ∆T

.24 X .075 X 60 X CFM X ∆T = 1.08 X CFM X ∆T

ENTHALPHY = Sensible heat and Latent heat

TOTAL HEAT FORMULA

(for cooling, humidifying or dehumidifying)

BTU/hr. = Specific Density X 60 min./hr. X CFM X ∆H

= 0.75 x 60 x CFM x ∆H

= 4.5 x CFM x ∆H

RELATIVE HUMIDITY = __Moisture present___

Moisture air can hold

SPECIFIC HUMIDITY = grains of moisture per dry air

7000 GRAINS in 1 lb. of water

DEW POINT = when wet bulb equals dry bulb

TOTAL PRESSURE (Ductwork) = Static Pressure plus

Velocity Pressure

CFM = Area (sq. ft.) X Velocity (ft. min.)

HOW TO CALCULATE AREA

Rectangular Duct Round Duct

A = L x W A = πD2__ OR πr2
4

RETURN AIR GRILLES – Net free area = about 75%

3 PHASE VOLTAGE UNBALANCE =

100 x maximum deg. from average volts

Average Volts
NET OIL PRESSURE = Gross Oil Pressure – Suction Pressure
COMPRESSION RATIO = Discharge Pressure Absolute
Suction Pressure Absolute

HEAT PUMP AUXILIARY HEAT – sized at 100% of load

ARI HEAT PUMP RATING POINTS (SEER Ratings) 47° 17°

NON-BLEND REFRIGERANTS:

Constant Pressure = Constant Temperature during

Saturated Condition

BLENDS – Rising Temperature during Saturated Condition

28 INCHES OF WC = 1 psi

NATURAL GAS COMBUSTION:

Excess Air = 50%

15 ft.3 of air to burn 1 ft.3 of methane produces:
16 ft.3 of flue gases:
1 ft.3 of oxygen
12 ft.3 of nitrogen

1 ft.3 of carbon dioxide

2 ft.3 of water vapor
Another 15 ft.3 of air is added at the draft hood

GAS PIPING (Sizing – CF/hr.) = Input BTU’s

Heating Value

Example: ___ 80,000 Input BTU’s____________

1000 (Heating Value per CF of Natural Gas)

= 80 CF/hr.

Example: _________ 80,000 Input BTU’s_________

2550 (Heating Value per CF of Propane)

= 31 CF/hr.
FLAMMABILITY LIMITS Propane Butane_ Natural Gas
2.4-9.5 1.9-8.5 4-14
COMBUSTION AIR NEEDED Propane Natural Gas
(PC=Perfect Combustion) 23.5 ft.3 (PC) 10 ft.3 (PC)

(RC=Real Combustion) 36 ft.3 (RC) 15 ft.3 (RC)

ULTIMATE CO2 13.7% 11.8%

CALCULATING OIL NOZZLE SIZE (GPH):

_BTU Input___ = Nozzle Size (GPH)

140,000 BTU’s

OR

_______ BTU Output___________

140,000 X Efficiency of Furnace

FURNACE EFFICIENCY:

% Efficiency = energy output

energy input

OIL BURNER STACK TEMPERATURE (Net) = Highest Stack

Temperature minus
Room Temperature

Example: 520° Stack Temp. – 70° Room Temp. = Net Stack

Temperature of 450°

KELVIN TO CELSIUS: C = K – 273

CELSIUS TO KELVIN: K = C + 273

ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE MEASURED IN KELVINS

SINE = side opposite COSINE = side adjacent

sin hypotenuse cos hypotenuse

TANGENT = side opposite

tan side adjacent

PERIMETER OF SQUARE: P = 4s P = Perimeter

s = side

PERIMETER OF RECTANGLE: P = 2l + 2w P – Perimeter

l = length
w = width

PERIMETER OF TRIANGLE: P = a + b + c P = Perimeter

a = 1st side
b = 2nd side
c = 3rd side

PERIMETER OF CIRCLE: C = πD C = Circumference

C = 2πr π = 3.1416
D = Diameter
r = radius
AREA OF SQUARE: a = s2 A = Area
s = side

AREA OF RECTANGLE: A = lw A = Area

l = length
w = width

AREA OF TRIANGLE: A = 1/2bh A = Area

b = base
h = height

AREA OF CIRCLE: A = πr2 A = Area

π = 3.1416
A = π D2 r = radius
4 D = Diameter

VOLUME OF RECTANGULAR SOLID:

 V = l wh V = Volume
l = length
w = width
h = height

VOLUME OF CYLINDRICAL SOLID:

V = πr2h V = Volume
π = 3.1416
V = π D2h r = radius
4 D = Diameter
h = height
CAPACITANCE IN SERIES:

C = ______1________________
1 + 1 + . . . . .
C1 C2

CAPACITANCE IN PARALLEL:

C = C1 + C2 + . . . . .

GAS LAWS:

Boyle’s Law: P1 V 1 = P2 V 2 P = Pressure (absolute)

V = Volume

Charles’ Law: P1 = P2 P = Pressure (absolute)

T1 T2 T = Temperature (absolute)

General
Gas Law: P1 V 1 P2 V 2 P = Pressure (absolute)
_____ = _____ V = Volume
T1 T2 T = Temperature (absolute)

PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM:

C2 = a2 + b2 c = hypotenuse
a & b = sides
 

Commonly
Used
HVAC
Formulae
and
Conversions




Air
Side



QTotal
=
CFM
x
(hi
‐
hf)
x
4.5
Btuh



QSensible
=
CFM
x
(ti
‐
tf)
x
1.085
Btuh



QLatent
=
CFM
x
(Gri
‐
Grf)
x
.068
Btuh


Humidification
=
CFM
x
(Grf‐Gri)
/
1,555
lbs/hr



CFM
=
l/s
x
2.12


Air
Pressure
Drop
(in.
wg)
=
Pa
/
249


Water
Side


Q
=
USGPM
x
(ti
‐
tf)
x
500
Btuh



Q
=
USGPM
x
(ti‐tf)
x
450
Btuh
(50%
E.G.)



Q
=
USGPM
x
(ti‐tf)
/
24
Tons



USGPM
=
l/s
x
15.85


Water
Pressure
Drop
(ft.
wg)
=
kPa
x
0.335

1.0
PSI
=
2.31
wg



7,000
Grains
=
1.0
lb



Miscellaneous


1.0 Ton
=
12
MBH
=
12,000
Btuh


1.0 Therm
=
100,000
Btuh
=
100
MBH



COP
=
3.516
/
(kw
/
Ton)



EER
=
Tons
x
12
/
(Total
kW
input)



Btuh
=
Watt
x
3.412



HP
=
kW
x
1.3405


1
Boiler
HP
=
33.48
MBH



1
US
Gallon
=
8.33lbs



Latent
heat
of
vaporization
of
steam
in
air
(average)
=
1,050
Btuh/lb







The
Affinity
Laws
(Fan/Pump
Laws)



rpm2






Flow2

=

rpm1




Flow1


∆P2
 
 Flow2










2








=

∆P1
 
 Flow1


mhp2

 Flow2







3

=

mhp1

 Flow1


Pump
BHP
=
USGPM
x
Head
(ft.
wg)




 
 


3960
x
Pump
Efficiency



Fan
BHP
=
CFM
x
S.P.
(inches
wg)






















6356
x
Static
Efficiency





Air‐Conditioning
Formulas


1
Btu
=
amount
of
heat
required
to
raise
(or
lower
temperature
of
one

pound
of
water
1oF


1
ton
refrigeration
=
12,000
Btu/h
=
200
Btu/min


1
watt
=
3.412
Btu/h



1
horsepower
=
2545
Btu/h


1
lb
=
7000
grains



1
ft
(head)
=
0.433
psi


1
square
foot
EDR
(equivalent
direct
radiation)
=
240
Btu



1
boiler
horsepower
=
33,479
Btu/h


No.
of
air
changes
(N)
=60
cfm/ft3


Sensible
heat
(Btu/h)
=
1.08
Q∆t

Where
∆t
=
difference
between
entering
and
leaving
dry‐bulb

temperature
and
Q
=
airflow
rate
in
cubic
feet
per
minute



Latent
heat
(Btu/h)
=
0.68
Q∆g

Where
∆g
=
difference
in
moisture
content
of
entering
and

leaving
air,
grains
per
pound
of
dry
air




Water
quantity
(gpm)
required
for
heating
and
cooling
=
q/500
∆twater


 Where
q
=
load
in
Btu/h



Chiller
capacity
(tons)
=
gpm
(chilled
water)
x
∆t
(water)/24

For
Air:



 
 1
lb/h
=
4.5
Q


 
 1
ton
=
Q∆h/2670










cfm
x
static
pressure
(in.
w.g.)

 






Density
of
air


Fan
hp
=

 








 




6356
x
Efficiency

 
 
 x 

Density
of
standard
air



Small
fans
0.40
–
0.50
efficiency


Large
fan
0.55
–
0.60
efficiency




For
Water:



 1
lb/h
=
500
gpm


 1
ton
=
(gpm)
∆t/24

gpm
x
ft
head

 
 

Pump
hp
=
 x
 Specific
Gravity



 
 3960
x
Efficiency





 Small
pumps
0.40
–
0.60
efficiency






Large
pumps
0.70
–
0.85
efficiency




 AC/DC FORMULAS
AC
To Find DC
1φ, 115 or 220 V 1φ, 208, 230, or 240 V 3φ – All Voltages
HP × 746 HP × 746 HP × 746 HP × 746
I, HP known
E × Eff E × Eff × PF E × Eff × PF 1.73 × E × Eff × PF
kW × 1000 kW × 1000 kW × 1000 kW × 1000
I, kW known
E E × PF E × PF 1.73 × E × PF
kVA × 1000 kVA × 1000 kVA × 1000
I, kVA known
E E 1.763 × E
I×E I × E × PF I × E × PF I × E × 1.73 × PF
kW
1000 1000 1000 1000
I×E I×E I × E × 1.73
kVA
1000 1000 1000
I × E × Eff I × E × Eff × PF I × E × Eff × PF I × E × 1.73 × Eff × PF
HP (output)
746 746 746 746

HORSEPOWER FORMULAS
Example
To Find Use Formula
Given Find Solution
I × E × Eff
HP =
I × E × Eff 746
HP HP = 240 V, 20 A, 85% Eff HP 20 A × 240 V × 85%
746 HP =
746
HP = 5.5
HP × 746
I =
HP × 746 E × Eff × PF
10 HP, 240 V,
I I = I 10 HP × 746
E × Eff × PF 90% Eff, 88% PF I =
240 V × 90% × 88%
I = 39 A

VOLTAGE DROP FORMULAS – 1φ, 3φ

Example
Phase To Find Use Formula
Given Find Solution
2×R×L×I
VD =
2×R×L×I 240 V, 40 A,
1000
φ
1φ VD VD = VD 2 × .764 × 60 × 40
1000 60′ L, .764 R VD =
1000
VD = 3.67 V
2×R×L×I
VD = × .866
2×R×L×I 1000
208 V, 110 A, 75′ L,
φ
3φ VD VD = × .866 VD 2 × .194 × 75 × 110
1000 .194 R, .866 multiplier VD = × .866
1000
VD = 2.77 V

VOLTAGE DROP VARIABLES

V = Voltage (in V)
Vs = Supply voltage (in V)
I = Current (In A)
VD = Voltage drop (in V)
K = Resistivity of conductor (in Ω)
L = Length of conductor (in ft)
Vl = Voltage loss (in V)
%VD = Percent voltage drop (in V) CM = Circular mils (in area)
R = Resistance of conductor (in Ω/kft) √3
1000 = 1000′ or less of conductor .866 =
2

©1999 American Technical Publishers, Inc.

 THREE-PHASE VOLTAGE VALUES
For 208 V × 1.732, use 360
For 230 V × 1.732, use 398
E=RxI
For 240 V × 1.732, use 416
E= P
2
For 440 V × 1.732, use 762 E RxI I
2 R P
For 460 V × 1.732, use 797 RxI
I
For 480 V × 1.732, use 831 P=ExI
ExI P E PxR
P I R E
R I
2 R= E
P E I
E E P P
I= P R I
2
E
POWER FORMULA ABBREVIATIONS I= E
AND SYMBOLS R

P = Watts V = Volts VALUES IN INNER CIRCLE

ARE EQUAL TO VALUES
I = Amps VA = Volt Amps IN CORRESPONDING
OUTER CIRCLE
A = Amps φ = Phase
R = Ohms  = Square Root
√ OHM'S LAW AND POWER FORMULA
E = Volts

POWER FORMULAS – 1φ, 3φ

Example
Phase To Find Use Formula
Given Find Solution
VA
I =
V
VA 32,000 VA,
1φ I I= I 32,000 VA
V 240 V I =
240 V
I = 133 A
VA = I × V
1φ VA VA = I × V 100 A, 240 V VA VA = 100 A × 240 V
VA = 24,000 VA
VA
V =
I
VA 42,000 VA,
1φ V V= V 42,000 VA
I 350 A V =
350 A
V = 120 V
VA
I =
V × √3
VA 72,000 VA,
3φ I I= I 72,000 VA
V×√
3 208 V I =
360
I = 200 A
VA = I × V × √
3
2 A,
3φ VA VA = I × V × √
3 VA VA = 2 × 416
240 V
VA = 832 VA

©1999 American Technical Publishers, Inc.

REFRIGERATION THERMODYNAMICS OF THE REFRIGERATION CYCLE

BASIC KNOWLEDGE

THERMODYNAMICS OF THE REFRIGERATION CYCLE

Set-up and function of a compression The refrigeration cycle
refrigeration system
For operating media which can have different phases,
Heat dissipation Liquid
The refrigerant in a compression refrigeration system such as water or refrigerant, the T-ss diagram looks
during condensation supercooled
flows through a closed cycle with the following four different.
stations: Hig
gh pressure
It has an area on the left (grey), in which the operating Compres-
Condensation
Evaporation A medium is liquid and supercooled. In the centre (blue) sion
Compression B there is a mixture of steam and liquid, the wet steam.
Condensation C On the right of it (orange) the operating medium is in

Gaseous
Expansion D pure steam form and superheated. Expansion
n

The cooling takes place in the evaporator (A). The Compressor The real refrigeration cycle with its typical phase tran- Evaporation
Gaseous
evaporation takes place at low pressures and tempera- power sitions can also be represented in this T-ss diagram. Wet steam superheated
tures. Here the refrigerant absorbs heat from the envi- The cycle has many similarities to the familiar steam boiling temperature
ronment and thus cools it. power cycle. The major difference is that the cycle is
anticlockwise. Thus the processes of evaporation and
The still cold refrigerant steam is aspirated by a Liquid condensation and expansion and compression (pump-
compressor (B) and subjected to higher pressure by
ing) swap places.
using mechanical energy. The refrigerant steam heats
Refrigeration cycle in the T-s diagram
up due to the compression. The enclosed area (green) corresponds to the compres-
sor work added to the cycle.
The hot refrigerant steam is cooled down in a condenser
(C) and condenses while discharging heat to the envi-
ronment.
The liquid pressurised refrigerant is then expanded to Low pressure
L
the low evaporation pressure in an expansion element The log p-h diagram for refrigerant
(D) and returned to the evaporator.
Heat absorption In the log p-h diagram the pressure p is plotted above the
Liquid
The refrigerant evaporates again and thus completes during evaporation enthalpy h.
supercooled
the circuit.
In the centre (blue) is the wet steam area. Here the
Cyclic process of a simple compression boiling
g temperature
p temperature corresponds to the boiling temperature for
refrigeration system the pressure. The wet steam area is surrounded by limit
curves with the steam content x=0.0 and x=1.0.
Steam content
t tx
To the left of it (grey) the refrigerant is liquid. The tempera-
ture is below the boiling temperature for the pressure; the
A cyclic process can be represented very clearly in the T-ss diagram. Gaseous refrigerant is supercooled.
superheated
Here the temperature T of the operating medium is plotted above On the right (orange) the refrigerant is gaseous and the
the entropy s. The area enclosed by the change of state of the temperature is above the boiling temperature. The refrig-
Isothermal compression log p-h diagram for refrigerant
operating medium corresponds to the work realised in the cyclic erant is superheated.
process.
Every refrigerant has its own log p-h diagram.
The cyclic process with the highest possible efficiency is the
Carnot cycle, here the enclosed area is a rectangle. This cycle is The log p-h diagram is better suited to represent the refrig-
often used as a comparison cycle to describe the quality of the eration cycle than the T-s diagram and is therefore used
Isothermal expansion
p
cyclic process. predominantly.

Ideal cyclic process (Carnot cycle) of a
gaseous medium in the T-s diagram
The direction of the cyclic process in the T-ss diagram determines Because energies exchanged with the refrigerant modify
whether this is a heat pump cycle (refrigeration cycle) or a work the enthalpy h of the refrigerant, energy flows can be read
machine cycle (steam power cycle). Refrigeration cycles are anti- directly from the diagram as horizontal lines.
clockwise and the work represented by the green area is added
to the cycle.

27
REFRIGERATION THERMODYNAMICS OF THE REFRIGERATION CYCLE
BASIC KNOWLEDGE
THERMODYNAMICS OF THE REFRIGERATION CYCLE
The refrigeration cycle in the log p-h diagram
The real refrigeration cycle consists of the following changes of state:
1–2 polytropic compression on the
condensation pressure (for comparison
1 – 2’ isentropic compression)
2 – 2’’ isobaric cooling, deheating of the
superheated steam
2’’ – 3’ isobaric condensation
3’ – 3 isobaric cooling, supercooling of the
liquid
3–4 isenthalpic expansion to the
evaporation pressure
4 – 1’ isobaric evaporation
1’ – 1 isobaric heating, superheating of the
steam
In addition there are also pressure losses in the real refrigeration cycle, which means that evaporation and condensation
are not exactly horizontal (isobaric).
Energy flows in the refrigeration cycle
cooling capacity absorbed
compressor drive power
heat capacity discharged
The refrigerant
Every cyclic process requires an operating medium which The different refrigerants are marked with an R followed
in the refrigeration cycle is the refrigerant. In the refrigera- by a number.
tion cycle the refrigerant has the purpose of transporting
The water often used in technical cycles is not suitable for
heat. Here the high absorption of energy during evapora-
the refrigeration cycle. At the low temperatures prevail-
tion or discharge of energy during the condensation of
ing in a refrigeration system the evaporation pressure is
a liquid is utilised. To achieve this at the temperatures
extremely low and there is a risk of the water freezing.
prevailing in a refrigeration system at well manageable
pressures, liquids with a low boiling point, such as differ- The use of CO2 is technically demanding. Due to its low
ent fluorocarbons (FC), ammonia (NH3), carbon dioxide boiling temperature a very high pressure level results.
(CO2) or hydrocarbons such as butane or propane, are This means that common components from refrigera-
used as operating medium. tion technology, such as valves, compressors or heat
exchangers, cannot be used.
For NH3 there are also special components, because
Boiling materials containing copper are not resistant against
Name temperature ammonia.
FC R134a Pure substance Ts = -26°C
FC R404a Mixture Ts = -47℃
FC R407a Mixture Ts = -39...-45°C
NH3 R717 Pure substance Ts = -33°C
The refrigeration cycle in the log p-h diagram Isobutane R600a Pure substance Ts = -12℃
CO2 R744 Pure substance Ts = -78°C
Energy considerations in the log p-h diagram
Important for a good operation is the steam pressure
The horizontal distances of the key cycle points in the curve of the operating medium. It should be gaseous
log p-h diagram correspond to the enthalpy differences. In the at low pressures and at the desired cooling tempera-
Temperature in °C
simple refrigeration cycle without branched off mass flows these tures and liquid at high pressures and temperatures.
result in the energy flows or capacities of the ideal system when The pressure levels should also be easy to manage
multiplied with the refrigerant mass flow. The distances in the technically.
log p-h diagram are therefore a direct measure for the energy
flows exchanged. The diagram shows the steam pressure curve of the
well suited FC R134a. Typical freezing temperatures
The distance 4 – 1 corresponds to the cooling capacity and is the of -26°C in the evaporator can be implemented with
net capacity of the refrigeration system. The distance 1 – 2 is the pressures around 1bar while for condensing only a
drive power exerted via the compressor. The distance 2 – 3 corre- pressure of 17bar at 60°C is required.
sponds to the heat capacity discharged via the condenser. This is Pressure in bar a
the waste heat of the refrigeration system. While in pure substances, such as NH3, propane and
Steam pressure curve of FC R134a CO2,, the steam pressure curve is fixed, it can be
From the ratio of the net capacity and the drive power the coef- adapted in FC within wide boundaries to meet require-
ficient of performance COP can be calculated. ments by mixing different base grades.
h1 - h4
COP =
h2 - h1
The coefficient of performance can be compared to the efficiency
in a work machine.
29
 LOGIC SYMBOLS
LOGIC ELEMENT AND OR NOT NAND NOR
LOGIC OUTPUT IF ALL OUTPUT IF ANY ONE OUTPUT IF SINGLE OUTPUT IF ALL OUTPUT IF ANY
ELEMENT CONTROL INPUT OF THE CONTROL CONTROL INPUT CONTROL INPUT OF THE CONTROL
FUNCTION SIGNALS ARE ON INPUTS IS ON SIGNAL IS OFF SIGNALS ARE ON INPUTS ARE ON

MIL-STD-806B
AND ELECTRONIC
LOGIC SYMBOL

1 1
1 2 1 1 2
CR CR CR CR CR
2 2
ELECTRICAL RELAY
LOGIC SYMBOL CR CR CR
CR CR

ELECTRICAL SWITCH
LOGIC SYMBOL

ASA (JIC) P
VALVING SYMBOL P P P P

ARO PNEUMATIC N
LOGIC SYMBOL N N
1
1 1

N N N
NFPA
STANDARD
SUPPLY SUPPLY SUPPLY

BOOLEAN
ALGEBRA SYMBOL

FLUIDIC DEVICE
TURBULENCE
AMPLIFIER

 2001 by American Technical Publishers, Inc.

 METRIC SYSTEM
LENGTH Unit Abbreviation Number of Base Units
kilometer km 1000

hectometer hm 100

dekameter dam 10

meter* m 1
l
decimeter dm .1

centimeter cm .01

millimeter mm .001

AREA square kilometer sq km or km2 1,000,000

hectare ha 10,000

A=lxw are a 100

l
w
2
square centimeter sq cm or cm .0001

VOLUME cubic centimeter cu cm, cm3, or cc .000001

t
cubic decimeter dm3 .001
V=lxwxt l
w cubic meter* m3 1

CAPACITY kiloliter kl 1000

hectoliter hl 100

dekaliter dal 10
WATER,
FUEL, ETC.
liter* l 1

VEGETABLES, cubic decimeter dm3 1

GRAIN, ETC.

deciliter dl .10
DRUGS
centiliter cl .01

milliliter ml .001

MASS AND WEIGHT metric ton t 1,000,000

kilogram kg 1000

hectogram hg 100
COAL, OATS

GRAIN, ETC.
dekagram dag 10

gram* g 1
GOLD,
SILVER, ETC.

decigram dg .10

DRUGS
centigram cg .01

milligram mg .001
* base units

©1999 American Technical Publishers, Inc.

 ENGLISH SYSTEM
LENGTH Unit Abbr Equivalents
mile mi 5280′, 320 rd, 1760 yd
rod rd 5.50 yd, 16.5′
yard yd 3′, 36″
l
foot ft or ′ 12″, .333 yd
inch in. or ″ .083′, .028 yd
square mile sq mi or mi2 640 A, 102,400 sq rd
AREA
acre A 4840 sq yd, 43,560 sq ft
square rod sq rd or rd2 30.25 sq yd, .00625 A
A=lxw square yard sq yd or yd2 1296 sq in., 9 sq ft
l
w square foot sq ft or ft2 144 sq in., .111 sq yd
square inch sq in. or in2 .0069 sq ft, .00077 sq yd
cubic yard cu yd or yd3 27 cu ft, 46,656 cu in.
VOLUME t

V=lxwxt
cubic foot cu ft or ft3 1728 cu in., .0370 cu yd
l
w cubic inch cu in. or in3 .00058 cu ft, .000021 cu yd
gallon gal. 4 qt (231 cu in.)
CAPACITY
U.S. liquid measure

quart qt 2 pt (57.75 cu in.)

pint pt 4 gi (28.875 cu in.)
gill gi 4 fl oz (7.219 cu in.)

WATER, fluidounce fl oz 8 fl dr (1.805 cu in.)

FUEL, ETC.
fluidram fl dr 60 min (.226 cu in.)
minim min 1 ⁄6 fl dr (.003760 cu in.)
bushel bu 4 pk (2150.42 cu in.)
U.S. dry
measure

peck pk 8 qt (537.605 cu in.)

VEGETABLES,
GRAIN, ETC. quart qt 2 pt (67.201 cu in.)
pint pt 1 ⁄2 qt (33.600 cu in.)
bushel bu 4 pk (2219.36 cu in.)
peck pk 2 gal. (554.84 cu in.)
British imperial liquid

gallon gal. 4 qt (277.420 cu in.)

and dry measure

DRUGS quart qt 2 pt (69.355 cu in.)

pint pt 4 gi (34.678 cu in.)
gill gi 5 fl oz (8.669 cu in.)
fluidounce fl oz 8 fl dr (1.7339 cu in.)
fluidram fl dr 60 min (.216734 cu in.)
minim min 1 ⁄60 fl dr (.003612 cu in.)
ton 2000 lb
MASS AND WEIGHT
short ton t 2000 lb
avoirdupois

long ton 2240 lb

pound lb or # 16 oz, 7000 gr
COAL, OATS
ounce oz 16 dr, 437.5 gr
GRAIN, ETC.
dram dr 27.344 gr, .0625 oz
grain gr .037 dr, .002286 oz
pound lb 12 oz, 240 dwt, 5760 gr
ounce oz 20 dwt, 480 gr
GOLD,
troy

SILVER, ETC. pennyweight dwt or pwt 24 gr, .05 oz

grain gr .042 dwt, .002083 oz
pound lb ap 12 oz, 5760 gr
apothecaries’

ounce oz ap 8 dr ap, 480 gr

DRUGS dram dr ap 3 s ap, 60 gr
scruple s ap 20 gr, .333 dr ap
grain gr .05 s, .002083 oz, .0166 dr ap

©1999 American Technical Publishers, Inc.

 METRIC TO ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
LENGTH Unit English Equivalent
kilometer .62 mi

hectometer 109.36 yd

dekameter 32.81′

meter 39.37″
l

decimeter 3.94″

centimeter .39″

millimeter .039″
AREA square kilometer .3861 sq mi

hectacre 2.47 A

A=lxw l are 119.60 sq yd

w
square centimeter .155 sq in.
VOLUME cubic centimeter .061 cu in.
t
cubic decimeter 61.023 cu in.
V=lxwxt l
w cubic meter 1.307 cu yd
CAPACITY cubic dry liquid

kiloliter 1.31 cu yd

hectoliter 3.53 cu ft 2.84 bu

WATER,
FUEL, ETC. dekaliter .35 cu ft 1.14 pk 2.64 gal.

liter 61.02 cu in. .908 qt 1.057 qt

VEGETABLES,
GRAIN, ETC.
cubic decimeter 61.02 cu in. .908 qt 1.057 qt

deciliter 6.1 cu in. .18 pt .21 pt

DRUGS

centiliter .61 cu in. 338 fl oz

milliliter .061 cu in. .27 fl dr

MASS AND WEIGHT metric ton 1.102 t

kilogram 2.2046 lb

COAL, OATS
hectogram 3.527 oz
GRAIN, ETC.

dekagram .353 oz

GOLD, gram .035 oz

SILVER, ETC.

decigram 1.543 gr

DRUGS centigram .154 gr

milligram .015 gr

©1999 American Technical Publishers, Inc.

 ENGLISH TO METRIC EQUIVALENTS
LENGTH Unit Metric Equivalent
mile 1.609 km
rod 5.029 m
yard .9144 m
l
foot 30.48 cm
inch 2.54 cm
square mile 2.590 k2
AREA
acre .405 hectacre, 4047 m2
square rod 25.293 m2
A=lxw square yard .836 m2
l
w square foot .093 m2
square inch 6.452 cm2
cubic yard .765 m3
VOLUME t

V=lxwxt cubic foot .028 m3

l
w
cubic inch 16.387 cm3
gallon 3.785 l
CAPACITY
U.S. liquid measure

quart .946 l
pint .473 l
gill 118.294 ml
WATER, fluidounce 29.573 ml
FUEL, ETC.
fluidram 3.697 ml
minim .061610 ml
bushel 35.239 l
U.S. dry
measure

peck 8.810
VEGETABLES,
GRAIN, ETC. quart 1.101 l
pint .551 l
bushel .036 m3
peck .0091 m3
British imperial liquid
and dry measure

gallon 4.546 l
DRUGS
quart 1.136 l
pint 568.26 cm3
gill 142.066 cm3
fluidounce 28.412 cm3
fluidram 3.5516 cm3
minim .059194 cm3
short ton .907 t
MASS AND WEIGHT
avoirdupois

long ton 1.016 t

pound .454 kg
ounce 28.350 g
COAL, OATS

GRAIN, ETC. dram 1.772 g

grain .0648 g
pound .373 kg
ounce 31.103 g
troy

GOLD, pennyweight 1.555 g

SILVER, ETC.
grain .0648 g
pound .373 kg
apothecaries’

ounce 31.103 g
dram 3.888 g
DRUGS
scruple 1.296 g
grain .0648 g

©1999 American Technical Publishers, Inc.

 REFRIGERATION SYMBOLS

GAUGE PRESSURE SWITCH P

DRYER

HAND
SIGHT GLASS
EXPANSION VALVE FILTER AND
STRAINER

HIGH SIDE AUTOMATIC

FLOAT VALVE EXPANSION VALVE
COMBINATION
STRAINER AND DRYER

LOW SIDE THERMOSTATIC

FLOAT VALVE EXPANSION VALVE
EVAPORATIVE
CONDENSOR
IMMERSION CONSTANT PRESSURE
COOLING UNIT VALVE, SUCTION

HEAT
EXCHANGER
COOLING TOWER THERMAL BULB

AIR-COOLED
NATURAL CONVECTION, CONDENSING UNIT
SCALE TRAP
FINNED TYPE EVAPORATOR

FORCED CONVECTION SELF-CONTAINED WATER-COOLED

T CONDENSING UNIT
EVAPORATOR THERMOSTAT

©1999 American Technical Publishers, Inc.

 HVAC SYMBOLS
EQUIPMENT SYMBOLS DUCTWORK HEATING PIPING

DUCT (1ST FIGURE, WIDTH; HIGH-PRESSURE STEAM HPS

EXPOSED RADIATOR 12 X 20
2ND FIGURE, DEPTH)
MEDIUM-PRESSURE MPS
STEAM
DIRECTION OF FLOW
RECESSED RADIATOR LOW-PRESSURE STEAM LPS

HIGH-PRESSURE HPR
FLEXIBLE CONNECTION RETURN
FLUSH ENCLOSED
RADIATOR MEDIUM- MPR
DUCTWORK WITH PRESSURE RETURN
PROJECTING ACOUSTICAL LINING LOW-PRESSURE LPR
ENCLOSED RADIATOR RETURN
FD AD
FIRE DAMPER
WITH ACCESS DOOR BOILER BLOW OFF BD
UNIT HEATER
(PROPELLER) PLAN CONDENSATE OR
MANUAL VACUUM PUMP VPD
VOLUME DAMPER DISCHARGE
VD
UNIT HEATER FEEDWATER PUMP
(CENTRIFUGAL) PLAN DISCHARGE
PPD
AUTOMATIC
VOLUME DAMPER
MAKEUP WATER MU
UNIT VENTILATOR
PLAN EXHAUST, RETURN OR
OUTSIDE AIR DUCT 20 X 12 AIR RELIEF LINE V
SECTION
STEAM FUEL OIL SUCTION FOS

SUPPLY DUCT 20 X 12
SECTION FUEL OIL RETURN FOR

DUPLEX STRAINER
FUEL OIL VENT FOV
CEILING DIFFUSER
SUPPLY OUTLET 20" DIA CD
PRESSURE-REDUCING 1000 CFM
COMPRESSED AIR A
VALVE
HOT WATER HW
CEILING DIFFUSER 20 X 12 CD HEATING SUPPLY
SUPPLY OUTLET 700 CFM
AIR LINE VALVE HOT WATER HWR
HEATING RETURN

LINEAR DIFFUSER AIR CONDITIONING PIPING

STRAINER 96 X 6-LD
400 CFM
REFRIGERANT LIQUID RL

20 X 12 FR REFRIGERANT
THERMOMETER FLOOR REGISTER 700 CFM RD
DISCHARGE

REFRIGERANT SUCTION RS
PRESSURE GAUGE
AND COCK TURNING VANES CONDENSER CWS
WATER SUPPLY
CONDENSER
RELIEF VALVE WATER RETURN
CWR

FAN AND MOTOR CHILLED WATER SUPPLY CHWS

AUTOMATIC WITH BELT
3-WAY VALVE GUARD
CHILLED WATER RETURN CHWR

AUTOMATIC MAKEUP WATER MU

2-WAY VALVE

20 X 12-L HUMIDIFICATION LINE H

S LOUVER OPENING 700 CFM
SOLENOID VALVE
DRAIN D

©1999 American Technical Publishers, Inc.

 ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS . . .
LIGHTING OUTLETS CONVENIENCE OUTLETS SWITCH OUTLETS

OUTLET BOX SINGLE RECEPTACLE OUTLET

AND INCANDESCENT SINGLE-POLE SWITCH
LIGHTING FIXTURE CEILING WALL

DUPLEX RECEPTACLE OUTLET

INCANDESCENT DOUBLE-POLE SWITCH 2
TRACK LIGHTING
TRIPLEX RECEPTACLE OUTLET
THREE-WAY SWITCH 3
BLANKED OUTLET B B
SPLIT-WIRED DUPLEX
RECEPTACLE OUTLET
FOUR-WAY SWITCH 4
SPLIT-WIRED TRIPLEX
DROP CORD D
RECEPTACLE OUTLET
AUTOMATIC DOOR SWITCH
SINGLE SPECIAL-PURPOSE D
EXIT LIGHT AND OUTLET RECEPTACLE OUTLET
BOX. SHADED AREAS
DENOTE FACES.
DUPLEX SPECIAL-PURPOSE KEY-OPERATED SWITCH K
RECEPTACLE OUTLET
OUTDOOR POLE-MOUNTED
FIXTURES
RANGE OUTLET R CIRCUIT BREAKER CB

JUNCTION BOX J J SPECIAL-PURPOSE

DW WEATHERPROOF
CONNECTION
CIRCUIT BREAKER WCB

CLOSED-CIRCUIT
LAMPHOLDER L L TELEVISION CAMERA
WITH PULL SWITCH PS PS DIMMER DM

CLOCK HANGER RECEPTACLE C

MULTIPLE FLOODLIGHT REMOTE CONTROL SWITCH

ASSEMBLY RC

FAN HANGER RECEPTACLE F

EMERGENCY BATTERY PACK WEATHERPROOF SWITCH

B

FLOOR SINGLE RECEPTACLE WP

WITH CHARGER
OUTLET

FLOOR DUPLEX RECEPTACLE FUSED SWITCH

INDIVIDUAL F
FLUORESCENT FIXTURE OUTLET

FLOOR SPECIAL- WEATHERPROOF FUSED

OUTLET BOX AND PURPOSE OUTLET SWITCH WF
FLUORESCENT
LIGHTING TRACK FIXTURE
UNDERFLOOR DUCT AND
JUNCTION BOX FOR TRIPLE, TIME SWITCH T
CONTINUOUS DOUBLE, OR SINGLE DUCT
FLUORESCENT SYSTEM AS INDICATED BY
FIXTURE NUMBER OF PARALLEL LINES
CEILING PULL SWITCH
BUSDUCTS AND WIREWAYS
SURFACE-MOUNTED
FLUORESCENT FIXTURE SWITCH AND SINGLE
SERVICE, FEEDER, RECEPTACLE
OR PLUG-IN B B B
BUSWAY
PANELBOARDS
SWITCH AND DOUBLE
RECEPTACLE
FLUSH-MOUNTED CABLE THROUGH
PANELBOARD LADDER OR C C C
AND CABINET CHANNEL A STANDARD SYMBOL WITH a.b
AN ADDED LOWERCASE
SUBSCRIPT LETTER IS a.b
SURFACE-MOUNTED USED TO DESIGNATE A
PANELBOARD WIREWAY W W W VARIATION IN STANDARD
AND CABINET EQUIPMENT a.b

©1999 American Technical Publishers, Inc.

 . . . ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS
COMMERCIAL AND UNDERGROUND ELECTRICAL PANEL CIRCUITS
INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS DISTRIBUTION OR ELECTRICAL AND MISCELLANEOUS
LIGHTING SYSTEMS

PAGING SYSTEM DEVICE LIGHTING PANEL

MANHOLE M

FIRE ALARM POWER PANEL

SYSTEM DEVICE
HANDHOLE H WIRING CONCEALED
COMPUTER DATA IN CEILING OR WALL
SYSTEM DEVICE
TRANSFORMER- WIRING CONCEALED
TM IN FLOOR
MANHOLE OR VAULT
PRIVATE TELEPHONE
SYSTEM DEVICE
WIRING EXPOSED
TRANSFORMER PAD TP
SOUND SYSTEM
HOME RUN TO
PANEL BOARD
UNDERGROUND Indicate number of circuits
FIRE ALARM DIRECT BURIAL CABLE by number of arrows. Any
CONTROL PANEL FACP circuit without such designation
indicates a two-wire circuit. For
a greater number of wires indicate
SIGNALING SYSTEM UNDERGROUND as follows: (3 wires)
OUTLETS FOR DUCT LINE (4 wires), etc.
RESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS

STREET LIGHT
PUSHBUTTON STANDARD FED FROM FEEDERS
UNDERGROUND CIRCUIT Use heavy lines and
designate by number
corresponding to
BUZZER
ABOVE-GROUND listing in feeder
ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION schedule
OR LIGHTING SYSTEMS

BELL POLE WIRING TURNED UP

BELL AND BUZZER STREET LIGHT WIRING TURNED DOWN

COMBINATION AND BRACKET

GENERATOR G
COMPUTER DATA OUTLET PRIMARY CIRCUIT

MOTOR M
BELL RINGING
TRANSFORMER BT SECONDARY CIRCUIT

INSTRUMENT (SPECIFY) I

ELECTRIC DOOR OPENER D DOWN GUY

TRANSFORMER T

CHIME CH HEAD GUY

CONTROLLER

TELEVISION OUTLET TV SIDEWALK GUY EXTERNALLY-OPERATED

DISCONNECT SWITCH

THERMOSTAT T SERVICE WEATHERHEAD PULL BOX

©1999 American Technical Publishers, Inc.

 FLUID POWER GRAPHIC SYMBOLS . . .
LINES QUICK DISCONNECTS

SOLID (MAIN LINE)

CONNECTED DISCONNECTED

DASHED (PILOT LINE)

WITHOUT CHECKS

DOTTED (DRAIN LINE)

CONNECTED DISCONNECTED
WITH TWO CHECKS
CENTER (ENCLOSURE LINE)

ARROWS
CONNECTED DISCONNECTED
WITH ONE CHECK

ADJUSTABLE ADJUSTABLE ACCUMULATORS

SPRING PRESSURE FLOW
CONTROL

ELECTRIC
MOTOR
SPRING LOADED GAS CHARGED WEIGHTED
PUMP
PRESSURE
REDUCING RESERVOIRS

DIRECTION OF FLOW

VENTED PRESSURIZED SIMPLIFIED SYMBOL

PNEUMATIC HYDRAULIC
HEAT EXCHANGERS
FLOW LINES HEATING COOLING

FIXED FLEXIBLE
RESTRICTION LINE
LIQUID GASEOUS LIQUID GASEOUS
TO HEAT TO COOL
RECEIVER FILTER STRAINER FILTER SEPARATORS

MANUAL DRAIN AUTOMATIC DRAIN

 2001 by American Technical Publishers, Inc.

 . . . FLUID POWER GRAPHIC SYMBOLS . . .
AIR DRYER LUBRICATORS INSTRUMENTS

DESSICANT NO DRAIN MAUAL DRAIN

PRESSURE
GAUGE
ACTUATORS AND CONTROLS

FLOW METER

SPRING MANUAL PUSHBUTTON LEVER

INDICATING AND RECORDING

PEDAL OR MECHANICAL DETENT SOLENOID

TREADLE

M VENTURI

REVERSING INTERNAL PILOT CONTROLLED, SPRING CENTERED

MOTOR PILOT SUPPLY

PNEUMATIC NOZZLE

SOLENOID OR PILOT SOLENOID OR PILOT SOLENOID AND PILOT

EXTERNAL SUPPLY INTERNAL SUPPLY
AND EXHAUST

HYDRAULIC NOZZLE

THERMAL SERVO SOLENOID SOLENOID AND

LOCAL SENSING OR PILOT
MANUAL OR MANUAL

CYLINDERS ACCESSORIES

SINGLE-ACTING SINGLE-ACTING DOUBLE-ACTING

PRESSURE SWITCH
SPRING RETURN SINGLE END ROD

DOUBLE-ACTING PRESSURE INTENSIFIER MUFFLER

DOUBLE END ROD

 2001 by American Technical Publishers, Inc.

 . . . FLUID POWER GRAPHIC SYMBOLS
HYDRAULIC PUMPS PNEUMATIC PUMPS PNEUMATIC MOTORS

FIXED VARIABLE
UNIDIRECTIONAL BIDIRECTIONAL
DISPLACEMENT DISPLACEMENT
FIXED DISPLACEMENT COMPRESSOR PRESSURE UNIDIRECTIONAL BIDIRECTIONAL
COMPENSATED
COMPRESSOR

OSCILLATORS PRIME MOVERS

PNEUMATIC HYDRAULIC ELECTRIC COMBUSTION

MOTOR ENGINE
VALVES

UNIDIRECTIONAL BIDIRECTIONAL
MANUAL SHUT-OFF CHECK NORMALLY CLOSED NORMALLY OPEN
VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT,
MANUALLY COMPENSATED TWO-WAY, TWO POSITION

NORMALLY CLOSED NORMALLY OPEN TWO POSITION THREE POSITION

THREE-WAY, TWO POSITION FOUR-WAY VALVES

PRESSURE AND FLOW VALVES

UNIDIRECTIONAL BIDIRECTIONAL
VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT,
PRESSURE COMPENSATED

HYDRAULIC MOTORS
ACTUATED NON-ACTUATED SEQUENCE REDUCING
RELIEF

UNIDIRECTIONAL BIDIRECTIONAL UNLOADING VENTED

INFINITE POSITIONING PRESSURE
FIXED DISPLACEMENT
FOUR-WAY VALVE REGULATOR

UNIDIRECTIONAL BIDIRECTIONAL FLOW CONTROL FLOW CONTROL FLOW CONTROL

VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT ADJUSTABLE, ADJUSTABLE ADJUSTABLE AND PRESSURE
NON-COMPENSATED WITH BYPASS COMPENSATED WITH BYPASS

 2001 by American Technical Publishers, Inc.

 ARCHITECTURAL SYMBOLS . . .
Material Elevation Plan Section

EARTH

COMMON OR FACE
BRICK SAME AS PLAN VIEWS

WITH NOTE INDICATING

TYPE OF BRICK
(COMMON, FACE, ETC.) FIREBRICK

LIGHTWEIGHT
CONCRETE SAME AS PLAN VIEWS

STRUCTURAL

CONCRETE OR OR
BLOCK

CUT STONE RUBBLE CUT STONE

STONE

CAST STONE RUBBLE OR

CUT STONE RUBBLE CAST STONE (CONCRETE) CUT STONE
(CONCRETE)

WOOD STUD

WOOD
REMODELING

ROUGH FINISHED PLYWOOD

SIDING PANEL DISPLAY MEMBERS MEMBERS

WOOD STUD, LATH, AND PLASTER

PLASTER
METAL LATH AND PLASTER

LATH AND
SOLID PLASTER PLASTER

ROOFING SAME AS ELEVATION VIEW

SHINGLES

OR GLASS

GLASS

SMALL LARGE
GLASS BLOCK GLASS BLOCK SCALE SCALE

©1999 American Technical Publishers, Inc.

 . . . ARCHITECTURAL SYMBOLS
Material Elevation Plan Section

CERAMIC TILE
LARGE SCALE
FACING
TILE
CERAMIC TILE FLOOR TILE CERAMIC TILE
SMALL SCALE

STRUCTURAL SAME AS PLAN VIEW

CLAY TILE

LOOSE FILL OR BATTS

INSULATION SAME AS PLAN VIEWS

RIGID

SPRAY FOAM

SHEET METAL OCCASIONALLY

INDICATED BY NOTE
FLASHING

STEEL CAST IRON

METALS OTHER INDICATED BY NOTE
SAME AS ELEVATION
OR DRAWN TO SCALE
THAN FLASHING
SMALL
SCALE ALUMINUM BRONZE
OR BRASS

REBARS

STRUCTURAL INDICATED BY NOTE

OR
OR DRAWN TO SCALE
STEEL
SMALL LARGE
SCALE SCALE
L-ANGLES, S-BEAMS, ETC.

PLOT PLAN SYMBOLS

E
ELECTRIC
NORTH FIRE HYDRANT WALK OR SERVICE
N

G
POINT OF IMPROVED NATURAL
MAILBOX OR
BEGINNING (POB) ROAD GAS LINE

W
UTILITY METER UNIMPROVED
MANHOLE OR WATER LINE
OR VALVE ROAD

T
POWER POLE BUILDING TELEPHONE
TREE OR
AND GUY LINE LINE

PROPERTY NATURAL
LIGHT STANDARD BUSH
LINE GRADE

PROPERTY FINISH
TRAFFIC SIGNAL HEDGE ROW
LINE GRADE

TOWNSHIP EXISTING
STREET SIGN FENCE + XX.00
LINE ELEVATION

©1999 American Technical Publishers, Inc.

 ALPHABET OF LINES
NAME AND USE CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION EXAMPLE

OBJECT LINE

THICK
OBJECT LINE
Define shape.
Outline and detail objects.

1
8 (3 mm) HIDDEN LINE
THIN
HIDDEN LINE
Show hidden features. 1
32 (0.75 mm)

CENTER LINE
1
16 (1.5 mm)
THIN
CENTER LINE
1
Locate centerpoints of 8 (3 mm)
arcs and circles. 3 1
4 (18 mm) TO 12 (36 mm) CENTERPOINT

DIMENSION LINE DIMENSION DIMENSION DIMENSION

LINE LINE
Show size or location. THIN

EXTENSION LINE EXTENSION

LINE
Define size or location. EXTENSION LINE

OPEN ARROWHEAD
LEADER
LEADER THIN
Call out specific features. X
CLOSED
ARROWHEAD 3X

THICK LETTER IDENTIFIES

1
(3 mm)
1
(1.5 mm) A A SECTION VIEW
8 16
CUTTING PLANE
Show internal features. A A
3
(18 mm) TO CUTTING
4 PLANE LINE
1
1 2 (36 mm)

1
16 (1.5 mm)
THIN
SECTION LINE
SECTION LINES
Identify internal features.

3 1
4 (18 mm) TO 12 (36 mm) LONG BREAK
BREAK LINE LINE
Show long breaks.
THIN
SHORT BREAK
LINE
BREAK LINE FREEHAND THICK
Show short breaks.

©1999 American Technical Publishers, Inc.

 AREA PLANE FIGURES VOLUME ENDASH
SOLID FIGURES

A =l xw V =l xw xh
where where
A = area w V = volume h
l = length l = length
w = width w = width
h = height
l l w

SQUARE OR RECTANGLE RIGHT RECTANGULAR PRISM

1
A= 2
xbxh V= 1
x xd
3
6
where h d
A = area where
b = base V = volume
h = height = 3.1416
d = diameter

b
RIGHT TRIANGLE SPHERE

r r
2
A= r2 V= r xh
where where
A = area V = volume h
= 3.1416 = 3.1416
r = radius r = radius
h = height

CIRCLE CYLINDER

DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS OF AN INCH

1⁄ Fraction1⁄ Decimal Fraction Decimal Fraction Decimal Fraction Decimal
2 2
1⁄ 0.015625 17 ⁄64 0.265625 33 ⁄64 0.515625 49 ⁄64 0.765625
64
1⁄ 0.03125 9 ⁄32 0.28125 17 ⁄32 0.53125 25 ⁄32 0.78125
32
3⁄ 0.046875 19 ⁄64 0.296875 35 ⁄64 0.546875 51 ⁄64 0.796875
64
1⁄ 0.0625 5 ⁄16 0.3125 9 ⁄16 0.5625 13 ⁄16 0.8125
16
5 ⁄64 0.078125 21 ⁄64 0.328125 37 ⁄64 0.578125 53 ⁄64 0.828125
3 ⁄32 0.09375 11 ⁄32 0.34375 19 ⁄32 0.59375 27 ⁄32 0.84375
7 ⁄64 0.109375 23 ⁄64 0.359375 39 ⁄64 0.609375 55 ⁄64 0.859375
1 ⁄8 0.125 3 ⁄8 0.375 5 ⁄8 0.625 7 ⁄8 0.875
9 ⁄64 0.140625 25 ⁄64 0.390625 41 ⁄64 0.640625 57 ⁄64 0.890625
5 ⁄32 0.15625 13 ⁄32 0.40625 21 ⁄32 0.65625 29 ⁄32 0.90625
11 ⁄64 0.171875 27 ⁄64 0.421875 43 ⁄64 0.671875 59 ⁄64 0.921875
3 ⁄16 0.1875 7 ⁄16 0.4375 11 ⁄16 0.6875 15 ⁄16 0.9375
13 ⁄64 0.203125 29 ⁄64 0.453125 45 ⁄64 0.703125 61 ⁄64 0.953125
7 ⁄32 0.21875 15 ⁄32 0.46875 23 ⁄32 0.71875 31 ⁄32 0.96875
15 ⁄64 0.234375 31 ⁄64 0.484375 47 ⁄64 0.734375 63 ⁄64 0.984375
1 ⁄4 0.250 1 ⁄2 0.500 3 ⁄4 0.750 1 1.000

©1999 American Technical Publishers, Inc.

 ABBREVIATIONS . . .

A bridge BRDG corrugated CORR

bronze BRZ counterclockwise CCW
abbreviation ABBR
brown BR counter electromotive force CEMF
acoustic ACST
building BL or BLDG county CO
acoustical tile ACT. or AT.
building line BL cubic CU
adhesive ADD. or ADH
built-up roofing BUR cubic foot CU FT
adjustable ADJ
bypass BYP cubic foot per minute CFM
adjustable-trip circuit breaker ATCB
cubic foot per second CFS
aggregate AGGR
cubic inch CU IN.
aileron AIL
C cubic yard CU YD
air conditioner A/C
cabinet CAB. current I
air handler A/H
cable CA current transformer CT
air tight AT
Cable Antenna Television CATV cut out CO
alarm ALM
cantilever CANTIL cycles per second CPS
alloy ALY
alternating current AC capacitor CAP.
aluminum Al cased opening CO
casement CSMT D
ambient AMB
Ambulatory Health Care Center AHCC casing CSG damper DMPR
American National Standards Institute ANSI cast iron CI dampproofing DP
American Wire Gauge AWG cast-iron pipe CIP dead load DL
ammeter A or AM cast steel CS decibel DB
ampere A or AMP cast stone CS or CST deck DK
ampere interrupting rating AIR. catch basin CB demolition DML
amps A cathode K depth DP
anchor bolt AB ceiling CLG detail DET or DTL
anode A cellar CEL diagonal DIAG
antenna ANT. Celsius °C diagram DIAG
apartment APT cement CEM diameter D or DIA
appliance APPL cement floor CF dimension DIM.
approved APPD or APVD center CTR dimmer DMR
approximate APPROX centerline CL dining room DR
approximately APPROX center-to-center C to C diode DIO
architectural ARCH. centigrade C direct current DC
architecture ARCH. central processing unit CPU disconnect switch DS
area A ceramic CER dishwasher DW
area drain AD ceramic tile CT distribution DISTR
armature A or ARM. ceramic-tile floor CTF distribution panel DPNL
asphalt ASPH channel CHAN division DIV
asphalt tile AT. chapter CH door DR
as required AR chimney CHM dormer DRM
Assured Equipment Grounding circuit CIR or CKT double-acting DBL ACT
Program AEGP circuit breaker CB double hung window DHW
astragal A circuit interrupter CI double-pole DP
Authority Having Jurisdiction AHJ circular mils CM double-pole double-throw DPDT
automatic AU or AUTO cleanout CO double-pole double-throw switch DPDT SW
automatic sprinkler AS clockwise CW double-pole single-throw DPST
auxiliary AUX closet CLO double-pole single-throw switch DPST SW
avenue AVE coarse CRS double-pole switch DP SW
azimuth AZ coated CTD double strength glass DSG
coaxial COAX double-throw DT
Code-Making Panel CMP down D or DN
B cold air CA downspout DS
basement BSMT cold water CW drain DR
bathroom B column COL drain tile DT
bathtub BT compacted COMP drawing DWG
battery (electric) BAT. concrete CONC drinking fountain DF
beam BM concrete block CCB or CONC BLK drum switch DS
bearing BRG concrete floor CCF dryer D
bearing plate BPL or BRG PL concrete pipe CP drywall DW
bedroom BR condenser COND duplex DX
benchmark BM conductor resistivity K dust tight DT
black BK conduit C or CND dutch door DD
block BLK construction joint CJ duty cycle DTY CY
blocking BLKG continuous CONT dynamic braking contactor or relay DB
blue BL contour CTR
board BD control CONT
board foot BF control joint CJ or CLJ E
bonding jumper BJ control relay CR each EA
boulevard BLVD control relay master CRM east E
brake relay BR copper Cu efficiency Eff
brass BRS corner COR ejector pump EP
brick BRK cornice COR electric ELEC

©1999 American Technical Publishers, Inc.

 . . . ABBREVIATIONS . . .

electrical ELEC frequency FREQ inch IN.

electrical metallic tubing EMT front view FV inch per second IPS
electric panel EP full-load amps FLA inch-pound IN. LB
electromechanical ELMCH full-load current FLC infrared IR
electromotive force EMF full-load torque FLT inside diameter ID
electronic ELEK furnace FUR. instantaneous overload IOL
elevation EL furring FUR. instantaneous-trip circuit breaker ITB
elevator ELEV fuse FU insulation INSUL
enamel ENAM fuse block FB integrated circuit IC
entrance ENTR fuse box FUBX interior INT or INTR
equipment EQPT fuse holder FUHLR interlock INTLK
equipment bonding jumper EBJ fusible FSBL intermediate INT
equipment grounding conductor EGC future FUT intermediate metal conduit IMC
equivalent EQUIV International Electrotechnical
estimate EST Commission IEC
excavate EXC G interrupt INT
exception Ex. gallon per hour GPH inverse time breaker ITB
exhaust EXH gallon per minute GPM inverse-time circuit breaker ITCB
existing EXIST. or EXST galvanized GALV iron I
expanded metal EM garage GAR iron pipe IP
expansion joint EXP JT gas G isolated ground IG
explosionproof EP gate G
exterior EXT gauge GA
exterior grade EXT GR generator GEN
J
glass GL or GLS jamb JB or JMB
glass block GLB joint JT
F glaze GLZ joist J or JST
face brick FB gold Au junction JCT
Fahrenheit °F grade GR junction box JB
fast F grade line GL
field F gravel GVL
figure FIG. gray GY K
fine print note FPN green G or GR key way KWY
finish FNSH gross vehicle weight GVW kick plate KPL
finish all over FAO ground G, GND, GRD, or GRND kiln-dried KD
finished floor FNSH FL grounded (outlet) G kilo (1000) k
finished grade FG or FIN GR ground-fault circuit interrupter GFCI 1000 circular mils kcmil
finish one side F1S ground fault protection of equipment GFPE 1000′ kFT
finish two sides F2S grounding electrode conductor GEC kilovolt amps kVA
firebrick FBCK grounding electrode system GES kilowatt kW
fire door FDR gypsum GYP kilowatt-hour kWh
fire extinguisher FEXT gypsum sheathing board GSB kitchen K or KIT.
fire hydrant FHY knife switch KN SW
fireplace FP knockout KO
fireproof FPRF H
fire wall FW hand-off-auto HOA
fixed window FX WDW handrail HNDRL L
fixture FXTR hardboard HBD lamp LT
flammable FLMB hardware HDW lath LTH
flashing FL hardwood HDWD laundry LAU
flat FL hazardous HAZ laundry tray LT
flexible metallic conduit FMC header HDR lavatory LAV
float switch FS heating HTG left L
floor FL heating, air-conditioning, refrigeration HACR left hand LH
floor drain FD heating, ventilating, and air less-flammable, liquid-insulated LFLI
flooring FLG or FLR conditioning HVAC library LBRY or LIB
floor line FL heavy-duty HD light LT
flow switch FLS hertz Hz lighting LTG
fluorescent FLUOR or FLUR highway HWY lighting panel LP
flush FL hollow core HC lights LTS
flush mount FLMT hollow metal door HMD limit switch LS
footing FTG horizontal HOR line L
foot per minute FPM horsepower HP linoleum LINO or LINOL
foot per second FPS hose bibb HB lintel LNTL
foot switch FTS hot water HW live load LL
forward F or FWD hot water heater HWH living room LR
foundation FDN hours HRS load L
four-pole 4P hydraulic HYDR location LOC
four-pole double-throw switch 4PDT SW locked-rotor ampacity LRA
four-pole single-throw switch 4PST SW locked-rotor current LRC
four-pole switch 4PSW I louver LVR or LV
frame FR immersion detection circuit interrupter IDCI lumber LBR

©1999 American Technical Publishers, Inc.

 . . . ABBREVIATIONS . . .

M opening OPNG quarry-tile roof QTR

open web joist OJ or OWJ quart QT
magnetic brake MB
orange O quick-acting QA
main MN
ounces per inch OZ/IN.
main bonding jumper MBJ
outlet OUT.
main control center MCC R
outside diameter OD
manhole MH
overall OA radius R
manual MAN., MN, or MNL
overcurrent OC raintight RT
manufacturer MFR
overcurrent protection device OCPD random RDM or RNDM
marble MRB
overhang OVHG range R or RNG
masonry MSNRY
overhead OH. receipt of comments ROC
masonry opening MO
overload OL receipt of proposals ROP
material MATL or MTL
overload relay OL receptacle RECEPT or RCPT
maximum MAX
maximum working pressure MWP recess REC
mechanical MECH recessed REC
medicine cabinet MC P rectifier REC
medium MED red R
paint PNT reference REF
memory MEM painted PTD
metal MET or MTL refrigerator REF
pair PR register REG or RGTR
metal anchor MA panel PNL
metal door METD reinforce RE
pantry PAN. reinforced concrete RC
metal flashing METF parallel PRL
metal jalousie METJ reinforcing steel RST
peak-to-peak P-P reinforcing steel bar REBAR
metal lath and plaster MLP perpendicular PERP required REQD
metal threshold MT personal computer PC resistance R
mezzanine MEZZ phase PH resistor R or RES
miles per gallon MPG piece PC return RTN
miles per hour MPH piling PLG reverse R or REV
minimum MIN pillar PLR reverse-acting RACT
mirror MIR pilot light PL revision REV
miscellaneous MISC piping PP revolutions per minute RPM
molding MLDG pitch P revolutions per second RPS
monolithic ML plank PLK rheostat RH
mortar MOR plaster PLAS ribbed RIB
motor M, MOT, or MTR plastic PLSTC right R
motor branch-circuit, short-circuit, plate PL
ground-fault MBCSCGF right hand RH
plate glass PLGL rigid RGD
motor circuit switch MCS plugging switch PLS
motor control center MCC riser R
plumbing PLMB or PLBG road RD
motor starter M plywood PLYWD
motor switch MS roll roofing RR
pneumatic PNEU roof RF
mounted MTD point of beginning POB roof drain RD
pole P roofing RFG
polyvinyl chloride PVC room R or RM
N porcelain PORC root mean square RMS
porch P rotor RTR
nameplate NPL
positive POS
National Electrical Code® NEC® rough RGH
pound(s) LB rough opening RO
National Electrical Manufacturers
pounds per feet LB-FT rough sawn RS
Association NEMA
pounds per inch LB-IN.
National Electrical Safety Code NESC
pounds per square foot PSF
National Fire Protection Association NFPA
pounds per square inch PSI
negative NEG S
power P or PWR
net weight NTWT
power consumed P safety switch SSW
neutral N or NEUT
power factor PF sanitary SAN
nominal NOM
precast PRCST scale SC
nonadjustable-trip circuit breaker NATCB
prefabricated PFB or PREFAB schedule SCH or SCHED
non-time delay fuse NTDF
prefinished PFN screen SCR
normally closed NC
pressure switch PS scuttle S
normally open NO
primary switch PRI secondary SEC
north N
property line PL section SECT
nosing NOS
pull box PB selector switch SS
not to scale NTS
pull switch PS series S
number NO.
pull-up torque PUT service SERV
pushbutton PB service entrance SE
service factor SF
O sewer SEW.
Occupational Safety and Health shake SHK
Administration OSHA Q sheathing SHTHG
ohmmeter OHM. quadrant QDRNT sheet SH or SHT
on center OC quantity QTY sheet metal SM
opaque OPA quarry tile QT shelf and rod SH & RD

©1999 American Technical Publishers, Inc.

 . . . ABBREVIATIONS

shelving SHELV T V
shingle SHGL
shower SH telephone TEL valley VAL
shutter SHTR television TV valve V
siding SDG temperature TEMP vapor seal VS
silicon controlled rectifier SCR tempered TEMP vaportight VT
terazzo TER vent V
sill cock SC
terminal T or TERM. ventilation VENT.
silver Ag
terminal board TB vent pipe VP
single-phase 1PH
terra cotta TC vent stack VS
single-pole SP
thermal THRM vertical V or VERT
single-pole circuit breaker SPCB
thermally protected TP vinyl tile VTILE or VT
single-pole double-throw SPDT
thermostat THERMO violet V
single-pole double-throw switch SPDT SW thermostat switch THS
single-pole single-throw SPST volt V
three-phase 3PH
single-pole single-throw switch SPST SW voltage E or V
three-pole 3P
single-pole switch SP SW voltage drop VD
three-pole double-throw 3PDT
single strength glass SSG volt amps VA
three-pole single-throw 3PST
sink S or SK volts V
three-way 3WAY
skylight SLT volts alternating current VAC
three-wire 3W
slate S, SL, or SLT volts direct current VDC
threshold TH
sliding door SLD volume VOL
time T
slope SLP time delay TD
slow S time-delay fuse TDF
smoke detector SD time delay relay TR W
socket SOC toilet T
soffit SF tongue-and-groove T & G wainscot WAIN
soil pipe SP torque T walk-in closet WIC
solenoid SOL transformer T, TRANS, or XFMR warm air WA
solid core SC transformer, primary side H washing machine WM
south S transformer, secondary side X waste pipe WP
spare SP tread TR waste stack WS
specification SPEC triple-pole double-throw 3PDT water WTR
splash block SB triple-pole double-throw switch 3PDT SW water closet WC
square SQ triple-pole single-throw 3PST water heater WH
triple-pole single-throw switch 3PST SW water meter WM
square foot SQ FT
triple-pole switch 3P SW waterproof WP
square inch SQ IN.
truss TR watt(s) W
square yard SQ YD
two-phase 2PH weatherproof WP
stack STK
two-pole DP welded WLD
stainless steel SST
two-pole double-throw DPDT welded wire fabric WWF
stairs ST
two-pole single-throw DPST
standard STD west W
typical TYP
standpipe SP white W
starter START or STR wide flange WF
steel STL wire gauge WG
stone STN U wire mesh WM
storage STOR with W/
unclamp UCL
street ST without W/O
underground UGND
structural glass SG wood WD
underground feeder UF
sump pump SP wrought iron WI
undervoltage UV
supply SPLY Underwriters Laboratories Inc. UL
surface four sides S4S unexcavated UNEXC
surface one side S1S unfinished UNFIN Y
switch S or SW up U
switched disconnect SWD utility room U RM yellow Y

©1999 American Technical Publishers, Inc.