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Key words : Acute Otitis Media (AOM), Azithromycin, clinical efficacy, Co-amoxiclave,
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Onaiza Abid Khan et al / J Biomed Sci and Res., Vol 3 (1), 2011,332-338
333
Onaiza Abid Khan et al / J Biomed Sci and Res., Vol 3 (1), 2011,332-338
there was a lower incidence of side effects most commonly prescribed medicines w ere
in the azithromycin group.[10] documented.
In chil dren with acute otitis me dia,
azithromy cin given once daily for 5 ays RESULTS
and azith romycin was signi icantly b etter The stud y was ca rried out on 25 out patients of
tolerated.amoxicillin/clavulanate given t hree Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore A well designed
times daily for 10 days had sim ilar Performa was made to collect the data and then
efficacy; however, azithr omycin was it was evaluated.
significantly better tolerated.[1 ]
100
MATERIALS AND METHODS
percentage
80 68 .00
Retrospect ive study was carr ied on acute
otitis med ia outpatients. To carry out the
60
study, Sir Ganga R am hospital, Lahore was
targeted. The hospi tal has a separate NT
department. The st udy was designed with
40 32
an aim t o learn about the most comm only
used medications fo r the treat ment of Acute
20
Otitis M edia, And to study the clin ical efficacy
of amoxicillin vs azithromycin. The study
included dir ct interaction with 25 0
patients of either se x belongi g toany age male fem ale
group suffering fr m acute otitis me dia. se x
The patie nts were evaluated on the basi s of
questionna ire. Dif erent pa rameters on Fig ure 1: Ge der group (n=25)
sociodemo graphic basis including age, Percentage of females suffering from ac ute
gender, socio-econ mic stat us , clin ical otitis med a was more.
signs and symptoms, family h story of acute Figure 2 shows that mostly pati nts belonged to
otitis m edia, tob cco smoke exposure, age gro up 20-30 y ears.
recurrent attcks of acute otitis media and
100
80
percentages
60
40 28 24
20
20 16
12
0
age
Figure 2: Ager gr oup (n=25)
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Onaiza Abid Khan et al / J Biomed Sci and Res., Vol 3 (1), 2011,332-338
Figure 3 depicts that most of the patients 56% pa tients w ere suf fering fr om
had a po r social back-ground. fever/cough in conju nction with acute otitis
Figure 4 shows w ich ear of the patients media .The re was temporary h earing loss in
was involved in the disease. 72% of patients.There was dr ainage of pus
Figure 5 88% of patients w ere suffering from the ears of 80 % patients.
from ear ache 100
100
percentage
80 90 72
80
percentage
60 40
70
40 32 28 60
50
20 40 28
0 30
20
poor middle class rich
10
soc ioeconomi status 0
yesno
Figure conomic status (n=2 )
3: Socio-e temporary hearing loss
100 Figure 6 : Temporary hearing loss (n=25)
percentage
90 56
percentage
80
70
60 44
50 36 44
40
30 20
20
10
0
right lef both ears
yes no
ear inovolved ha ving fever/ cough
Fig ure 4: Ear involved (n=25) Fig ure 7: Fever/cough (n=25)
100 88 100
90 90 80
80
percentage
percentage
80 40
70
70 60
60 50
50 30 20
40
30 12 20
20 10
10 0
0 yes no
yes ear ache no drainage of pu s
F igure 5:
Ear ache ( n=25) Figu re 8 : Drainage of pus (n=25)
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Onaiza Abid Khan et al / J Biomed Sci and Res., Vol 3 (1), 2011,332-338
100
100
percentages
80
percentage
80
40 56 60
60
44
40 36 28
20 20 16 20
0 0
yes no
tobacco smoke exposure
Figure 9: Tobacco smoke exposure (n=2 5)
100
drugs
90 Figure 1 2: Drugs used in treatment of acute
80 otiti s media (n=25)
percentage
70 60
60
Amoxicillin was the most commo nly
50 40 prescribed antibiotic in acute otitis media.
40
30 DISCUSS ION
20
10 Otitis med ia is a bacterial or viral infec ion of
0 the middle ear . Middle ear infections
yes no often occ rs as a complication of a c old,
having fam ily history of otitis media allergies, nose and throat infection, or
Figure 10 : Family enlarged adenoids. Middle ear infections
history of AOM (n= 5) usually cl ear up w ithout complication or
The patients who ere exposed to tob cco long-term effects. In fection is caused when
smoke e xposure w ere more at risk of bacteria a nd/or virus es enter the Eustach ian
developin g AOM. 60% patie nts were with tube from the nose or throat and beco me
family history acu te otitis media. T here trapped in the middle ear, produc ing
were recurrent attacks of AO M in majo rity inflammation, collection of pus, and
of patient s. pressure. This results in pain and,sinc it
100 80 keeps the eardrum from vibrating freely,
diminished hearing. Infection usually occ urs
80 when the Eustachian tube is not function ing
Percentage
60
properly, often as a result of inflammat ion
and swell ing caused by a co ld or allergy
40 attack. B cteria are responsib le for ab out
90-95% o f cases of otitis me ia. The m ost
20 20 common bacteri al offenders are
0 no
Streptococcus pne moniae, Haemophilus
influenzae and Moraxella catar halis.
yes The most promine nt sympt om of ac ute
Recurre nt attacks of AOM otitis med ia is earache, often found toge her
with the following signs and symptoms:
Figure 1 1: Recurrent attac ks of AOM Runny or stuffy nose, cough, fe ver,
(n=25) drainage of pus fro m the e ar, tempor ary
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Onaiza Abid Khan et al / J Biomed Sci and Res., Vol 3 (1), 2011,332-338
hearing loss, dizziness, fussiness, irritability and affected,36% right ear and 20% their both ears
difficulty sleeping in infants and younger affected by the disease. Among the all
children. Factors that increase the risk for acute patients,88% complained about the ear-
otitis media include: Multiple upper respiratory ache.72% said that they suffer from a temporary
infections, certain medical hearing loss.56% said that they also have fever
conditions e.g cleft palate , Down's or cough. Majority of the patients about 80%
syndrome, allergies. had complains of drainage of pus from the
A physician can diagnose acute otitis media by affected ear.56% patients upon asking said that
careful examination of the ear with an otoscope, they were being exposed to tobacco smoke
looking for redness and fluid or pus behind the exposure either by smoking themselves or by a
eardrum and seeing how well the eardrum family member. Tobacco smoke exposure is
moves in response to air pressure. Physicians considered a risk factor for the occurrence of
have several tests they can perform to help them AOM. About 60% of the patients had a family
determine the severity of the problem and history of AOM which is also a risk factor for
decide on a course of treatment: An audiogram the patients. Apart from family history, one
determines hearing acuity by sounding tones at major risk factor is allergy which may lead to
various pitch levels. Hearing is usually AOM. 80% of the patients suffered from the
diminished in recurrent attacks of AOM which is a common
infected ears. Acoustic reflectometry complain of the concerned disease. Sometimes
determines the presence of fluid in the AOM is seen more often in the cold season due
middle ear by measuring how sound waves to the frequent upper respiratory tract infections.
are reflected off the eardrum. Tympanometry The upper respiratory tract infection s like
also utilizes sound waves to measure common cold worsen the disease condition.
eardrum position and stiffness as well as the
presence of fluid in the middle ear. Treatment of
otitis media is the most frequent reason for
administering antibiotics. The major problems
encountered in the antibiotic therapy of acute CONCLUSION
otitis media (AOM) are the tremendous increase From the results it was concluded that AOM is a
in the resistance to antibiotics of its main very common disease condition in young adults.
pathogens and the lack of tight criteria in the It was more commonly present in females as
selection of the appropriate antibiotic drugs for compared to males. As poverty brings so much
the treatment of this disease. Amoxicillin other problems AOM also prevails in such
remains the antibiotic of choice for initial population. The common complains include
empiric treatment of AOM, although the severe ear ache, temporary hearing loss,
traditional dosage should be drainage of pus and fever. And the most
important risk factors are tobacco smoke
increased in patients at risk for drug- exposure, cold weather and allergy.AOM
resistant S. pneumoniae. 5 days of short- usually runs in the families and it may be
acting antibiotic use is effective treatment recurrent. Adverse events were mainly
for uncomplicated acute otitis media. gastrointestinal in nature, with diarrhea the most
Most of the affected patients were females. And frequent complaint .It was concluded that three-
the most commonly affected age group was 20- day, single-dose azithromycin and ten-day tid
30 years. About 40% of people belonged to the co-amoxiclave therapy have comparable clinical
poor family background showing that poor
sanitary conditions are a risk factor for the efficacy in patients with acute otitis media;
development of acute however, there was a lower incidence of side
otitis media.44% patients had their left ear effects in the
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Onaiza Abid Khan et al / J Biomed Sci and Res., Vol 3 (1), 2011,332-338
azithromycin group. In children with acute otitis 1997 - Volume 16 - Issue 5 - Pp 463-
media, azithromycin was given once daily for 5 470
days and azithromycin was [6]. Dagan, Ron Md; Hoberman, Alejandro Md;
significantly better tolerated. Johnson, Candice Md, Phd; Leibovitz, Eugene
L. Md; Arguedas, Adriano Md; Rose, Faina V.
Amoxicillin/clavulanate given three times daily
Phd; Wynne, Brian R. Md; Jacobs, Michael R.
for 10 days had similar efficacy; however, Md, Phd, Pediatric Infectious Disease
azithromycin was significantly better tolerated. Journal,September 2001 - Volume 20 - Issue 9
- Pp 829-837
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