PLANNING AND DESIGNING OF MODERN BUS

TERMINAL

A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by

P.GOPINATH 810414103056

N.KARTHICK 810414103072

K.KARTHICK SELVAM 810414103073

M.KARTHIK 810414103074

In partial fulfilment for award of the degree

Of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In

CIVIL ENGINEERING

DHANALAKSHMI SRINIVASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE

PERAMBALUR

ANNA UNIVERSITY::CHENNAI 600 025

OCTOBER-2017
 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “PLANNING AND DESIGNING OF MODERN

BUS TERMINAL” is a bonafide work carried out by P. GOPINATH
(810414103056), N.KARTHICK (810414103072), K.KARTHICK SELVAM
(810414103073), M.KARTHIK (810414103074) who carried out the project
work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Dr.K.SHUNMUGAPRIYA, M.E., Ph.D. Mr L.S.KALAISELVAN M.E.,

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR

Department of Civil Engineering Asst.professor/CivlDepartment

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan
Engineering College Engineering College
Perambalur – 621212 Perambalur – 621212

Submitted for ANNA UNIVERSITY project viva-voce held on ------

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our sincere thanks to our lovable parent’s for
their loving support and encouragement.

We gratefully acknowledge our sincere thanks to our honourable Chairman

Thiru.A.SRINIVASAN for giving is spontaneous and whole hearted
encouragement for completing this project.

We are greatly thankful to our honourable principal S.DURAIRAJ, M.E.,

Ph.D., PDF. for rendering the technical staffs for successfully completion of the
project.

We express our sincere thanks with the sense of gratitude to our respectful
Head of Department MRS K.SHANMUGAPRIYA, M.E, Ph.D. and our project
guide Mr L.S.KALAISELVAN, M.E., for his interest and encouragement
shown in our project.

We express our sincere thanks with the sense of gratitude to our respectful
coordinator of our project Mr.R.K.MANIKANDAN, M.E for his interest and
encouragement shown in our project.

We also express our deep gratitude to all other faculty members and lab
assistants in our civil engineering department and all those were directly and
indirectly helpful in the completion of our project.

We also thank our friends for their enormous support and suggestion

Throughout the period of project.

Last but not least, we thank our ALMIGHTY for enlightening his
footprints.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF SYMBOLS

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENT

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 METHODOLOGY

3. SPECIFICATION

4. STRUCTURAL DESIGN

4 .1 DESIGN OF SLAB

4. 2 DESIGN OF BEAM

4. 3 DESIGN OF COLUMN

4. 4 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE

4. 5 DESIGN OF LINTEL AND SUN SHADE

4. 6 DESIGN OF FOOTING

4 .7 DESIGN OF PAVEMENT

4. 8 DESIGN OF SEPTIC TANK

5. CONCLUSION

6. REFERENCE
ABSTRACT :

In this project we are going to plan and design a Modern bus

terminal and that is proposed to construct at trichy district. Due to the growth
in the industrialization and urbanization, many working employees came here
by bus and they have an older bus stand and which doesn’t has basic facilities
such Toilets, Ticket booking facilities. So people at these needs a modern bus
stand.

The modern bus terminal is planned as G+1 Structure with 3

lanes having capacity of 48 buses. The building consists of Ticket booking room,
Office rooms, Passenger waiting area, operational control room, V I P longue,
parking area, shops and toilets.
 LIST OF FIGURES:

1. Reinforcement detail of slab 1

2. Reinforcement details of slab 2

3. Reinforcement detail of Platform slab

4. Reinforcement detail of beam 1

5. Reinforcement detail of beam 2

6. Reinforcement detail of column

7. Reinforcement detail of footing

8. Reinforcement detail of lintel and sun shade

9. Reinforcement detail of staircase

10. Reinforcement detail of septic tank

 LIST OF SYMBOLS

b – breadth of beam or shorter dimension of a column.

D- over all depth of the beam

DL- dead load

d – effective depth of beam

d’ – depth of compression reinforcement from the highly compressed face

Es – modulus of elasticity of steel

e - eccentricity

fck- characteristic compressive strength of concrete

fy - characteristic strength of steel

Ld – development length

LL – live load

Lx – length of shorter side of slab

Ly – length of longer side of slab

Lo – distance between points of zero moment in a beam

M – bending moment

P – axial load on compression member

s – spacing of stirrups

T – torsional moment

V – shear force

W – total load

𝜎𝑠𝑡 - permissible stress in steel in tension

𝜎𝑐 - permissible shear stress in concrete

1. INTRODUCTION:

The planning process should be done by using auto cad and the
design should by limit state method. The area covered by the proposed modern
bus stand will be around 19000 m².
Due to the growth in the industrialization and urbanization,
many working employees came here by bus.
Older bus stand which doesn’t has basic facilities such toilets,
Ticket booking facilities. So people at there needs a modern bus stand.

Principles of Terminal Planning & Design

 Access and approach

 Location
 Operational parameters
 Existing capacity and future demand estimation
 Enhanced level of service
 Integrating multi-modal accessibility and feeder structure
 Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED)
 Integrating universal design(As per India’s Disability Act
 Integrating sustainable development practices
1.1General Requirements:
Locality and environs including the approach should be
such that it can be considered suitable for a very good bus terminal building.
This terminal building is located in Tiruchirapalli.

Construction:

This architectural feature and the general construction of the

building should be good standard. A component architect should design the
building.

Maintenance:

The maintenance of the building in all sections such as building

water supply, electrification, furniture, water closets, etc., should be of good
standard.

Rest room:

The entire toilet should be modern in design and should be

equipped with fitting of good standard. Decoration should be of impervious
method of good design and workman ship, good quality terrace will be accepted
on floors.

Lighting:

Lighting arrangement and fixtures in lift, verandah and toilet

should be well designed ensuring complete satisfaction. The generator may be
provided for convenience of the people.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW:

Xin Qiu, Sch. of Econ., Wuhan Univ. of Technol., Wuhan,

China(2011) Urban public infrastructure project plays an important role in
national economy development. This paper presents a better way to optimize
industrial project management using building information modeling (BIM),
which is highly applied for large-scale city infrastructure in advanced country
market nowaday. In this paper, Hubei Jingzhou Bus Terminal project will be
implemented with BIM that aims to cost reduction and quality improvement.

Bhargav Adhvaryu, Center for Environmental Planning and

Technology university (2006): This paper investigates the design of bus stations
in a physically constrained area through a case study of Brighton Bus Station,
which is situated in the historic core of the city abutting the railway station
complex. Bus and passenger data collection is primarily done manually and is
suppleme- nted by videography. The analysis of capacity of the existing bus
station is completed using microsimulation software. In addition, a graphic
simulation tool for tracking the swept paths of buses, taxis, and lorries is used to
formulate the proposed physical layouts for the bus station. The proposals were
evaluated using a simple evaluation methodology developed in this study
2.1 METHODOLOGY:

Topic selection

Literature collection

Literature review

Slab
Beam
Column
Footing
Designing Pavement
Staircase
Septic tank

Report

Conclusion
3. SPECIFICATION
The General specification accompanying are as follows:

1. FOUNDATION:

The soil condition is Hard soil, The excavation for foundation for
the footing is taken depth of below ground level width of foundation to a
depth of

2. FOUNDATION CONCRETE :

The Plain cement concrete 1:1.5:3 will be used at a foundation. The

concrete is provided for all foundation to a depth of

3. FOOTING :

The footing shall be RCC 1:1.5:3.

4. SAND FILLING :

The basement will be filled up with clear river sand well ramped
and consolidated complying with standard specification

5. SUPER STRUCTURE :

All the walls in superstructure will be of 0.300m in the width brick

work in cm 1:6 using metric bricks. The height of superstructures will be
shown in drawing.

6. LINTEL CUM SUNSHADE :

Over the doors and windows, lintel and sunshade will be

reinforced concrete cement 1:1.5:3 using 12 mm size HYSD bars
necessary finishing etc.

7. DOORS, WINDOWS AND VENTILATORS :

 All doors and windows will be best of seasoned country wood tree
from all defects and in accordance with description and size as noted in
the drawings. This windows will be iron based 12mm steel bars.

8. ROOFING :

The roof shall be with reinforced concrete cement 1:1.5:3 slab

using 10 mm size HYSD bars with necessary reinforcement. The
weathering course over roof slab shall be 75 mm thick using 20mm brick
jelly concrete in lime with no sand at proportion of brick jelly to the lime
being 1:1.5:3 well beaten with wooden rammers.

9. FLOORING :

The roof consist of the concrete bed 1:5:10 using 40mm broken
stones. The top of the flooring shall be finished by using cement mortar
ratio of 1:6.

10. FINISHING :

The reinforcement exterior faces of walls shall be placed with

cement mortar ratio 1:6 12mm thick. The interior and exterior faces will
be white washed two coats with best shall lime and washed two coats
with the best approved colours paint over a priming coat.
 4. STRUCTURAL DESIGN :
4. 1 DESIGN OF SLAB :

DATAS:

Lx = 6.4 m

Ly = 8.8 m

Fck = 20 N/mm2

Fy = 415 N/mm2
𝐿𝑦 = 8.8 =
1.37< 2
𝐿𝑥 6.4

Since the ratio of long to short span is less than 2, the slab
should be designed as two way slab

With provision for tension @ corness.

DEPTH OF SLAB:

As the loading class exceeds the value of 3 KN/mm2,

adopt a span by depth ratio of 25.

𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
Depth =
25

6400
=
25

Depth = 256 mm

Adopt effective depth = 256 mm

Over all depth = 280 mm

 EFFECTIVE SPAN:

Effective span = clear span + support thickness

= 6.4+0.3

= 6.7 m

Effective span = clear span + effective depth

= 6.4+0.256

= 6.65 m

Therefore Effective span = 6.65 m

LOADS:

Consider for 1 meter run

Self weight = unit weight of concrete × b ×D

= 25 × 1× 0.2

= 5 KN/m2

Live load = 4 KN/m2

Floor finish = 0.6 KN/m2

Total load = 9.6 KN/m2

Ultimate load wu = Partical safety factor ×Total load factor of

concrete

= 1.5 × 9.6

Wu = 14.4 KN/m2

ULTIMATE DESIGN MOMENTS AND SHEAR FORCE:

Refered (Table 26 of IS 456 code book) and readout the moments

coefficients for (ly/lx) = 1.37 and also take the
 Slabs spanning in two directions at right angles, simply supported on
four sides.

αx = 0.074

And

αy = 0.061

there fore Mux = αx × wu× lx2

= 0.074× 14.4× (6.6)2

= 46.41 KNm

Muy = αy × wu × lx2

= 0.061× 14.4×(6.64)2

= 38.26 KNm

Vux = 0.5× wu × lx

= 0.5 × 14.4 × 6.6

= 47.52 KN.

CHECK FOR DEPTH:

Mmax = 0.138 × fck × bd2

46.41×106
𝑑= √
0.138 ×20 ×1000

d = 130 mm < 180 mm

Here the effective depth selected is sufficient to resist the design

ultimate moment.

REINFORCEMENT (SHORTAND LONG SPAN):

𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦
MU = 0.87fyAstd [1 − ]
𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑐𝑘

415×𝐴𝑠𝑡
46.41×106 = 0.87 × 415 ×𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 256 [1 − ]
1000×256×20
 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 526.77 mm2

Using 10 mm diameter bar,

𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟
Spacing of bar S = × 1000
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑡

78.54
= × 1000
526.77

= 149.09 mm

≅ 150 mm

There fore provide 10 mm diameter bar @ 150 mm c\c in short

direction. Using 10mm diameter bars in the

long span direction.

Effective depth = 256 – 10 = 246 mm

415×𝐴𝑠𝑡
38.26× 106 = 0.87×415×𝐴𝑠𝑡 ×246[1 − ]
1000×246×20

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 447.67 mm2

Using 10mm diameter bar

𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟
Spacing of bar S = × 1000
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑡

78.54
= ×1000
447.67

= 175.44 mm

≅ 180 mm.

There fore provide 10mm diameter bars @ 180 c/c in the long
span direction.

CHECK FOR SHEAR STRESS:

Considering the short span and unit width of slab,

𝑉𝑢
𝜏v =
𝑏𝑑
 47.52×103
=
1000×256

= 0.185 N/mm2
100𝐴𝑠𝑡
Pt =
𝑏𝑑

100(436.3)
=
1000×256

= 0.170

Refered table 19 of IS 456,

0.170−0.15
K𝜏c = 1.10[0.36 + (
0.25−0.15
) × (0.36 − 0.28)]

= 0.344 N/mm2 ˃ 𝜏v

Here the shear stresses are within safe permissible limits.

CHECK FOR DEFLECTION CONTROL:

considering limit width of slab in the short span direction lx.

𝐿
(𝐷)basic = 20

For pt = 0.170, from fig 5.1, kt =1.6

𝐿
(𝐷)max = 20 × 1.6 =32

𝐿 6650
(𝐷)actual = 256
= 25.9< 32

Hence deflection control is satisfied.

CHECK FOR CRACK CONTROL:

(i) Reinforcement provided is more than the Minimum

0.12
percentage of 0.12% = × 280 × 1000
100

= 336 mm2

(ii) Spacing of main reinforcement ˃ 3d (i.e) (3×256)

= 768 mm.
 𝐷 280
(iii) Diameter of reinforcement < < < 35
8 8
Hence cracks will be within safe permissible limits.

TORSION REINFORCEMENT AT CORNERS:

Area of torsion steel @each of the corners in 4 layers is

computed @0.75×436.3=327.2mm2

Length over which torsion steel is provided,

1
= short span
5

1
= (6400)
5

= 1280 mm

Use 6mm diameter bars

62
𝜋×
4
S= ×1000
327.2

= 86.441 mm ≅ 90 mm

There fore 6 mm diameter bars @ 90 mm c/c for a length of

1280 mm at all four corners in 4 layers.

REINFORCEMENT IN EDGE STRIPS:

0.12
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.12% = ×1000 × 280
100

= 336 mm2

Use 10 mm diameter bars

102
𝜋×
4
S= × 1000
336

= 233.74

S = 200 mm

There fore provide 10 mm diameter bar @ 200 mm c/c

 DESIGN OF SLAB 2:

DATAS:

Lx = 4.5 m

Ly = 13 m

Fck = 20 N/mm2

Fy = 415 N/mm2
𝐿𝑦 = 13 =
2.88< 2
𝐿𝑥 4.5

Since the ratio of long to short span is greater than 2, the

slab should be designed as one way slab.

With provision for tension @ corners.

DEPTH OF SLAB
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
Assume depth =
25

4500
=
25

Depth = 180 mm

Assuming a clear cover of 20mm and 10mm dia bars

Effective depth d = 180 mm

Over all depth = 200 mm

EFFECTIVE SPAN:

The least value of :

i, (clear span + effective depth) = (4.5 + 0.18)

= 4.68m
 ii, Centre to centre of support = 4.5 + 0.20

=4.7m

Hence L = 4.68m

LOADS:

Self weight of slab = 0.2 × 25

= 5 KN/m

Floor finish = 1 KN/m

Live load = 4 KN/m

Total service load w = 10 KN/m

Ultimate load wu = 1.5 × 10

Wu = 15 KN/m

ULTIMATE MOMENTS AND SHEAR FORCES:

Mu = 0.125 Wu l2 = 0.125 × 15 × 4.682

= 41.06 KN/m

Vu = 0.5 wu l = 0.5 × 15 × 4.68

= 35.17 KN

LIMITING MOMENT OF RESISTANCE:

Mu lim = 0.138 fck bd2

= (0.138 × 20 × 1000 × 1802) 10-6

= 89.4 KNm

Mu < Mu lim section is under reinforced

MAIN REINFORCEMENT:
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦
MU = 0.87fyAstd [1 − ]
𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑐𝑘
 41.06×106 = 0.87 × 415 ×𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 180 [1 −
415×𝐴𝑠𝑡
]
1000×180×20

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 699.4 mm2

Using 10 mm diameter bar,

𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟
Spacing of bar S = × 1000
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑡

78.54
= × 1000
699.4

= 112.2 mm

≅ 120 mm

Adopt a spacing of 120mm and alternate bars are bend up at

supports.

DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT:

Ast = 0.12 per cent of cross-sectional area

= 0.0012 × 1000 × 200

= 240 mm2

Provide 8mm dia bars 250mm centres.

CHECK FOR SHEAR STRESS:

𝑉𝑢
𝜏v =
𝑏𝑑

35.17×103
=
1000×180

= 0.195 N/mm2
(0.5)100𝐴𝑠𝑡
Pt =
𝑏𝑑

(0.5×100×699.4)
=
1000×180

= 0.194

Permissible shear stress in slab [Table 19 IS : 456]

 K 𝜏c = 1.27 × 0.30

= 0.381N/mm2 > 𝜏v

Hence the shear stress within permissible limits

CHECK FOR DEFLECTION CONTROL:

𝐿 𝐿
(𝐷)max = (𝐷)basic × 𝐾𝑡 × 𝐾𝑐 × 𝐾𝑓

100×699.4
𝑃𝑡 =
1000×180

= 0.388

Assume 𝐾𝑡 = 1.40 𝐾𝑐 = 1 𝐾𝑓 =1

Design of reinforced concrete structure

𝐿
(𝐷)max = [ 20 × 1.40 × 1 × 1 ]

= 28
𝐿 4680
(𝐷)actual = 180
= 26 < 28

Hence the limit state of deflection satisfied.

DESIGN OF PLATFORM SLAB :

DATAS:

Lx = 5.5 m

Ly = 11 m

Fck = 20 N/mm2

Fy = 415 N/mm2
𝐿𝑦 = 11 =
2.2< 2
𝐿𝑥 5.5

Since the ratio of long to short span is greater than 2, the slab
should be designed as one way slab.

With provision for tension @ corners.

DEPTH OF SLAB
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
Assume depth =
25

5500
=
25

Depth = 220 mm

Assuming a clear cover of 20mm and 10mm dia bars

Effective depth d = 220 mm

Over all depth = 240 mm

EFFECTIVE SPAN:

The least value of :

i, (clear span + effective depth) = (5.5 + 0.22)

 = 5.72m

ii, Centre to centre of support = 5.5 + 0.20

=5.7m

Hence L = 5.7m

LOADS:

Self weight of slab = 0.24 × 25

= 6 KN/m

Floor finish = 1 KN/m

Live load = 4 KN/m

Total service load w = 11 KN/m

Ultimate load wu = 1.5 × 11

Wu = 16.5 KN/m

ULTIMATE MOMENTS AND SHEAR FORCES:

Mu = 0.125 Wu l2 = 0.125 × 16.5 × 5.722

= 67.48 KN/m

Vu = 0.5 wu l = 0.5 × 16.5 × 5.72

= 47.19 KN

LIMITING MOMENT OF RESISTANCE:

Mu lim = 0.138 fck bd2

= (0.138 × 20 × 1000 × 2202) 10-6

= 133.5 KNm

Mu < Mu lim section is under reinforced

MAIN REINFORCEMENT:
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦
MU = 0.87fyAstd [1 − ]
𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑐𝑘
 415×𝐴𝑠𝑡
67.48×106 = 0.87 × 415 ×𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 220 [1 − ]
1000×140×20

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 996.8 mm2

Using 10 mm diameter bar,

𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟
Spacing of bar S = × 1000
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑡

78.54
= × 1000
996.8

= 78.79 mm

≅ 80 mm

Adopt a spacing of 80mm and alternate bars are bend up at

supports.

DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT:

Ast = 0.12 per cent of cross-sectional area

= 0.0012 × 1000 × 240

= 288 mm2

Provide 8mm dia bars 250 mm centres.

CHECK FOR SHEAR STRESS:

𝑉𝑢
𝜏v =
𝑏𝑑

47.19×103
=
1000×220

= 0.214 N/mm2
(0.5)100𝐴𝑠𝑡
Pt =
𝑏𝑑

(0.5×100×996.8)
=
1000×220

= 0.22

Permissible shear stress in slab [Table 19 IS : 456]

K 𝜏c = 1.27 × 0.32
 = 0.40N/mm2 > 𝜏v

Hence the shear stress within permissible limits

CHECK FOR DEFLECTION CONTROL:

𝐿 𝐿
(𝐷)max = (𝐷)basic × 𝐾𝑡 × 𝐾𝑐 × 𝐾𝑓
100×996.8
𝑃𝑡 =
1000×220

= 0.45

Assume 𝐾𝑡 = 1.40 𝐾𝑐 = 1 𝐾𝑓 =1

Design of reinforced concrete structure

𝐿
(𝐷)max = [ 20 × 1.40 × 1 × 1 ]

= 28
𝐿 5720
(𝐷)actual = 220
= 26 < 28

Hence the limit state of deflection satisfied.

4.2 DESIGN OF BEAM 1:

DATA:

L = 4.5m

𝐹𝑐𝑘 = 20N/mm2

𝐹𝑦 = 415N/mm2

CROSS SECTIONAL DIMENSIONS:

Refer table 6.1 and adopt span depth ratio of 15 for the given
and range of loading
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
d=
15

4500
=
15

= 333mm

Adopt d = 300mm

D =350mm

B = 200mm

LOAD:

Self weight of beam = unit weight concrete × b × D

= 25 × 0.2 × 0.35

= 1.75 KN/m

Live load of beam = 8 KN/m

Total working load = 9.75 KN/m

Ultimate load of beam wu = 1.5 × 9.75

 = 14.625 KN/m

Ultimate load of slab, wu = 13.69 KN/m.

Total service load = 14.625 + 13.69

= 28.315 KN/m

Design ultimate load, wu = 1.5 × 28.315

= 42.4725 KN/m

ULTIMATE MOMENTS AND SHEAR FORCES:

Mu = 0.125wul2

= 0.125 × 42.4725 × 4.52

107.5 KNm

Vu = 0.5Wul

= 0.5 × 42.4725 × 4.5

= 95.56 KN

REINFORCEMENTS:

Mu limit = 0.138𝑓𝑐𝑘 bd2

= 0.138 × 20 × 200 × 3502 ×10−6 KNm

= 67.62 KNm

Since Mu ˃ Mu limit , design doubly reinforced section

Mu – Mu limit = 107.5 – 49.68

= 57.82 KNm
0.0035(𝑥𝑢 max − 𝑑′)
𝑓𝑠𝑐 = { } 𝐸𝑠
𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥

0.0035[(0.48×300)−50]
={
0.48×300
} × 2×105

= 456.94 N/mm2

But 𝑓𝑠𝑐 ˃ 0.87𝑓𝑦 = 0.87 × 415

 = 361 N/mm2

𝑀𝑢− 𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑐 = [ ]
𝑓𝑠𝑐(𝑑−𝑑′)

(107.5−49.68)×106
=
456.94×250

= 506.14 Nmm
Using 16mm dia bar ,
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑐
No.of bar =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟

506.14
= 162
𝜋×
4

= 2.51

≅3

Provide 3 no.of bars of 16 mm dia bar (𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 603.18 mm2)

𝐴𝑠𝑐×𝐹
𝑠𝑐
𝐴𝑠𝑡2 = ( )
0.87𝐹 𝑦

506.14×456.94
=
0.87×415

= 640.56 mm2
0.36𝐹𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑥𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
𝐴𝑠𝑡1 =
0.87×415

0.36×20×200×0.48×300
=
0.87×415

= 574.32 mm2

Total tension reinforcement 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡1+𝐴𝑠𝑡2

= 574.32+640.56

= 1214.88 mm2

Using 25 mm dia bar ,

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑡
No.of bars =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟
 1214.88
= 252
𝜋×
4

= 2.47

≅2

Provide 2 bars of 25 mm dia bars (𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 981.74 mm2)

SHEAR REINFORCEMENTS:
𝑉𝑢
𝜏𝑉 =
𝑏𝑑

95.56×103
= = 1.59 N/mm
200×300

100𝐴𝑠𝑡
Pt =
𝑏𝑑

100×981.74
=
200×300

= 1.63

Refered table 19 of IS 456-2000

𝜏𝑐 = [0.81+(
2.1−2.0
)×(0.81−0.79)]
2.25−2.0

= 0.76 N/mm2

Since 𝜏𝑣 > 𝜏𝑐 shear reinforcement is required.

𝑉𝑢𝑠 = [𝑉𝑢 − 𝜏𝑐 𝑏𝑑]

= [95.56 − (0.76 × 200 × 300) × 10−3 ]

= 59.96 KN

Using 8 mm dia 2legged stirrups

0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝑑
𝑠𝑣 =
𝑣𝑢𝑠

82
0.87×415×2×𝜋× ×300
4
=
49.96×103

= 217.95 mm
 𝑆𝑣 > 0.75𝑑

= 0.75×300

= 225mm

Adopt a spacing of 225 mm near supports gradually increasing

to 300mm towards the centre of span

CHECK FOR DEFLECTION CONTROL :

𝐿 4500
(𝑑) actual = 300

= 15
𝐿 𝐿
(𝑑)max = (𝑑)basic ×𝑘𝑡 ×𝑘𝑐 ×𝑘𝑓

100×603.18
Pt = 2.1 and 𝑃𝑐 =
200×300

= 1.0053

𝑘𝑡 = 0.93

𝑘𝑐 = 1.10

𝑘𝑓 = 1.0
𝐿
(𝑑)max = 20×0.93×1.10×1.00

= 20.46
𝐿 𝐿
(𝑑)actual < (𝑑)max

Hence deflection control id satisfied.

 DESIGN OF BEAM 2:

DATA:

L = 6m

𝐹𝑐𝑘 = 20N/mm2

𝐹𝑦 = 415N/mm2

CROSS SECTIONAL DIMENSIONS:

Refer table 6.1 and adopt span depth ratio of 15 for the given
and range of loading
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
d=
15

6000
=
15

= 400mm

Adopt d = 400mm

D =450mm

B = 200mm

LOAD:

Self weight of beam = unit weight concrete × b × D

= 25 × 0.2 × 0.45

= 2.25 KN/m

Live load of beam = 8 KN/m

Total working load = 10.25 KN/m

Ultimate load of beam wu = 1.5 × 10.25

 = 15.37 KN/m

Ultimate load of slab, wu = 13.69 KN/m.

Total service load = 15.37 + 13.69

= 29.06 KN/m

Design ultimate load, wu = 1.5 × 29.06

= 43.59 KN/m

ULTIMATE MOMENTS AND SHEAR FORCES:

Mu = 0.125wul2

= 0.125 × 43.59 × 36

= 196.15 KNm

Vu = 0.5Wul

= 0.5 × 43.59 × 6

= 130.77 KN

REINFORCEMENTS:

Mu limit = 0.138𝑓𝑐𝑘 bd2

= 0.138 × 20 × 200 × 4002 ×10−6 KNm

= 88.32 KNm

Since Mu ˃ Mu limit , design doubly reinforced section

Mu – Mu limit = 196.15 – 88.32

= 107..83 KNm
0.0035(𝑥𝑢 max − 𝑑′)
𝑓𝑠𝑐 = { } 𝐸𝑠
𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥

0.0035(192−50)
={
192
} × 2×105

= 517.70 N/mm2

But 𝑓𝑠𝑐 ˃ 0.87𝑓𝑦 = 0.87 × 415

 = 361 N/mm2

𝑀𝑢− 𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑐 = [ ]
𝑓𝑠𝑐(𝑑−𝑑′)

(107.83)×106
=
361×350

= 853.42 Nmm
Using 16mm dia bar ,
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑐
No.of bar =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟

853.42
= 162
𝜋×
4

= 4.2

≅4

Provide 4 no.of bars of 16 mm dia bar (𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 853.42 mm2)

𝐴𝑠𝑐×𝐹
𝑠𝑐
𝐴𝑠𝑡2 = ( )
0.87𝐹 𝑦

853.42×517.70
=
0.87×415

= 1330.76 mm2
0.36𝐹𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑥𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
𝐴𝑠𝑡1 =
0.87×415

0.36×20×200×0.48×400
=
0.87×415

= 765.76 mm2

Total tension reinforcement 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡1+𝐴𝑠𝑡2

= 1330.76+765.76

= 2096.52 mm2

Using 25 mm dia bar ,

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑡
No.of bars =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟
 2096.52
= 252
𝜋×
4

= 4.27

≅4

Provide 4 bars of 25 mm dia bars (𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 1963.49 mm2)

SHEAR REINFORCEMENTS:
𝑉𝑢
𝜏𝑉 =
𝑏𝑑

130.77×103
= = 1.63 N/mm
200×400

100𝐴𝑠𝑡
Pt =
𝑏𝑑

100×1963.49
=
200×400

= 2.45

Refered table 19 of IS 456-2000

𝜏𝑐 = [0.82+(
2.45−2.25
)×(0.82−0.81)]
2.50−2.25

= 0.828 N/mm2

Since 𝜏𝑣 > 𝜏𝑐 shear reinforcement is required.

𝑉𝑢𝑠 = [𝑉𝑢 − 𝜏𝑐 𝑏𝑑]

= [130.77 − (0.828 × 200 × 400) × 10−3 ]

= 64.53 KN

Using 8 mm dia 2legged stirrups

0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝑑
𝑠𝑣 =
𝑣𝑢𝑠

82
0.87×415×2×𝜋× ×400
4
=
64.53×103

= 224.99 mm

𝑆𝑣 > 0.75𝑑
 = 0.75×400

= 300mm

Adopt a spacing of 300 mm near supports gradually increasing

to 400mm towards the centre of span

CHECK FOR DEFLECTION CONTROL :

𝐿 6000
(𝑑) actual = 300

= 15
𝐿 𝐿
(𝑑)max = (𝑑)basic ×𝑘𝑡 ×𝑘𝑐 ×𝑘𝑓

100×603.18
Pt = 2.1 and 𝑃𝑐 =
200×400

= 1.0053

𝑘𝑡 = 0.93

𝑘𝑐 = 1.10

𝑘𝑓 = 1.0
𝐿
(𝑑)max = 20×0.93×1.10×1.00

= 20.46
𝐿 𝐿
(𝑑)actual < (𝑑)max

Hence deflection control id satisfied.

4.3 DESIGN OF COLUMN:
LOAD CALCULATION:

First floor :

Load from beam and slab = 99.7 KN

0.32
Self weight of column = 25× 𝜋 ×
4

= 1.767 KN/m2

Live load = 8 KN/m2

Finish load = 0.76 KN/m2

Total load of columns = 10.527

Ultimate load of columns = 1.5×10.53

= 15.79 KN

Total load on first floor = 1.5×115.49

= 173.2 KN

Ground floor

Total load on first floor = 173.2 KN

Load from beam and slab =99.7 KN

Load from column = 15.79 KN

Total load on ground floor = 1.5×288.69

= 433.035 KN

Total axial service load acting on column = 433.035 KN

DATA

Axial service load = 433.035 KN

 Dia of the column = 300 mm

Length of the column = 3.2 m

𝐹𝑐𝑘 = 20N/mm2

𝐹𝑦 = 415 N/mm2

Factored load , 𝑝𝑢 =1.5×433.035KN

𝑝𝑢 = 649.57 KN

SLENDERNESS RATIO:
𝐿 3200
=
𝐷 300

= 10.67

Hence the column is designed as short column

MINIMUM ECCENTRICITY :
𝑙 𝐷
𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 = [ + ]
500 30

3200 300
=[ + ]
500 30

= 16.4 mm < 20 mm

Also 0.05D = (0.05×300)

= 15 mm < 20 mm

MAIN REINFORCEMENT :

According to clause 39.4of IS 456-2000

𝑃𝑈 = 1.05[0.4𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐴𝑠𝑡 + (0.67𝑓𝑦 − 0.4𝑓𝑐𝑘 )𝐴𝑠𝑐 ]

649.57×103 0.4×20×𝜋×3002
1.05
= [(
4
) + (0.67 × 415) − (0.4 ×× 20)𝐴𝑠𝑐 ]

618.6×103 = (565.49×103 ) + (270.05)𝐴𝑠𝑐

𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 740.38 mm2

𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.8% of cross section

 0.8 3002
= ×𝜋×
100 4

= 565.49 mm2

Using 16 m dia bars,

𝐴𝑠𝑐
S = 162
𝜋×
4

740.35
=
201.06

= 3.68

≅4

Provide 4 bars of 16 mm dia bars (𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 804.2 𝑚𝑚2

DESIGN OF LATERALS TIES:

∅𝑡 of ties

∅𝑡 < 6mm
1
𝑆𝑡 < times of longitudinal bar
4

1
= × 16
4

= 4 mm

There fore provide 8mm dia lateral ties

SPACING TIES:

𝑆𝑡 > 300 mm

𝑆𝑡 > least lateral dimensions

= 300 mm

𝑆𝑡 > 16 dia

= 16(16)

= 256 mm

There fore provide 8 mm dia laterial ties @ 200 mm c/c.

4.4 DESIGN OF STAIR CASE :

DATA:

Tread , T = 250 mm

Rise , R = 150 mm

Service live load = 5 KN/𝑚2

𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 20 N/𝑚𝑚2

𝑓𝑦 = 415 N/𝑚𝑚2

EFFECTIVE SPAN :

L = 1200+2600+1200
= 5000 mm
5000
Thickness of wall + slab , d =
25

= 200 mm

Adopt of eff depth = 200 mm

Overall depth , D = 220 mm

LOAD CALCULATION:

0.252 +0.152
Self wt of tread risers slab per step = (25× 1 × 0.22) × (√ )
0.25

= 3.2 KN/m
1 1000
Wt of step per meter length = (0.25 × 0.15 × 25) ( )
2 250

= 1.875 KN/m

Live load = 3 KN/m

 Finish load = 0.6 KN/m

Total load = 8.675 KN/m

Factored load = 1.5(8.675)

= 13KN/m

MOMENT CALCULATION :
𝑤𝑙 2 13×52
BM = = = 40.625 KN/m
8 8

CHECK FOR DEPTH :

𝑀𝑢
d= √
0.138𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏

40.625×106
=√
0.138×20×1000

= 121.3 mm < 220 𝑚𝑚

Hence safe.

CALCULATION OF 𝑨𝑺𝑻 :
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 d [1 − ]
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑

415×𝐴𝑠𝑡
40.625×106 = 0.87×415×𝐴𝑠𝑡 ×200×[1 − ]
1000×200×20

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 600 mm2

Using 16 mm dia bar,

162
𝜋×
4
S= × 1000
600

= 335.10 mm

≅ 300 mm
 Provide 16 mm dia 300 mm c/c spacing

DISTRIBUTION OF REINFORCEMENT :

MIN 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.12% bD

0.12
= ×1000×220
100

= 264 mm2

Using 12mmdia bar,

122
𝜋×
4
S= × 1000
264

= 428.39 mm

≅ 300 mm

Provide 12 mm dia 300mm c/c spacing as distribution.

4.5 DESIGN OF LINTEL WITH SUN SHADE

DESIGN CONSTANTS AND LIMITING DEPTH OF NA

fy = 415 N/mm2

fck = 20 N/mm2

For Fe415 steel,

𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 700/1100+0.87(415)
𝑑

= 0.479

𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥
Ru = 0.36 fck (1 – 0.416 )
𝑑 𝑑

= 0.36 (20) (0.479) (1-0.416×0.479)

= 2.761

DESIGN OF SUN SHADE

Adopt Live load = 1 kN/m2

Consider 1m length of the Sun Shade Adopt thickness of Water Proofing 25mm

Live load per meter run = 1000 N

Dead load per meter run = 1×1×0.1×25000

= 2500 N

Weight of Water Proofing / m run = 1×1×0.0025×27000

= 675 N

Total = 4175 N
 wu = 15 w = 1.5 (4175) = 6262.5 N/m

𝑤𝑢 𝑙 2
mu =
2

6262.5∗12
=
2

= 3131.25 Nm

= 3.13×106Nmm

vu = wul

= 6262.5×1

= 6262.5 N

𝑀𝑢
D=√
𝑅𝑢 𝑏

3.13×106
=√
2.761×1000

= 33.67 mm.

THICKNESS FROM SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS:

For a cantilever, L/d = 7 for M20 – Fe415 combination

Pt≅ 0.96%

But for under reinforced section, let us assume

Pt = 0.2%
 Therefore, modification factor ≅ 1.68

Assuming d ≅ 100 𝑚𝑚

0.1
Effective length (l) of cantilever = 1+ = 1.05 m.
2

1050
Hence, d = ≅ 90 mm.
7×1.68

Hence provide D = 110 mm.

Using 8 mm∅ bars,

8
d = 110 – 25 –
2

= 91 mm.

Reduce the total thickness to 90 mm at the ends.

COMPUTATION OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT

Since available d = 91 mm is much more than one required from BM point of

view, we have an under

Reinforced section.

0.5 𝐹𝑐𝑘 4.6𝑀𝑢

Ast = [1-√1 − ( ) ] bd
𝐹𝑦 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2

0.5×20 4.6×3.13×106
= [1-√1 − ( ) ] 1000×91
415 20×1000×912

= 97.48 mm2

0.12𝑏𝐷
Ast min =
100
 0.12×1000×110
=
100

= 132 mm2

Therefore, spacing of 8 mm ∅ main reinforcement

1000×50.3
=
132

= 381 mm

Max spacing = 3d = 3×91 = 273 mm

Hence provide 8 mm ∅ bars at 270 mm C/C

1000×50.3
Actual Ast =
270

=186.33 mm2

186.3×100
Pt =
1000×91

= 0.20 %

Therefore, provide distribution reinforcement 8 mm ∅ at 300 mm C/C.

CHECK FOR SHEAR:

𝑉𝑢
𝜏v =
𝑏𝑑

6262.5
=
1000×91

= 0.068 n/m2

For, Pt = 0.2%, 𝜏c≅ 0.32 N/mm2

 Also, k = 1.3

Hence ok 𝜏c>𝜏v

CHECK FOR DEVELOPMENT LENGTH

Ld ≅ 47 ∅

= 47 (8)

= 376 mm

Vu = 6262.5 n

0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
Xu =
0.36𝐹𝑐𝑘 𝑏

0.87×415×186.3
=
0.36×20×1000

= 9.3 mm

Mu = 0.87 fyAst (d – 0.416 xu)

= 0.87×415×186.3×(91-0.416×9.3)

= 5.86×106

Providing 90°Bed and a Clear cover of 35 mm at the side end,

𝐿𝑠
Lo = –𝑥ˈ + 3∅
2

300
= – 35 + 3(8)
2

= 139 mm
 𝑀𝑢 1.3×5.86×106
1.3 + Lo = + 139
𝑉𝑢 62625

= 1355.45 mm >Ld

Hence code requirement is satisfied..

DESIGN OF LINTEL BEAM

Width of Lintel Beam = Width of Wall = 300 mm

1
Let total depth of lintel beam = span = 300 mm
10

Consider 1 m length of the beam

1
Dead load of Varendah Roof = (2.5×1×0.15×25000)
2

= 4687.5 N
1
Dead load of Water Proofing on Roof = (2.5×1×0.1×20000)
2

= 2500 N
1
Live Load from Varendah Roof = (2.5×1×1500)
2

= 1875 N

Dead Load of Masonary over Lintel = 0.3×1.3×1×20000

= 7800 N

Self wt of Lintel Beam = 0.3×0.3×1×25000

= 2500 N

Dead load of Sunshade = 1×1×0.1×25000

= 2500 N
 Dead load on finishing on Sunshade = 1×1×0.025×20000
= 5000 N

Total = w = 2212.5 N

≅ 22110 N/m.

𝑊𝑢 = 22112 × 1.5

≅ 22110 N/m

Assume a bearing of 300 on either side

L = 3+0.3 = 3.3 m
𝑊𝑢 𝑙 2
𝑀𝑢 =
8

33165×3.32
=
8

= 45145.85 Nm

= 45.14 × 106

𝑀𝑢
d=√
𝑅𝑢 𝑏

45.14×106
=√
2.761×300

= 229 mm

Provide D = 300 mm, nominal cover of 25mm and 12 mm

dia main bars and 8 mm dia rings
12
Avilable A = 300 – 25- 8 -
2

= 261 mm

COMPUTATION OF MAIN REINFORCEMENT :

Available (d = 261mm) is more than required for

balanced section , we have an under reinforcement section
 0.5𝐹𝑐𝑘 4.6𝑀𝑢
𝐴𝑠 = [1 − √1 − 𝐹 ] × 𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦 𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑2

0.5×20 4.6×45.14×106
=
415
[1 − √1 − 20×300×2612
] ×300×261

= 563.37 mm2

Using 12 mm dia bars

563.37
=
113.1

= 4.98
𝐿 3.3
Hence provide 5 no.of 12 mm dia bars,bend 2 bars up at a distance of =
7 7
=0.47 m
𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 3× × 122
4

= 339.3 mm2

Actual area provided at mid span = 5×113.1

= 566 mm2

CHECK FOR DEFLECTION:

𝐿
For simply supported beam , = 20
𝑑

100𝐴𝑠𝑡 100×566
For =
𝑏𝑑 300×261

= 0.73%

Modification factor = 1.05

𝐿
d=
20×1.05

3300
=
20×1.05

= 157 < available 261mm

Hence ok

CHECK FOR SHEAR:

 𝑊𝑢 𝐿 0.30
𝑉𝑢 = − 𝑊𝑢 ( + 0.261)
2 2

33165×3.3
= − 33165 × 0.411
2

= 41091.4 N
𝑉𝑢 𝐷
𝜏𝑣 =
𝑏𝑑

41091.4
=
300×261

= 0.5247 N/mm2
100𝐴𝑠𝑡
At supports
𝑏𝑑

100×339.3
=
300×261

= 0.43%

𝜏𝑐 = 0.45 N/mm2

Since 𝜏𝑐 and 𝜏𝑣 are nearly equal provided 2

legged 8 mm dia
2.175𝐴𝑠𝑣 × 𝑓𝑦
𝑆𝑣 =
𝑏

2.175×100.5×415
=
300

= 300 mm

𝑠𝑣 lesser of 0.75 d = 0.75×261

= 195 mm (or) 300 mm

Hence provide 8mmdia of 2 legged stirrups @ 190mm c/c throught

out length of beam, provide 2- 10 mm

Dia holding bars @the top.

CHECK FOR DEVELOPMENT LENGTH AT THE ENDS :

𝑀𝑢
𝐿𝑑 ≤ 1.3 + 𝑙𝑜
𝑉𝑢
 0.87×𝑓𝑦 ×𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑥𝑢 =
0.3𝑏𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏

0.87×415×339.3
=
0.36×20×300

= 56.7 mm

𝑀𝑢 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (𝑑 − 0.416𝑥𝑢 )

= 0.87×415×339.3(261 − 0.416 × 56.7)

= 29.08×106 Nmm
𝑊𝑢 𝑙
𝑉𝑢 =
2

33165×3.3
=
2

= 54722.25 N
0.87𝑓𝑦
𝐿𝑑 = ∅
4𝜏𝑏𝑑

0.87×415
= × 12
4×1.2×1.6

= 47×12

= 564 mm
𝑙𝑠
𝑙𝑜 = − 𝑋′
2

300
= − 30
2

= 120 mm
𝐿𝑑 564
=
3 3

= 188 mm
𝐿𝑠
Available distance beyond the face of the support = 𝐿𝑜 +
2

300
= 120 +
2

= 270 mm
 𝑀𝑢
Since 1.3 + 𝐿𝑜
𝑉𝑢

1.3×29.08×106
= + 120
52470

= 720+120

= 840 mm ˃ 𝐿𝑑

Hence ok
4.6 DESIGN OF FOOTING :

DATA :

Diameter of column D = 300mm

Safe bearing capacity of soil P = 200 KN/𝑚2

𝑃𝑢 = 1.5× 200 = 300 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 20 N/𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 = 415 N/𝑚𝑚2
𝑃𝑢 = 1093.05 KN

SIZE OF FOOTING :

Load of column = 1093.05 KN

Self wt of footing (10%) = 109.31 KN

Total load 𝑤𝑢 = 1202.36 KN

𝜋𝐷𝐹2 𝑊𝑈
𝐴𝑓 = = =1202.36 KN
4 𝑃𝑈

𝑤𝑢 1202.36
𝐴𝑓= = = 4 𝑚2
𝑃𝑢 300

4×4
𝐷𝐹 = √ =2.25m
𝜋

Adopt diameter of footing = 𝐷𝐹 = 2.25 m

1093.05×4
Upward soil pressure =𝑃𝑢 =
𝜋×2.252

= 274.90 KN/𝑚2 < 300 KN/𝑚2

Hence the diameter of footing is adequate. Center of gravity of quadrant of

footing ‘ obc’ from ‘o’
𝑅 2 +𝑟 2 +𝑅𝑟
= 0.6(
𝑅+𝑟
)

10002 +1502 +(1000×150

= 0.6(
1000+150
)
 = 610 mm

Upward load on area bb’cc’ is computed as

𝜋(1−0.152) 274.90
=
4

= 211 KN

BENDING MOMENT :

Maximum bending moment @ the face of the column quadrant is

𝑀𝑈 = 211(0.61-0.15)

= 97.06 KNm

Breadth of footing at column face ( for one quadrant c’b’)

𝜋×300
=
4

= 235 mm

𝑀𝑈
Depth of footing = d =√
0.138𝐹𝐶𝐾 𝑏

97.06×106
=√
0.138×20×235

= 386.84 mm

Depth required from shear consideration will be nearly 1.5 times for moment
Considerations.

Hence adopt effective depth, d = 525 mm

Overall depth, D = 600 mm

REINFORCEMENTS :

𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑈 = 0.87 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑆𝑇 d(1 − ( ))
𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑐𝑘

415𝐴𝑠𝑡
97.06× 106 = 0.87× 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 525 × (1 − ( ))
235×525×20

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 565.9 𝑚𝑚2

 0.12
Min 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = × 235 × 600
100

= 169.2 𝑚𝑚2

Using 12 mm ∅ bar
𝜋×122
4
S= × 1000
565.9

= 199.85 mm

≈ 200 𝑚𝑚

Provide 12 mm ∅ bar @ 200 mm centre both ways

CHECK FOR SHEAR STRESS :

𝜋
𝑣𝑢 = 238.8 (22 -1.352 ) ( ) = 408 KN
4

Shear per meter width of perimeter is

408
=
𝑃×1.35

= 96 KN
𝑣𝑢 96×103
𝜏𝑣 = = = 0.18 N/𝑚𝑚2
𝑏𝑑 103 ×525

100𝐴𝑆𝑇 100×565.49
=
𝑏𝑑 103 ×525

= 0.1077

Refered table 19 of IS 456-2000 and read out the permissible value of shear

Strength of concrete as :

𝐾𝑠 𝑡𝑐 = 1× 0.28

= 0.28 N/𝑚𝑚2 > 0.18 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

Hence shear stresses are within safe permeable limits.

4.7 DESIGN OF PAVEMENT:

Design the pavement slab thickness by IRC method, using following data
modulus of sub-grade reaction = 8kg/cm²

Present traffic intensity = 2659cvpd

Design wheel load (p) = 5100kg

Radius of contact area =15cm

Solution: As per IRC 58-2002

Step1. Stipulate design /Value for Various Parameters

Flexural strength of cement concrete =50g/cm²

Elastic modulus of concrete =3x105 kg/cm²

Poisson’s ratio µ =0.15

Co-efficient of thermal expansion of

Cement concrete α =10x106 /c

Rate of traffic increase V =7.5%

=0.075

Assume that the highway is in south Tamil Nadu.

Step2. Decide type’s and spacing between joints

Spacing of contraction joints L =5m

Width of slab W =3m

Step3. Select a trial design thickness of pavement slab. Assume trial design
thickness of 25cm.

Step4. Compute the repetition of slab loads.

Present traffic, A =2659cvpd

Annual rate of growth, r =0.075(assumed)

Design life, n =15 years (assumed)

365 𝐴[(1+𝑟 𝑛 )−1]

Cumulative repetition in 15 years =
𝑟

365𝑥2659[1+0.07515 −1]
=
0.075

=25348787

Design traffic =25% of 25348787

=63337196

Assuming the midpoint of the axle load class represents the groups, the total
repetition of the single axle and tandem axle loads are as follows,
Repetition axle load

Single Axle loads Tandem Axle loads

Loads in tones Expected Loads in Tones Expected

Repetitions Repetitions

Mid-Point

20 19758 24 296366

18 88910 20 49394

16 395155 16 197578

14 1145950 <16

12 2005413

10 2469720

<10 2936664
Step5. Calculate the stresses due to single and random axle loads and
determine the cumulative fatigue Damage (CFD)

Load safety factor =1.2 (assume)

N =unlimited for SR<0.45

4.2577
N=[ ]3.268 When 0.45≤SR≤0.55
𝑆𝑅−0.4325

0.9718−𝑆𝑅
𝑙𝑜𝑔10 N = for Sr>0.55
0.0828

Corner stress is less than the allowable flexural stress of 45kg/cm².

Therefore, the design is safe. Hence provide 25cm slab thickness.

Step6.

If the CFD is more than 1.0., select higher thickness and repeat the step 1
to 5 the value CFD is 1.4. This means that the pavement will fail before the
design period.

Fatigue life consumed is greater than 1. Hence increase the thickness of

slab. Let the thickness of slab be 25 cm. CFD is calculated as indicated below.

The CFD is zero this means that on expiry of design period, the pavement’s
fatigue resisting capacity is exhausted capacity only by zero percent.
Step7. Compute the temperature stress at the edge.

𝐿
Edge temperature stress based on
𝐼

𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠
=
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠

5
=
1

E =3x105 : h= thickness of pavement slab (assumed) 25cm

K=8kg/𝑐𝑚3 and µ =0.15

𝐸ℎ3
Radius of relative stiffness, (1) =4√( )
12(1−𝜇2 )𝑘

3𝑥105 𝑥253
=4√
12(1−0.152 )8

(1) =84.07cm

Dseign chart for edge stress,

𝐿
Value of C corresponding to =6 is 0.90
𝐼

E =3x105 , α =10x10−6 , t =20.31

And C =0.79
𝐸𝛼𝑡𝐶
Edge temperature stress =
2

3𝑥10𝑥10𝑥10𝑥20.31𝑥0.90)
=
2

27.41kg/cm² = 27.41kg/cm²

Load stress at edge =17kg/cm²

 `

Therefore, total stress =27.14+170

=44.41 kg/cm²< 50kg/cm²

Since the total stress is less than the allowable flexural stress, the design is safe.

Step8. Check for corner stress

3𝑝 √2 1.2
Corner stress 𝑠𝑐 = 2
[-1𝑎 ) ]
ℎ 1

3𝑥5100 √2
= [1 − (15 )]1.2
25𝑥25 2𝑎84.07

=19.78 kg/cm²

Corner stress is less than the allowable flexural stress of 45kg/cm². Therefore,
the design is safe. Hence provide 25cm slab thickness.
4.8 DESIGN OF SEPTIC TANK

DATA:

No of user per day = 120 nos

Rate of water supply = 120/lit/head/day

Detonation period = 24 hours

Sludge = 15 lit/head/day

Solution:

Assume that the whole quantity of water appears has sewage

Then flow of sewage per day = 120 x 120

= 14400 lit/day

Tank capacity = (flow of sewage/24) x detonation period

= (14400/24) x 24

= 14400 liters

Assume that the tank is to be cleaned every year

Then the sludge storage capacity at the rate of 15 lit/head/day

= 120 x 15

= 1800 liters

Total capacity = 14400 + 1800 = 16200 liters

With the provision of future expansion, the capacity to be 2000 liters or 20m³

Provide a single unit of septic tank, having a capacity of 20m³

Assume the depth of the septic tank as 1.5m

Area = volume/depth

=20/1.5 = 13.33 says 14 m³

3B x B = 14
 B =√14 = 2.16m says 2.2m

Therefore length = 3 x 2.2 = 6.6m

Assuming a free board f 500mm, the total depthof the tank would be

D = 1.5 + 5 = 2m

Hence ok.
 CONCLUSION

The bus terminal building has been successfully planned and designed
using IS- code provisions. All the facilities have been provided in this building.
And natural ventilation has been provided in the toilets and many economical
design has been made in this structure.
 REFERENCE

1. IS 456- 2000 “ INDIAN STANDARD CODE of practice of plan and reinforced concrete
bureau of IS , New Delhi.

2. SP (16) ( S and T) – 1987, “ Hand book on concrete reinforcement and detailing”, bureau
of IS, New Delhi.

3. KRISHNA RAJU. N, “ Design of RC volume I and II”, CBS Publishers and distributors,
Third edition, New Delhi.