HYBRID (WIND AND SOLAR) POWER GENERATION

SYSTEM FOR VILLAGE ELECTRIFICATION

INTRODUCTION:

Energy is vital for the economic growth of any country. For this purpose energy security is

crucial and only renewable energy source that are sustainable and free from greenhouse gases like Solar,

Wind, small Hydro and Bio is the answer. This in the use of energy sources so as to ensure that by the time

fossil fuel reserves become extinct renewable energy has attained commercial acceptance. Today all around

the world 2 billion people do not have access to electricity services, of which the main share in rural areas in

developing countries. Due to the fact that rural electricity supply has been regarded as essential for

economic development. In India, over 80,000 villages remain to be un-electrified and particularly in the

state of Tamil Nadu, about 400 villages (with 63% tribes) are difficult to supply electricity due to inherent

problems of location and economy. The cost to install and service the distribution increase in transmission

line losses in addition to poor power supply reliability. The solar-wind hybrid option is

techno-economically viable for rural electrification.

The standalone solar photovoltaic energy system cannot provide reliable power during non-sunny days. The

standalone wind system cannot satisfy constant load demands due to significant fluctuations in the

magnitude of wind speeds from hour to hour throughout the year. Therefore, energy storage systems will be

required for each of these systems in order to satisfy the power demands. Usually storage system is

expensive and the size has to be reduced to a minimum possible for the renewable energy system to be cost

effective. Hybrid power systems can be used to reduce energy storage requirements.

Hybrid systems are applied in areas where permanent and reliable availability of electricity supply is an

important issue. The solar and wind energies are complement in nature. By integrating and optimizing the
solar photovoltaic and wind systems, the reliability of the systems can be improved and the unit cost of

power can be minimized.

Nearly 70% of India’s population is based in villages where agriculture activity takes place,

where plenty of open space is available but the dwellings are wide-spread unlike urban areas where they are

concentrated. The power supplied in these areas yet continues to be subsidized clubbed with high which are

getting in the way of utilities being financially healthy. In order to improve the financial status of the

utilities, Small Wind Energy (SWE) system in combination with Solar Photovoltaic (PV) system as a

Hybrid system can help overcome the losses, besides reduce dependence on the import of fossil fuel.

VILLAGE ELECTRIFICATION IN INDIA:

As per 2001 census there are 593,732 Villages in India of which 439,502 Villages are

Electrified 74%). The amusing definition of village electrification in India is minimum 10% of the

households in the village connected to the grid. Households concentrated in a given locality get electrified

and isolated households within the village are deprived of power. As per the latest information available for

rural India out of the 138,271,559 households only 78,090,874 are electrified (56.5%). It is noteworthy that

most of the regions un-electrified are backward areas where source of income is virtually not existence.

Thus providing any form of power will not realize its commercial value. The status of un-electrified

households as on December 2005 is as shown in States in this category constitute 43% of country’s total

rural households. Majority of them do not receive power when it is most needed due to poor

quality of power. The solar-wind hybrid power system to meet most of the village’s energy needs. Plan

depending on energy resources available in specific locations. Associated aspects like tariff

calculations and probable plant management structure etc..

TABLE 1: STATUS OF UN-ELECTRIFIED RURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN INDIA

Un-electrified % Rural
Total rural
State rural households
Households
Households un-electrified
Lakshwadeep 5,351 14 0.3
Daman & Diu 22,091 562 2.5
Chandigarh 21,302 552 2.6
Himachal Pradesh 1,097,520 60,551 5.5
Goa 140,755 10,650 7.6
Punjab 2,775,462 292,537 10.5
Delhi 1 69,528 24,580 14.5
Dadra & NH 32,783 5,695 17.4
Pondicherry 72,199 13,713 19
Haryana 2,4 54,463 527,649 21.5
Sikkim 91,723 22, 915 25
Jammu & Kashmir 1,1 61,357 293,016 25.2
Karnataka 6,675,173 1,858,260 27.8
Gujarat 5,885,961 1,641,203 27.9
Tamil Nadu 8,274,790 2,384,419 28.8
Andaman & Nicobar 49,653 15,846 31.9
Kerala 4,942,550 1,703,651 34.5
Maharashtra 10,993,623 3,829,566 34.5
Madhya Pradesh 8,124,795 3,061,371 37.7
Andhra Pradesh 12,676,218 5,114,485 40.3
Nagaland 265,334 114,405 43.1
Manipur 296,354 140,675 47.5
Uttaranchal 1,196,157 593,902 49.7
Chattisgarh 3,3 59,078 10,152 1,8 53.9
Arunachal Pradesh 164,501 91,251 55.5
Mizoram 79,362 44,334 55.9
Rajasthan 7,156,703 4,006,147 56
Tripura 539,680 368,323 68.2
Meghalaya 329,678 229,916 69.7
West Bengal 11,161,870 8,899,353 79.7
Uttar Pradesh 20,590,074 16,505,786 80.2
Orissa 6,782,879 5,470,135 80.6
Assam 4,220,173 3,522,331 83.5
Jharkhand 3,802,412 3,422,425 90
Bihar 12,660,007 12,010,504 94.9
Total (as on December 138,271,55
78,090,874 56.5
2005) 9
BLOCK DIAGRAM REPRESENTATION:

UNELECTRIFIED AREA NEAR SUNDARBANS:

Sundarbans, world’s largest inter-tidal delta region containing huge areas of mangrove forests, lies

between India and Bangladesh. About 20 islands, inhabitant by more than100,000 households in 131

villages in India, have no access to electricity. India’s drive towards remote village electrification aims at

development of the islands. The Energy and Resources Institute has prepared a Master Plan for

Electrification by 2008 for West Bengal Renewable Energy Development Agency. Distributed generation

through renewable energy route found out to be the suitable answer to the present situation. The basic

emphasis was on the total electrification of the command areas by utilizing hybridization of different
renewable energy resources. Biomass and Solar resources are adequate in the region with low wind

potential in few locations. Priority was given to the possibility of setting up new power plants.

Approximate simulations of plant performance were carried out through the software HOMER. Optimum

configurations of appropriate power stations were suggested in the Plan depending on energy resources

available in specific locations.

Total SPV capacity estimated is about 1.59 MWp while Biomass gasification and Wind are about

1.12 MWe and 20 kW respectively. The recommended steps would benefit more than11000 households

From these power plants. In addition, 3200 commercial shops would also get electricity from the same

stations. It was further inferred that about 39 thousand PV home lighting systems of 37 Wp

capacity each would be required to deploy within scattered households. About half of the total

households representing from each of the 131 villages would get benefit from the envisaged

Plan.

DEMAND ASSESSMENT:

It was found that in almost all locations, people use kerosene for lighting purposes and the kerosene

consumption varies from 4 liters to 7 liters/month per household. The access to electricity is one of their

priorities and most of the households are interested to take the service connections. It was estimated that

demand per household would be approaching 30 units per month with duration of supply for at least 8

hours. It was found that people need electricity for two hours (4am-6 am) in early morning for different

domestic purposes and 6 hours (6pm-12pm) in the evening. This implies a low consumption pattern which

can be managed by renewable energy sources. From the experience of existing plants run by WBREDA in

the region a diversity factor of 1.25 was considered in the demand calculation for domestic clusters. A load

growth of 15% was assumed along with 2% distribution line loss. Surveys were also conducted in the

markets. There are small capacity diesel gensets in many of the markets run by private operators.
It was estimated that requirement per shop at the present rate of consumption would be 20 units per month

for 5 hours in the evening. The community loads like student dormitories, video halls, street lights and

hospitals etc. were also included in the survey. In all locations, domestic household cluster is concentrated

around the main market of a village. From the survey, it was felt that the ideal location for establishing new

power plants will be near market places where the gradual load growth is expected, in addition to the

advantage that it would be relatively concentrated form of load demand. Accordingly the local Government

(Pahchayat) officials cooperated to identify sites, which might be available for new power plants. In this

manner the focus was narrowed down to 35 locations ultimately for establishment of new power

plants.

WORKING:

During day time, DC Power generated by the Solar PV array is stored in the Battery Bank through

Hybrid Controller, which maximizes charging current and prevents excessive discharge/overcharge. Wind

turbine generator starts generating power when wind speed exceeds cut-in speed of the Mini Wind Turbine

(above 2.7 m/s). Output from the Wind Battery Charger is also stored in the Battery Bank through Hybrid
Controller.

During windy periods excess energy generated by the Wind Battery Charger is dissipated through a

progressive heater (Dump Load). The wind turbine is self-regulated type with protection for Over speed.

Energy stored in the battery is drawn by electrical loads through the inverter, which converts PC power into

AC power. The inverter has in-built protection for Short-Circuit; Reverse Polarity, Low Battery Voltage

and Over Load. A hybrid solar wind turbine generator is a reliable alternative energy source. It uses solar

energy combined with wind energy to create a stand-alone energy source that is both dependable and

consistent. Solar power and wind power are the two most available sources of power on the planet. Both are

renewable energy sources that are plentiful all year round in all areas.

While solar power or wind power alone can fluctuate, when used together they provide a reliable source of

energy. In many areas when the sun is strongest the wind speed is low and when the wind speed is highest

the sun is often the weakest as in winter. The perfect solution is to combine these two forms of energy

sources to create a constant energy flow. This hybrid system balances out the fluctuations in power to give a

more even flow.

The hybrid solar wind turbine generator uses solar panels that collect light and convert it to energy along

with wind turbines that collect energy from the wind. Solar wind charge controllers regulate the charging of

the energy before it is stored in the battery banks. An inverter, located in the battery bank, changes the

current from DC to AC. AC, or alternating current, is the type of power used in most homes and businesses.

The hybrid solar wind turbine generator provides low cost power. The power is reliable because it combines

solar and wind power together. The operating costs are low compared with non-renewable sources. The use

of the two sources - solar and wind - together help to give a stable energy supply to the batteries. When

using exclusively one of the sources alone the batteries can become undercharged, when the source doesn't

produce enough energy to maintain the battery charge.

BENEFITS:
Global:

This reduces greenhouse gas emissions by reducing the community’s reliance on diesel and
kerosene for

energy services. Currently, 80% of the community’s energy needs are met by the solar-wind hybrid
system.

Health:

The introduction of the renewable power system has allowed the community to begin to refrigerate
food and medicine

items on a more regular basis. Today, the community has five shared refrigerators that operate for 24
hours. In

addition, the reduced use of kerosene for lighting means better indoor air quality.

Education:

The local school now has light, as well as a photocopier, which improves children’s ability to study and
learn.

Information access:

The new power system enables the community to access television and radio, thereby improving their
connection with

the outside world.

HYBRID WIND AND SOLAR SYSTEM MODEL:
CONCLUSION:
It can be concluded that Hybrid system can definitely help mitigate the energy crisis that will arise as
a result of dwindling fossil fuel reserves. India's energy dependence from energy imports can be thus

reduced. The country has high potential of Solar energy and majority areas with Wind energy. The

combination of these sources as a Hybrid system can hugely benefit to meet the rural electricity demands. It

can also help in employment generation as several manufacturers and service personnel will be required for

the purpose.